Cassia alata: Helminth and Bacteria Fighter.

INTRODUCTION: The concurrent presence of helminthiasis and bacterial diseases imposes a dual burden, worsening the challenges associated with each condition independently. This cohabitation intensifies the economic impact, creating a compounding effect on public health and economic well-being. METHOD: Phytochemical analysis of Cassia alata Extract (CAE) using infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of various functional groups. In addition, GC mass analysis has confirmed the presence of 26 active compounds. An assessment of the anthelmintic activity of CAE against mature earthworms has demonstrated comparable efficacy to the conventional anthelmintic, albendazole. The optimal dosage of 500 mg/ml has induced a rapid onset of paralysis (2.7 ± 0.5 min) and death (20.1 ± 1.7 min), outperforming albendazole (20 mg/mL) in terms of faster paralysis and death times (21.8 ± 1.1 and 30.14 ± 3.2 min, respectively). Structural modifications induced by CAE have been observed through light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Control worms have exhibited normal body architecture, while CAE-treated worms have displayed size reduction, uniform body wall shrinkage, and increased cuticular thickness. Similar alterations have been observed in albendazole-treated worms. RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of CAE has been evaluated through a broth dilution assay, which has revealed a dose-response effect. At 6.25 mg/ml, CAE has exhibited 100% inhibitory action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Significant differences in bacterial viability have been noted at lower concentrations, with no significant variation at 0.3906 mg/ml of CAE. CONCLUSION: The findings have highlighted the multifaceted bioactivity of CAE, showcasing its potential as an anthelmintic agent and antimicrobial agent against a spectrum of bacterial strains. The observed structural alterations in treated worms have provided insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the anthelmintic effects.

Review on Cassia alata Bioactive Compounds: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Studies.

Cassia alata Linn is a popular herbal remedy in many countries, and its activities have been studied through many studies, starting from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. This narrative review will focus more on secondary metabolites that are responsible for certain pharmacological activities that have undergone in vivo, in vitro, and in silico testing to determine the underlying mechanism. Twenty pharmacological activities have been identified, with the flavonoid group (emodin, kaempferol, quercetin) as the most prevalent secondary metabolite found in Cassia alata. There have been numerous studies looking at the role of flavonoids about specific diseases, and flavonoid testing is quite thorough because it covers three different study types. However, there has not been significant progress accomplished in terms of the evaluation of the dosage form so that test results for promising activities like antidiabetic, antifungal, and antiviral can be carried out into further research. Additionally, several disorders lack comprehensive investigation, particularly in silico studies, therefore further study is required to fill any gaps in the knowledge.

Physiological and gene expression response mechanisms of dehydration process in Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl seeds.

BACKGROUND: A critical factor in the storability of recalcitrant seeds is their moisture content (MC), but its effect on the viability of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl (C. cassia) seeds is not fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Measured the germination rate, starch and soluble sugar content, and transcriptome of 8 seed samples with different MC obtained by low-temperature drying method. It was found that the germination rate was significantly negatively correlated with MC. The lethal MC was around 15.6%. During the dehydration process, there was a significant increase in the content of soluble sugars and starch. Transcriptome analysis was performed on CK, W3, W6 showed a total of 62.78 Gb of clean data. Among the 30,228 Unigenes, 28,195 were successfully annotated. In the three comparative groups (CK and W3, CK and W6, W3 and W6), 6,842, 7,640, and 11,628 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, respectively. These DEGs were found to be involved in a variety of metabolic pathways, including carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and nucleotide and amino sugar metabolism. A total of 1,416 common genes were identified among all three comparison groups. Furthermore, among all the DEGs, a total of 71 transcription factor families were identified, with the C2H2 transcription factor family having the highest number of genes. CONCLUSIONS: This ground-breaking study sheds light on the physiological response and gene expression profiles of C. cassia seeds after undergoing dehydration treatment, which will provide valuable insights for further research and understanding of this process.

Green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles using Cassia fistula leaf extract: evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic activities.

The emerging field of green synthesis within nanobiotechnology presents significant environmental and economic advantages compared to conventional methodologies. This study investigates the synthesis and application of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) using Cassia fistula (CF) leaf extract as a sustainable, and bio-based approach. Characterization of CF-ChNPs confirmed effective bioconversion and also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity. Notably, CF-ChNPs demonstrated a remarkable antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a zone of inhibition of 17 ± 0.2 mm surpassing the impact on other organisms tested. The CF-ChNPs exhibited an initial burst release of 28 ± 0.28% after 2 h, gradually achieving a controlled release of 76.3 ± 0.43% within 24 h. In addition, CF-ChNPs exhibited an antioxidant activity of 43.1 ± 0.48% and showed excellent antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to other organisms. The cell viability assay results have confirmed that CF-ChNPs do not have any negative impact on the viability of L929 fibroblasts, further highlighting their potential as versatile nanomaterials for treating microbial infections and other therapeutic applications.

Aflatoxin B1 in senna pods from field to storage in Tamil Nadu, India.

Senna, a medicinal herb, is highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, which often limits the export value of the final products due to the regulatory limits of importing countries. Presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was investigated in 229 senna pod samples at various stages from field to storage over three years. Higher incidence of AFB1 was revealed during the late harvest stage with a mean level of 52.4 µg/kg and a range of LOD-206 µg/kg. Out of 48 late harvest samples, 37 exceeded the AFFB1 limit of 2 µg/kg. In contrast, the majority of preharvest samples showed lower levels of AFB1 (1.0 µg/kg). During drying, increase in the mean AFB1 level to 4 µg/kg was observed and it could further increase to 18.1 µg/kg in storage. These results highlight the status of aflatoxin contamination in senna pods and emphasise the importance of implementing good agricultural practices in senna cultivation to mitigate AFB1 contamination.

Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cinnamomum cassia Oil in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus presents a great diversity of treatments that cause adverse effects; therefore, plants are a source of compounds that may have fewer adverse effects; Cinnamomum cassia (C. cassia) has compounds with potential antidiabetic activity. The objective was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of C. cassia oil (CCO) and its impact on oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Five groups were evaluated: (1) sham (SH), (2) 300 mg/kg CCO (CCO), (3) diabetic (D) induced with alloxan, (4) D + 300 mg/kg of CCO (D + CCO), and (5) D + 500 mg/kg of metformin (D + MET); all were treated for 5 days. CCO did not show alteration in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) vs. SH. D + CCO vs. D significantly reduced glucose (333 ± 109 vs. 458 ± 81 mg/dL), ALT (66 ± 15 vs. 160 ± 54 U/L), AST (119 ± 26 vs. 243 ± 104 U/L), and blood urea nitrogen (18.8 ± 2.3 vs. 29.2 ± 6.9 mg/dL). No significant changes were observed in D + CCO vs. D in malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas a significant reduction in MDA and GSH was achieved in D + MET, with an increase in SOD. There was a reduction in Rela and Gpx in D + CCO and D + MET vs. D. CCO has antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects and reduces ALT, AST, and BUN levels.

Essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum-based novel hydrogel films for wound healing.

Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum (CCFG) and citric acid (CA) based wound healing film, (CCFG-CA) was developed using the solvent casting method. Glycerol was added as a plasticizing agent. The synthesized Carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA) was evaluated morphologically, thermally, and structurally using FESEM, TGA, XRD and FTIR. Three essential oils (EO), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and thuja (Thuja occidentalis L), known for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, were loaded into the CCFG-CA film to develop essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum cross-linked citric acid based hydrogel film (CCFG-CA-EO). In vitro studies (MTT assay, disk diffusion assay, permeability tests and DPPH assay) confirm the biocompatibility, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of the CCFG-CA-EO film. In vivo (wound healing studies on wistar rats and their histology) shows 99 % of wound healing and re-epithelialization in 14 days. Degradability (within 15 days), protein adsorption (12.05 µg/mL) and contact angle determination (69.43°×„ׄ ± 0.48) tests confirmed the potential of CCFG-CA-EO as an effective wound-healing material.

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Leaves: Determination of Total Phenolic and Sennoside Contents of Different Fractions in Comparison with Their α- Glucosidase and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects.

Background: Cassia angustifolia Vahl. (Senna) is a medicinal plant containing anthraquinone compounds such as sennoside. Senna is primarily valued for its laxative properties. In Persian medicine, this plant has been also used to treat various disorders such as diabetes and skin hyperpigmentation. Previous studies have shown that different species of senna, such as C. articulata, C. alata, C. Siamea, C. Surattensis inhibit alpha-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, no previous evidence is available on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the extract and different fractions of C. angustifolia leaves. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of the methanol-water extract and different fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and remaining crude extract) of senna against tyrosinase and α-glucosidase and to investigate their total phenolic and sennoside B contents. Results: Our findings depicted that the methanol-water extract and fractions had no significant anti-tyrosinase activity; however, some fractions were active toward α-glucosidase. The hexane fraction and the remaining crude extract demonstrated the highest inhibition on α-glucosidase compared to acarbose (positive control). In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction contains high phenolic and hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives based on the amount of sennoside B contents equivalent to 382.25 µg/mL of gallic acid and 1.525% of sennoside B, respectively. Moreover, no correlation was observed between the phenolic and sennoside contents of different fractions and their α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. Conclusions: Considering the α-glucosidase inhibition results, the hexane fraction of C. angustifolia can be a valuable fraction for in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic studies as well as further phytochemical studies. Further studies to identify the active substances and the exact mechanism of the bioactive ingredients on the inhibitory effects of α-glucosidase can provide promising results in the future.

Evaluation of different drying methods on the quality of Cinnamomum cassia barks by analytic hierarchy process method.

Cinnamomum cassia Presl is a major food spice as well as traditional herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and stomachic properties, which must be dried to preserve its quality, but mostly by using traditional, ineffective drying method. In order to find a scientific drying method by evaluating different drying methods that could influence the quality of C. cassia, ten indices were employed to evaluate different drying methods in C. cassia using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method though calculating the total scores and ranking the priority. Four quality markers (Q-Markers) (coumarin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde) were isolated from the samples and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method under different drying methods. The results showed that various drying methods had multiple effects on the physicochemical qualities, essential oil content, and Q-Marker contents. Compared with other drying methods, oven-drying of 45 °C (45OD) maintained optimal levels of color and aroma, it also significantly shortened the drying time by 225 h than traditionally shade-drying (SHD) method with the drying rate (48.35 %), and obtained the highest essential oil content (3.05 %) and Q-Marker contents (30.23 mg g-1). Furthermore, the ash content (4.22 %) were satisfied with the stipulation of Chinese pharmacopoeia in 45OD samples. Applying AHP allowed us to identify 45OD as the optimal drying method with the highest total score (9.00), followed by the traditional shade-drying (SHD) method (7.88). The present study is the first report to apply the AHP method for quality evaluation of drying processing in C. cassia. It can provide the theoretical basis for evaluating an excellent method for C. cassia drying processing, as well as the rational use of different drying methods to furtherly develop the high quality C. cassia industry.

Identification of procyanidins as α-glucosidase inhibitors, pancreatic lipase inhibitors, and antioxidants from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia by multi-bioactivity-labeled molecular networking.

This study examined the suppressive effects of 16 selected plant-based foods on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase and their antioxidant properties. Among these, the bark of Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon, WLN-FM 15) showed the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and the highest antioxidant activity. Additionally, WLN-FM 15 showed promising results in the other tests. To further identify the bioactive constituents of WLN-FM 15, a multi-bioactivity-labeled molecular networking approach was used through a combination of GNPS-based molecular networking, DPPH-HPLC, and affinity-based ultrafiltration-HPLC. A total of nine procyanidins were identified as antioxidants and inhibitors of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in WLN-FM 15. Subsequently, procyanidins A1, A2, B1, and C1 were isolated, and their efficacy was confirmed through functional assays. In summary, WLN-FM 15 has the potential to serve as a functional food ingredient with the procyanidins as its bioactive constituents. These results also suggest that the multi-bioactivity-labeled molecular networking approach is reliable for identifying bioactive constituents in plant-based foods.

Anticandidal effect of cinnamic acid characterized from Cinnamomum cassia bark against the fluconazole resistant strains of Candida.

Candida spp., causes invasive fungal infections, especially in immune-compromised patients and the propensity of antifungal resistance against azole-based drugs need to be addressed. This study is thus aimed to characterize the anticandidal effect of the cinnamic acid extracted from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia. Five species of Fluconazole-resistant Candida sp. were retrieved from the department repertoire. The extraction of CA was performed by three different methods followed by silica gel column chromatography. Eluant was subjected to FTIR and XRD analysis for confirmation. The anticandidal activity of the CA was checked by the agar disc diffusion method and the MIC and MFC were determined. The anti-biofilm effect of CA was assessed using the CLSM technique followed by the biocompatibility check using MTT assay in normal HGF cell lines. CA was best extracted with the hot maceration method using ethanol with a maximum yield of 6.73 mg. Purification by column chromatography was achieved using benzene, acetic acid, and water (6:7:3) mobile phase. CA was confirmed by FTIR with absorption peaks and by XDR based on strong intensity. CA was found to possess promising anticandidal activity at 8 µg/mL with MIC and MFC values determined as 0.8 µg/mL and 0.08 µg/mL respectively. Antibiofilm activity by CLSM analysis revealed biofilm inhibition and was biocompatible at 8.5 µg/ml concentrations in HGF cell lines until 24 h. The study findings conclude that CA is the best alternative to treat candidal infection warranting further experimental preclinical studies.

Bioactive Phenylpropanoid Glycosides, Dimers, and Heterodimers from the Bark of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl.

Six new phenylpropanoid glycosides (1-6), two new phenylethanol glycosides (7 and 8), one new phenylmethanol glycoside (9), three new phenylpropanoid dimers (10-12), two new phenylpropanoid-flavan-3-ol heterodimers (13 and 14), and six known relevant compounds (15-20) were isolated and identified from the well-liked edible and medicinal substance (the bark of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl). The structures of these isolates were determined by using spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods, and quantum chemical calculations. Notably, compounds 4-9 were rare apiuronyl-containing glycosides, and compounds 13 and 14 were heterodimers of phenylpropanoids and flavan-3-ols linked through C-9″-C-8 bonds. The antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of all isolates were evaluated. Compounds 10 and 12 exhibited DPPH radical scavenging capacities with IC50 values of 20.1 and 13.0 µM, respectively (vitamin C IC50 value of 14.3 µM). In the ORAC experiment, all these compounds exhibited different levels of capacity for scavenging free radicals, and compound 10 displayed extraordinary free radical scavenging capacity with the ORAC value of 6.42 ± 0.01 µM TE/µM (EGCG ORAC value of 1.54 ± 0.02 µM TE/µM). Compound 12 also showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 56.3 µM (acarbose IC50 of 519.4 µM).

Prevention of Chronic Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment Using Medicinal Herbs (Cassia Angustifolia and Nigella Sativa).

Nodal regions, areas of intensive contact between Schwann cells and axons, may be exceptionally vulnerable to diabetes-induced changes because they are exposed to and impacted by the metabolic implications of diabetes. Insulin receptors, glucose transporters, Na+ and K+ channels, and mitochondria are abundant in nodes, all of which have been linked to the development and progression of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)-associated cognitive impairment. Our study aimed to evaluate if the administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Cassia angustifolia (CA) prevented diabetes-associated nervous system deficits in hyperglycemic mice. We developed T1DM mice through Streptozotocin (STZ) injections and validated the elevations in blood glucose levels. NS and CA were administered immediately upon the induction of diabetes. Behavioral analysis, histopathological evaluations, and assessment of molecular biomarkers (NR2A, MPZ, NfL) were performed to assess neuropathy and cognitive impairment. Improvements in memory, myelin loss, and the expression of synaptic proteins, even with the retention of hyperglycemia, were evident in the mice who were given a dose of herbal products upon the detection of hyperglycemia. NS was more beneficial in preventing memory impairments, demyelination, and synaptic dysfunction. The findings indicate that including these herbs in the diets of diabetic as well as pre-diabetic patients can reduce complications associated with T1DM, notably diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cognitive deficits associated with T1DM.

Chemical fingerprinting, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles from pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts and senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves.

There is a growing interest in standardizing the biocompatible, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manufacturing techniques for metallic nanostructures due to their widespread applications in the industrial and medical sectors. In recent decades, green synthesis has been proven as the most suitable technique for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. The present research study investigates the use of Cassia angustifolia (senna) leaves and Pistacia vera (Pistachio) nuts to prepare crude aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts, and biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The prepared aqueous extracts were used as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the production of silver nanoparticles. These AgNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The outcomes validated the formation of stable AgNPs with bioactive functional components. In vitro antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, MIC test, MBC test, MTT assay, BSA denaturation inhibition assay, and DPPH antioxidant assay, respectively. Results confirmed that the tested plant extract possesses a variety of bioactive compounds with various biological activities and is therapeutically effective. These findings verified that C. angustifolia and P. vera are promising bioresources for the synthesis of therapeutic extracts and nanostructures with commendable therapeutic potency.

Exploring genetic diversity and population structure in Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl germplasm in China through phenotypic, chemical component, and molecular marker analyses.

Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl, a tropical aromatic evergreen tree belonging to the Lauraceae family, is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is also a traditional spice used worldwide. However, little is currently known about the extent of the genetic variability and population structure of C. cassia. In this study, 71 individuals were collected from seven populations across two geographical provinces in China. Nine morphological features, three chemical components, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used in an integrated study of C. cassia germplasm variations. Remarkable genetic variation exists in both phenotypic and chemical compositions, and certain traits, such as leaf length, leaf width, volatile oil content, and geographic distribution, are correlated with each other. One-year-old C. cassia seedling leaf length, leaf width, elevation, and volatile oil content were found to be the main contributors to diversity, according to principal component analysis (PCA). Three major groupings were identified by cluster analysis based on the phenotypic and volatile oil data. This was in line with the findings of related research using 1,387,213 SNP markers; crucially, they all demonstrated a substantial link with geographic origin. However, there was little similarity between the results of the two clusters. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the genetic diversity of C. Cassia populations was low, primarily among individuals within populations, accounting for 95.87% of the total. Shannon's information index (I) varied from 0.418 to 0.513, with a mean of 0.478 (Na=1.860, Ne =1.584, Ho =0.481, He =0.325, and PPB =86.04%). Genetic differentiation across populations was not significant because natural adaptation or extensive exchange of seeds among farmers between environments, thus maintaining the relationship. Following a population structure analysis using the ADMIXTURE software, 71 accessions were found to be clustered into three groups, with 38% of them being of the pure type, a finding that was further supported by PCA. Future breeding strategies and our understanding of the evolutionary relationships within the C. cassia population would benefit greatly from a thorough investigation of phenotypic, chemical, and molecular markers.

Chemical detection and analysis of Astragalus-Cassia twig drug pair using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-UV methods.

The classic Astragalus-Cassia twig drug pair has a long history of proven efficacy. However, a fewer studies on material basis of the Astragalus and Cassia twig decoction (ACD) was researched at present. The method of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for classifying and identifying the main chemical components of ACD was established and the differences in composition between single decoction and co-decoction were compared by using HPLC-UV. The therapeutic role of ACD on type 2 diabetes (T2D) rats was investigated. Thirty-five compounds were resolved from the ACD. Fifteen compounds were deduced from the decoction of Astragalus, whereas nine compounds were identified from Cassia twig. Pairing of herbs make a significant effect on the chemical composition of herbal decoction. ACD can play a more obvious role in alleviating the symptoms of T2D rats, compared to the application of single herb.

New Flavan Derivatives from the Leaves and Stems of Cassia nodosa.

Three new flavan derivatives including two methylene-linked flavan-3-ol dimers, bis(8-epiafzelechinyl)methane (1), and 8,8-(epiafzelechin-afzelechin)methane (2), a flavan-3-ol monomer, (-)-3-O-acetyl-epiafzelechin (3) and four known related compounds (4-7) were isolated from the leaves and stems of Cassia nodosa. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and CD data. The isolates were evaluated for their antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, cytotoxic and neuroinflammatory activities, and compound 3 exhibited remarkable radical scavenging activities in both the DPPH and ABTS models with IC50 values of 2.65±1.25, and 4.78±0.91 µg/mL, respectively.

Cladistics of Rhipicephalus microplus and laboratory assessment of acaricidal efficacy of different Cassia fistula extracts against R. microplus larvae.

The present study aimed to analyze the cladistics and population structure analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks infesting buffaloes in Haryana, India, as well as the assessment of the anti-tick efficacy of the ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula (bark, pod pulp, and flowers) against R. microplus larvae. The molecular characterization and population structure analysis were performed by targeting the amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, whereas anti-tick efficacy was evaluated using a larval packet test. The sequences generated herein revealed a homology of 98.26-100% to the GenBank-archived R. microplus sequences. In population structure analysis, high haplotype (0.500 ± 0.265) and low nucleotide (0.002 ± 0.001) diversities were recorded for the sequences generated in this study. Significantly negative neutrality indices were recorded for the overall dataset. The extracts were found to significantly affect mortality rates in a dose-dependent manner, and the ethanolic extracts of the bark, pod pulp, and flowers of C. fistula exhibited median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 27.989, 40.457, and 49.43 mg/mL, respectively. The LC50 value recorded for the combination of the ethanolic extracts of the bark, flower, and pod pulp of C. fistula was 19.724 mg/mL, whereas the synthetic acaricide ivermectin had an LC50 value of 351.56 mg/mL. In conclusion, R. microplus populations infesting cattle and buffalo hosts in India exhibited negligible genetic differentiation and high gene flow between them. Additionally, the combination of all C. fistula extracts could serve as a potential substitute for the synthetic acaricide.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of NPK 500 capsules, a Cassia sieberiana DC. - Based herbal analgesic medicine used to treat dysmenorrhea and peptic ulcer, is mediated through the inhibition of PGE2 and iNOS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Pain and inflammation are the most frequent reasons for which people seek medical care. Currently available analgesics against these conditions produce fatal adverse effects. NPK 500 capsules is an alternative herbal analgesic employed to treat dysmenorrhea, peptic ulcer and pain. NPK 500 is produced from Cassia sieberiana. A plant used in traditional medicine to treat pain and inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study reports the analysis, phytochemical characterization and mechanism of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two NPK 500 capsules, called old and new NPK500 capsules (ONPK500 and NNPK500) respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physicochemical, organoleptic, GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to analyze the NPK 500 capsules. Analgesic activity was evaluated using tail immersion, Randall-Selitto and acetic acid induced writing tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation. Additionally, pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-2 and COX-1) were quantified in the sera of the rats using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS: Thirteen major compounds were characterized in the NNPK 500 capsules via the GC-MS and LC-MS spectroscopies. Kaempferol was the major compound characterized in addition to physcion, ß-sitosterol 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, betulinic acid and nine others. Physicochemical and organoleptic indices of the capsules were also derived for its authentication and quality control. Furthermore, NNPK 500 0.5-1.5 mg/kg p.o. produce significant (P < 0.5) analgesic activity (160-197%) higher than that of ONPK500 (109.8%) and Morphine (101%) in the tail immersion test. The analgesic activity of NNPK 500 0.5-1.5 mg/kg p.o. (171.0-258.3%) and ONPK 500 (179.5%) were also significant (P < 0.01) and higher than that of Aspirin (103.00%) in the Randall-Selitto test. Both capsules also demonstrated significant (P < 0.5) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in the acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-indued paw edema tests respectively. The two NPK500 capsules also, significantly (P < 0.5) inhibited PGE2 and iNOS but not COX-2 and COX-1 in the carrageenan-indued paw edema test. CONCLUSION: These results show that NNPK 500 and ONPK 500 capsules possessed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities via inhibition of PGE2 and iNOS as a result of their chemical constituents. NPK500 capsules thus, relief acute pain and inflammation without causing gastrointestinal, renal or hepatic injuries, since they did not inhibit COX-1.

Cassia alata's dual role in modulating MUC2 expression in Eimeria papillata-infected jejunum and assessing its anti-inflammatory effects.

Coccidiosis poses significant hazards to animals, particularly in terms of compromised health, reduced productivity, and economic losses in livestock farming. The conventional treatments for coccidiosis often involve synthetic drugs, contributing to concerns about drug resistance and environmental impact. The pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives is highlighted in this study, emphasizing the importance of exploring medicinal plants like Cassia alata leaf extracts (CAE) against Eimeria papillata-induced infection in mice. The CAE exhibited significant phenolic (2.17 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and flavonoid (0.14 ± 0.01 g/100 g) content and demonstrated notable antioxidant activity. In infected mice, the CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output (~6 fold), ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum. Additionally, CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers (9.3 ± 0.1 / villus) and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi. Molecular analyses revealed CAE's positive modulation of MUC2 gene and notably reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (specifically IL-1ß, IL-10, and IFN-γ) when contrasted with the infected cohort. Furthermore, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels (44.03 ± 2.4 µmol/mg), showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of CAE's therapeutic potential but also underscore the importance of seeking eco-friendly alternatives in the face of coccidiosis challenges, addressing both the well-being of animals and the sustainability of agricultural practices. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Cassia alata extract (CAE) exhibited significant phenolic and flavonoid content, displaying notable antioxidant activity. In infected mice, CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output, ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum. CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi, while molecular analyses revealed its positive modulation of the MUC2 gene and notable reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels, showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties.