A simple and efficient method for separation of 99mTc from 100Mo targets.

99mTc is regarded as the most important medical isotope, and its supply issues have garnered significant attention. A simple and efficient separation method was performed for the production of 99mTc from 100Mo target in this study. The entire process involves accelerator irradiation, 99mTc/100Mo separation, and target material recovery. The key aspect is separation process, which including the high-temperature conversion of metal molybdenum targets and the selective solution of 99mTc with normal saline. This method can separate highly pure 99mTc within 1.5 h, with a separation efficiency exceeding 80%. The reagents used in the separation process are minimal, resulting in less radioactive waste. Additionally, the target material is easy to reclaim, with a recovery rate of over 95%.

Molybdenum doping leads to faster photo-dissolution of commercial molybdate red pigment than chrome yellow pigment under sunlight irradiation.

The photo-dissolution of lead chromate pigments poses specific environmental hazards. In this study, we report that doping molybdenum in lead chromate pigments, resulting in commonly known molybdate red pigment, increases the risk of heavy metal leaching when exposed to light. Commercial molybdate red pigments undergo photo-dissolution when exposed to simulated sunlight and exhibit lower photostability compared to lead chromate pigments such as chrome yellow. After 24 hours of irradiation, the leaching rates of toxic lead and chromium from molybdate red pigments were 2.98 and 3.70 times higher, respectively, than those from chrome yellow pigments. The primary factor leading to decreased pigment photostability is the activation of pigment semiconductors facilitated by molybdenum doping. Molybdate red pigments exhibit a broader light absorption spectrum and more efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers than chrome yellow pigments, boosting the photochemical activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to illustrate the doping effect on the photostability of commercial inorganic pigments and the consequent heavy metal leaching. Our results suggest that Mo doping reduces the photostability of lead chromate pigments, highlighting the potential elevated environmental risks associated with complex inorganic pigments.

Justification of Widened Dissolution Specifications of an Extended Release Product Using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling.

Drug product meeting the dissolution specifications is crucial in order to ensure consistent clinical performance. However, in certain cases wider dissolution specifications may be required based on product behavior. While justification of such wider specifications may be challenging from a regulatory context, approaches such as physiological based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) can be utilized for this purpose.Product DRL is a fixed dose combination product consisting of an immediate (IR) and extended release (ER) portions. For the ER portion, the dissolution specifications consisted of four time points and a proposal was made to relax the specification at the 2h time point (from 50-70% to 45-67%) to reduce the batch failures at commercial scale.To support wider specification, a PBBM was developed and extensively validated with literature & in-house studies. Virtual bioequivalence was performed using the pivotal clinical study data.Virtual dissolution profiles for proposed wider specifications were generated using three different approaches. Incorporation of lower and upper dissolution profiles into the model indicated absence of impact on in vivo performance thereby justifying the specifications.Regulatory acceptance of proposed specifications with PBBM indicated the significance of using modeling approaches to reduce repeated testing thereby facilitating faster approvals.

An Exploration of Dissolution Tests for Inhalation Aerosols.

This study aimed to establish a feasible dissolution method for inhalation aerosols. A method of collecting fine particles was investigated to capture aerosol particles less than 4 µm in diameter for dissolution tests. This dose collection method enabled the aerosol particles to be uniformly distributed on the glass fiber filter, thus considerably reducing particle agglomeration. Budesonide was used as a model drug. The aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) of the meter-dose inhaler (MDI) was compared by replacing actuators with different orifice sizes. Dissolution tests were conducted on fine particle doses collected using various actuators, and the dissolution profiles were modeled. The fine particle dose decreased with an increasing orifice size of the actuator. Actuators with different orifice sizes would affect the dissolution behavior of inhaled drugs. This finding was supported by similarity factor f2 analysis, suggesting the dissolution method has a discriminative capacity. The results of various model fits showed that the dissolution profiles produced by the different actuators could be fitted well using the Weibull mathematical model. The method employed in this study could offer a potential avenue for exploring the relationship between the orifice size of the actuator and the dissolution behavior of inhaled corticosteroids. This dissolution method was simple, reproducible, and suitable for determining the dissolution of inhalation aerosols.

Dissolution of EAF slag minerals in aqueous media: Effects of sonication on brownmillerite and gehlenite.

The accumulation of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in landfills has been causing severe environmental problems. This study examines the dissolution properties of EAFS minerals, including brownmillerite and gehlenite, essential for their possible use in resource recovery. An investigation was conducted to compare the effects of sonication and stirring on mineral dissolution while also assessing the usage of citrate as a complexing agent for gehlenite. Synthetic brownmillerite and gehlenite minerals were dissolved in aqueous solutions at room temperature using a 1:100 g/ml ratio. The dissolved elements were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), while zeta potential and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to assess changes in surface chemistry. Brownmillerite had significant dissolution extents, with Al and Ca dissolving up to 16 % and 8 %, respectively, in contrast to gehlenite, which dissolved less than 2 % under similar conditions. Sonication significantly increased the dissolution of brownmillerite by up to 100 %, although its impact on gehlenite dissolution varied depending on the duration of time. Besides, adding citrate enhanced the leaching of Al and Ca from gehlenite by facilitating complexation. XPS data demonstrated differences in elemental ratios on brownmillerite and gehlenite surfaces affected by the method used and the presence of citrate. Lastly, the dissolution extents of Al and Ca from EAFS were up to 12 %, depending on time and mixing method, with a preference for sonication over stirring. In conclusion, this study showed that minerals in EAFS have distinct dissolution characteristics, and sonication and citrate can considerably enhance dissolution.

Synergistic Regulation of Anode and Cathode Interphases via an Alum Electrolyte Additive for High-performance Aqueous Zinc-Vanadium Batteries.

A zinc (Zn) metal anode paired with a vanadium oxide (VOx) cathode is a promising system for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs); however, side reactions proliferating on the Zn anode surface and the infinite dissolution of the VOx cathode destabilise the battery system. Here, we introduce a multi-functional additive into the ZnSO4 (ZS) electrolyte, KAl(SO4)2 (KASO), to synchronise the in-situ construction of the protective layer on the surface of the Zn anode and the VOx cathode. Theoretical calculations and synchrotron radiation have verified that the high-valence Al3+ plays multifunctional roles of competing with Zn2+ for solvation and forming a Zn-Al alloy layer with a homogeneous electric field to mitigate the side reactions and dendrite generation. The Al-containing cathode-electrolyte interface considerably alleviates the irreversible dissolution of the VOx cathode and the accumulation of byproducts. Consequently, the Zn || Zn cell with KASO exhibits an ultra-long cycle of 6000 h at 2 mA cm-2. Importantly, the VOx cathodes (VO2, V2O5 and NH4V4O10) in the ZS-KASO electrolyte showed excellent cycling stability, even at a low negative/positive (N/P) ratio of 2.83 and high mass loading (~16 mg cm-2). This study offers a practical reference for concurrently addressing challenges at the anode and cathode of AZIBs.

Dynamic Surface Incorporation of Pb2+ Ions at the Actively Dissolving Calcite (104) Surface.

The reaction of dissolved Pb2+ with calcite surfaces at near-equilibrium conditions involves adsorption of Pb2+ and precipitation of secondary heteroepitaxial Pb-carbonate minerals. A more complex behavior is observed under far-from-equilibrium conditions, including strong inhibition of calcite dissolution, development of microtopography, and near-surface incorporation of multiple monolayers (ML) of Pb2+ without precipitation of secondary phases [where 1 ML ≡ 1 Ca/20.2 Å2, the crystallographic site density of the calcite (104) lattice plane]. However, the mechanistic controls governing far-from-equilibrium reactivity are not well understood. Here, we observe the interfacial incorporation of dissolved Pb2+ during the dissolution of calcite (104) surfaces at pH ∼ 3.7 in a flow-through reaction cell, revealing the formation of a ∼1 nm thick Pb-rich calcite layer with a total Pb coverage of ∼1.4 ML. These observations of the sorbed Pb distribution used resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity, X-ray fluorescence, and nanoinfrared atomic force microscopy. We propose that this altered surface layer represents a novel sorption mode that is stabilized by conditions of sustained disequilibrium. This behavior may significantly impact the transport of dissolved metals during disequilibrium processes occurring in acid mine drainage and subsurface CO2 injection and, if appropriately accounted for, could improve the predictive capability of geochemical reactive-transport models.

Investigating the Effects of Various Root Canal Irrigation Solutions on Tissue Dissolution and Microbial Control.

Background: Both the mechanical cleansing effect and the irrigants' capacity to disintegrate tissue are necessary for irrigation to be successful. Strong antibacterial but not poisonous to the periapical tissues and increased pulp tissue dissolution irrigant are all desirable qualities in an irrigant. Aim: To assess and compare the antibacterial properties and pulp tissue dissolving activity of various irrigation solutions. Methods and Materials: A total of 240 human mandibular permanent premolar teeth that were extracted recently for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used in this investigation. Following irrigation, blood agar plates were used to conduct colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of the microorganism breeding colonies. Next, log CFU was computed. Before evaluating the ability of the five distinct irrigants utilized in this investigation to dissolve the frozen pulp tissues, the tissues were first smashed into smaller pieces using a mallet. Results: The bacterial count after irrigation in category 1 (normal saline), category 2 (aqueous ozone), category 3 (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)), category 4 (chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)), category 5 (super-oxidized water), and category 6 (sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)) was 6.08 ± 0.87 log CFU mL-1, 0.92 ± 0.89 log CFU mL-1, 4.15 ± 0.20 log CFU mL-1, 3.34 ± 0.46 log CFU mL-1, 0.21 ± 0.52 log CFU mL-1, and 0.00 ± 0.00 log CFU mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: NaOCl has maximum antimicrobial reduction and pulp tissue dissolution property.

PBBM Considerations for Base Models, Model Validation, and Application Steps: Workshop Summary Report.

The proceedings from the 30th August 2023 (Day 2) of the workshop "Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models (PBBM) Best Practices for Drug Product Quality: Regulatory and Industry Perspectives" are provided herein. Day 2 covered PBBM case studies from six regulatory authorities which provided considerations for model verification, validation, and application based on the context of use (COU) of the model. PBBM case studies to define critical material attribute (CMA) specification settings, such as active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particle size distributions (PSDs) were shared. PBBM case studies to define critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as the dissolution specification setting or to define the bioequivalence safe space were also discussed. Examples of PBBM using the credibility assessment framework, COU and model risk assessment, as well as scientific learnings from PBBM case studies are provided. Breakout session discussions highlighted current trends and barriers to application of PBBMs including: (a) PBBM credibility assessment framework and level of validation, (b) use of disposition parameters in PBBM and points to consider when iv data are not available, (c) conducting virtual bioequivalence trials and dealing with variability, (d) model acceptance criteria, and (e) application of PBBMs for establishing safe space and failure edges.

Application of shadowgraph imaging (SGI) particle characterisation data to interpret the impact of varying test conditions on power dissolution and to develop an automated agglomeration identification method (AIM) in the USP flow through apparatus.

The aims of this work were 1) to explore the application of shadowgraph imaging (SGI) as a real time monitoring tool to characterize ibuprofen particle behaviour during dissolution testing under various conditions in the USP 4 flow-through apparatus and 2) to investigate the potential to develop an SGI-based automated agglomeration identification method (AIM) for real time agglomerate detection during dissolution testing. The effect of surfactant addition, changes in the drug mass and flow rate, the use of sieved and un-sieved powder fractions, and the use of different drug crystal habits were investigated. Videos at every sampling time point during dissolution were taken and analysed by SGI. The AIM was developed to characterize agglomerates based on two criteria - size and solidity. All detections were confirmed by manual video observation and a reference agglomerate data set. The method was validated under new dissolution conditions with un-sieved particles. Characterisation of particle dispersion behaviour by SGI enabled interpretation of the impact of dissolution test conditions. Higher numbers of early detections reflected greater dissolution rates with increased surfactant concentration, using sieved fraction or plate-shaped crystals, but was impacted by drug mass tested. An AIM was successfully developed and applied to detect agglomerates during dissolution, suggesting potential, with appropriate method development, for application in quality control.

Simultaneous Oxidation of Bromide and Dissolution of Manganese Oxide Induced by Freezing.

This study demonstrates that the oxidation of bromide by birnessite (δ-MnO2) results in the concurrent production of soluble manganese (Mn(II)) and reactive bromine (RBr) species in frozen solutions, a process not observed in aqueous solutions. This enhanced oxidation in ice is attributed to the concentration of protons, birnessite, or bromide in the ice grain boundary region. Furthermore, different types of commercial manganese oxides can also oxidize bromide to RBr and release Mn(II) in ice. The presence of fulvic acid (FA) further increases the simultaneous production of RBr and Mn(II) in ice, accompanying the formation of organobromine compounds (OBCs). In frozen δ-MnO2/Br-/FA system, a significant increase in OBCs, mainly highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds, was detected using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. A marked contrast was observed in the number of OBCs formed in frozen solutions (853 and 415 OBCs at initial pH 3.0 and 5.8, respectively) compared to their aqueous counterparts (11 and 23 OBCs). These findings introduce a new pathway for the formation of RBr, Mn(II), and OBCs in ice, highlighting the need for further research on the environmental fate of bromide and manganese.

Development of Hot Melt Extruded Co-Formulated Artesunate and AmodiaquineSoluplus® Solid Dispersion System in Fixed-Dose Form: Amorphous State Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to develop co-amorphous Solid Dispersion (SD) system containing antimalarials Artesunate (ARS) and Amodiaquine (AMQ) to improve its oral bioavailability employing the Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) technique. Soluplus® was selected as a polymeric excipient, whereas Lutrol F127, Lutrol F68, TPGS, and PEG400 as surfactants were incorporated along with Soluplus® to enhance extrudability, improve hydrophilicity, and improve the blend viscosity during HME. Soluplus® with surfactant combination successfully stabilizes both drugs during extrusion by generating SD because of its lower glass transition temperature (Tg) and viscoelastic behavior. METHODS: Physicochemical characterizations were performed using FTIR, DSC, TGA, and XRD, which confirmed the amorphousization of drugs in the SD system. The molecular level morphology of the optimized formulation was quantified using high-resolution techniques such as Atomic-Force Microscopy (AFM), Raman spectral, and mapping analysis. The transition of the crystalline drugs into a stable amorphous form has been demonstrated by 1H-NMR and 2D-NMR studies. The in vivo pharmacokinetics study in rats showed that the SD-containing drug-Soluplus-TPGS (FDC10) formulation has 36.63-56.13 (ARS-AMQ) folds increase in the Cmax and 41.87-54.34 (ARS-AMQ) folds increase AUC(0-72) as compared to pure drugs. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that a fixed-dose combination of 50:135 mg of both APIs (ARSAMQ) significantly increased oral bioavailability by elevating Cmax and AUC, in comparison to pure APIs and also better than the marketed product Coarsucam®. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the developed melt extruded co-amorphous formulation has enhanced bioavailability and has more effectiveness than the marketed product Coarsucam®

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Enhanced Cycle Stability of LiNiO2 in a Highly Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte.

LiNiO2 (LNO) is a promising positive material for next-generation vehicle batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and lower cost compared to the Co analogues. However, its unstable performance such as Ni dissolution results in capacity fade and poor cycle life, impeding its practical application. Since hydrogen fluoride (HF), the hydrolysis product of LiPF6, is highly reactive with LNO positive electrodes, exploring LiPF6-free electrolytes is attractive to improve cycle stability and eliminate parasitic reactions. Herein, a series of ionic liquids (ILs) with Li[FSA] ([FSA]- = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) salts are investigated as electrolytes compatible with the LNO positive electrode. The use of IL electrolytes enhances cycle performance, achieving a high capacity retention of 73.1% in Li/LNO cells after 500 cycles with a high Li salt concentration. Further characterizations confirm that the cathode electrolyte interphase formed on the LNO positive electrode in the highly Li-salt concentrated ILs suppresses Ni dissolution, structural degradation, and side reactions. Meanwhile, the above electrolyte is capable of effectively alleviating Al corrosion at high potentials. This work highlights the role of electrolytes and contributes to addressing the stability concerns of positive electrode components at high voltages.

Investigation of the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of atenolol-irbesartan co-amorphous systems.

Irbesartan (IBS), a common drug to treat hypertension, has poor oral bioavailability because of its limited aqueous solubility. Recently, co-amorphous systems (CAMs) have demonstrated the ability to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study, IBS was co-amorphized with a pharmacologically relevant drug atenolol (ATL) by melt-quenching. The structures of the resulting ATL-IBS CAMs, which were formulated in molar ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4, were characterized by the polarizing microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier-infrared transform spectroscopy. ATL-IBS CAM1:1 showed higher IBS dissolution than crystalline IBS, amorphous IBS (IBS AM) and the other CAMs. The results of the supersaturated solution stability showed that ATL enhanced the supersaturation maintenance of IBS by extensive interactions. The CAMs exhibited excellent physical stability at 25°C/60% RH. The pharmacokinetics experiments showed that the relative oral bioavailability of IBS was 2.78-fold higher than bulk IBS (p < 0.001) after oral administration of ATL-IBS CAM1:1 to rats. The results of this study demonstrate that CAMs provide an alternative option for the development of fixed dose combination of ATL and IBS.

Development and characterization of a zeolite based drug delivery system: Application to cannabidiol oral delivery.

The growing interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) has led to the need for effective and reliable delivery methods that overcome its low oral absorption. Zeolites, a class of porous nanoparticles, offer unique advantages as drug carriers due to their high surface area and adjustable pore size. In this study, a zeolite-based drug delivery system was developed for the encapsulation of CBD. The zeolite particles were characterized using various techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption analysis, Solid-state Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Direct Light Scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) before and after the loading. The drug encapsulation efficiency, and the release profile of CBD from the zeolite matrix were evaluated in addition to in vitro dissolution experiments in the intestinal and gastric simulated fluids. The results showed that the loaded zeolite particles exhibited high encapsulation efficiency of 73.5 %. XRD analysis proved that the USY structure remained intact after loading with CBD. DLS and N2 adsorption analysis indicated that CBD was successfully loaded into the zeolite matrix. When compared to CBD containing particles in a commercialized capsule, the in-vitro dissolution rate of CBD loaded zeolite was significantly higher after 30 min in the simulated stomach (pH 1.8) and the intestinal (pH 6.8) fluids, 67.8 % versus 43.6 % and 62.6 % vs 38.4 % respectively. Our findings open new avenues for the use of zeolites as an efficient drug delivery system for drugs with low bioavailability like CBD.

Pharmaceutical approaches for enhancing solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

High solubility in water and physiological fluids is an indispensable requirement for the pharmacological efficacy of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Indeed, it is well established that pharmaceutical substances exhibiting limited solubility in water are inclined towards diminished and inconsistent absorption following oral administration, consequently resulting in variability in therapeutic outcomes. The current advancements in combinatorial chemistry and pharmaceutical design have facilitated the creation of drug candidates characterized by increased lipophilicity, elevated molecular size, and reduced aqueous solubility. Undoubtedly, the issue of poorly water-soluble medications has been progressively escalating over recent years. Indeed, 40% of the top 200 oral medications marketed in the United States, 33% of drugs listed in the US pharmacopoeia, 75% of compounds under development and 90% of new chemical entities are insufficiently water-soluble compounds. In order to address this obstacle, formulation scientists employ a variety of approaches, encompassing both physical and chemical methods such as prodrug synthesis, salt formation, solid dispersions formation, hydrotropic substances utilization, solubilizing agents incorporation, cosolvent addition, polymorphism exploration, cocrystal creation, cyclodextrins complexation, lipid formulations, particle size reduction and nanoformulation techniques. Despite the utilization of these diverse approaches, the primary reason for the failure in new drug development persists as the poor aqueous solubility of pharmaceutical compounds. This paper, therefore, delves into the foundational principles that underpin the implementation of various formulation strategies, along with a discussion on the respective advantages and drawbacks associated with each approach. Additionally, a discourse is provided regarding methodological frameworks for making informed decisions on selecting an appropriate formulation strategy to effectively tackle the key challenges posed during the development of a poorly water-soluble drug candidate.

Excipient effects on supersaturation, particle size dynamics, and thermodynamic activity of multidrug amorphous formulations.

Multidrug formulations enhance patient compliance and extend the life cycle of pharmaceutical products. To overcome solubility challenges for multidrug combinations, amorphous formulations are commonly used. However, the excipients for creating amorphous formulations are often selected without an understanding of their effects on the bioavailability of the drugs. In this context, we investigated the impact of three types of excipients (polymers, surfactants and amino acids) on the supersaturation and thermodynamic activity of multidrug amorphous formulations. Additionally, we studied the particle size dynamics of the colloidal phase formed as a result of liquid-liquid phase separation. The amorphous solubility of two drugs, atazanavir and ritonavir, was determined in solutions containing predissolved excipients and the particle size dynamics of the colloidal particles was measured by dynamic light scattering. Dissolution experiments of atazanavir and ritonavir were conducted in predissolved sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, and alanine solutions under non-sink conditions. Membrane transport of the drugs was evaluated using a MicroFLUX setup. The polymers had only minor effects on the amorphous solubility, but SDS significantly increased the solubilities of both drugs. In contrast, the other non-ionic surfactants and amino acids reduced the solubility of atazanavir but had no negative effect on ritonavir. Polymers were effective in maintaining supersaturation and preventing the coarsening of the colloidal particles. Conversely, alanine was neither able to inhibit the solution crystallization nor increase the flux of either drug. Despite the increase in the amorphous solubility of both drugs in SDS, flux was reduced. These results highlight the importance of properly selecting excipients for supersaturating amorphous formulations. The choice of excipient impacts the thermodynamic activity, the phase behaviour of the drugs and hence, the resulting absorption after oral intake.

Characterization of Oral Drug Absorption from Jelly Formulations: Effects of Membrane Permeability and Intestinal Fluid Volume.

This study aims to clarify the process of oral drug absorption from jelly formulations. Agar and pectin-based jellies containing drugs with different membrane permeability (high: antipyrine [ANT], medium: metoprolol [MET], low: atenolol [ATE]) were prepared and tested for in vitro drug release and in vivo drug absorption in rats. All drugs showed similar release profiles in vitro from both jelly formulations, except for the faster release from pectin jelly at neutral pH. In contrast, in vivo absorption of ATE but not of ANT from jelly formulations was significantly lower than from solution. Absorption of ATE and MET was low from agar jelly after oral administration, whereas additional water intake significantly increased the absorption. The process of drug absorption was described by the compartmental model consisting of jelly, intestinal fluid, and blood compartments. Drugs in the jelly diffuse into the intestinal fluid and then permeate the intestinal membrane. By considering the rate-limiting process, membrane permeability-dependent drug absorption from agar jelly and the effects of water intake were identified. In conclusion, jelly formulations may potentially decrease and delay drug oral absorption, especially of poorly permeable drugs. Intestinal fluid volume is one of the important factors to control the drug absorption.

Solid Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dasatinib: Optimization, In-vitro, Ex-vivo and In-vivo assessment.

Aim: Dasatinib (DST) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor with poor aqueous solubility. To outwit this issue, a solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of DST was formulated.Methods: I-optimal mixture design was used for optimization of DST-loaded SNEDDS using Linalool, Cremophor RH40 and Transcutol P. S-SNEDDS underwent physicochemical characterization, in-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation, cell-based assays and pharmacokinetic study.Results: DST-S-SNEDDS showed globule size and PDI of 141.53 ± 5.371 nm and 0.282 ± 0.020, respectively. DST-S-SNEDDS revealed significantly lower IC50 (1.825 µg/mL) than free DST (7.298 µg/mL) in MDA-MB-231. In-vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed 1.94-fold increment in AUC0-t for the DST-S-SNEDDS group than free DST.Conclusion: S-SNEDDS could be promising approach for improving bioavailability and efficacy of DST.

[Box: see text].

Stacking self-gluing cellulose II films: A facile strategy for the formation of novel all-cellulose laminates.

Cellulose laminates represent a remarkable convergence of natural materials and modern engineering, offering a wide range of versatile applications in sustainable packaging, construction, and advanced materials. In this study, novel all-cellulose laminates are developed using an environmentally friendly approach, where freshly regenerated cellulose II films are stacked without the need for solvents (for impregnation and/or partial dissolution), chemical modifications, or resins. The structural and mechanical properties of these all-cellulose laminates were thoroughly investigated. This simple and scalable procedure results in transparent laminates with exceptional mechanical properties comparable to or even superior to common plastics, with E-modulus higher than 9 GPa for a single layer and 7 GPa for the laminates. These laminates are malleable and can be easily patterned. Depending on the number of layers, they can be thin and flexible (with just one layer) or thick and rigid (with three layers). Laminates were also doped with 10 wt% undissolved fibers without compromising their characteristics. These innovative all-cellulose laminates present a robust, eco-friendly alternative to traditional synthetic materials, thus bridging the gap between environmental responsibility and high-performance functionality.