Morse Code Recognition Based on a Flexible Tactile Sensor with Carbon Nanotube/Polyurethane Sponge Material by the Long Short-Term Memory Model.

Morse code recognition plays a very important role in the application of human-machine interaction. In this paper, based on the carbon nanotube (CNT) and polyurethane sponge (PUS) composite material, a flexible tactile CNT/PUS sensor with great piezoresistive characteristic is developed for detecting Morse code precisely. Thirty-six types of Morse code, including 26 letters (A-Z) and 10 numbers (0-9), are applied to the sensor. Each Morse code was repeated 60 times, and 2160 (36 × 60) groups of voltage time-sequential signals were collected to construct the dataset. Then, smoothing and normalization methods are used to preprocess and optimize the raw data. Based on that, the long short-term memory (LSTM) model with excellent feature extraction and self-adaptive ability is constructed to precisely recognize different types of Morse code detected by the sensor. The recognition accuracies of the 10-number Morse code, the 26-letter Morse code, and the whole 36-type Morse code are 99.17%, 95.37%, and 93.98%, respectively. Meanwhile, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Random Forest (RF) models are built to distinguish the 36-type Morse code (letters of A-Z and numbers of 0-9) based on the same dataset and achieve the accuracies of 91.37%, 88.88%, 87.04%, and 90.97%, respectively, which are all lower than the accuracy of 93.98% based on the LSTM model. All the experimental results show that the CNT/PUS sensor can detect the Morse code's tactile feature precisely, and the LSTM model has a very efficient property in recognizing Morse code detected by the CNT/PUS sensor.

Reconfigurable Resistive Switching Memory for Telegraph Code Sensing and Recognizing Reservoir Computing Systems.

Reservoir computing (RC) system is based upon the reservoir layer, which non-linearly transforms input signals into high-dimensional states, facilitating simple training in the readout layer-a linear neural network. These layers require different types of devices-the former demonstrated as diffusive memristors and the latter prepared as drift memristors. The integration of these components can increase the structural complexity of RC system. Here, a reconfigurable resistive switching memory (RSM) capable of implementing both diffusive and drift dynamics is demonstrated. This reconfigurability is achieved by preparing a medium with a 3D ion transport channel (ITC), enabling precise control of the metal filament that determines memristor operation. The 3D ITC-RSM operates in a volatile threshold switching (TS) mode under a weak electric field and exhibits short-term dynamics that are confirmed to be applicable as reservoir elements in RC systems. Meanwhile, the 3D ITC-RSM operates in a non-volatile bipolar switching (BS) mode under a strong electric field, and the conductance modulation metrics forming the basis of synaptic weight update are validated, which can be utilized as readout elements in the readout layer. Finally, an RC system is designed for the application of reconfigurable 3D ITC-RSM, and performs real-time recognition on Morse code datasets.

How to use one surface electromyography sensor to recognize six hand movements for a mechanical hand in real time: a method based on Morse code.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) signal is a kind of physiological signal reflecting muscle activity and muscle force. At present, the existing methods of recognizing human motion intention need more than two sensors to recognize more than two kinds of movements, the sensor pasting positions are special, and the hardware conditions for execution are high. In this work, a real-time motion intention recognition method based on Morse code is proposed and applied to the mechanical hand. The short-time and long-term muscle contraction signals collected by a single sEMG sensor were extracted and encoded with the Morse code method, and then the developed mapping method from Morse code to six hand movements were used to recognize hand movements. The average recognition accuracy of hand movements was 94.8704 ± 2.3556%, the average adjusting time was 34.89 s for all subjects, and the execution time of a single movement was 381 ms. The corresponding experiment video can be found in the attachment to show the experiment. The method proposed in this work is a method with one sensor to recognize six movements, low hardware conditions, high recognition accuracy, and insensitive to the difference of sensor pasting position.

Transformative Multifunction Deep Ultraviolet Photodetectors for On-Demand Applications: From Fast Optical Communication to Tunable In-Sensor Photocurrent Integration.

The strategic utilization of photodetectors' transient response could open new frontiers from free-space optical communication to the emerging field of neuromorphic optoelectronics. Contrarily, while communication requires a fast response, neuromorphic applications benefit from a slow and integrative transient photocurrent. By integrating these functionalities in a single device, this study unveils a photodetector with tunable responses, bridging the gap between optical communication and neuromorphic sensing and creating a versatile platform with on-demand applications. Particularly, a Ga2O3-based photodetector was designed, exhibiting a photocurrent on/off ratio close to 104, high responsivity of 0.43 A/W, and detectivity 1.22 × 1013 Jones under deep ultraviolet illumination (λ ∼ 260 nm). The photodetector demonstrates transient time-dependent on operational voltage, ranging from 10-4 to 0.2 s. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the voltage-dependent balance between photocarrier generation and defect-related recombination, as revealed by electrostatic force microscopy. Additionally, we have demonstrated potential applications, including digital Morse code interpretation, tunable integration of optical inputs within the sensor, one-time readouts, and effective analog Morse code reading. Furthermore, the effectiveness of input information recognition using analog integration, even with anomalies, was demonstrated. This work establishes a versatile approach for tunable in-sensor optical processing, potentially useful for a wide range of applications, from free-space optical communication to neuromorphic sensing.

Uniform Synthesis of Bilayer Hydrogen Substituted Graphdiyne for Flexible Piezoresistive Applications.

Graphdiyne (GDY) has garnered significant attention as a cutting-edge 2D material owing to its distinctive electronic, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties, including high mobility, direct bandgap, and remarkable flexibility. One of the key challenges hindering the implementation of this material in flexible applications is its large area and uniform synthesis. The facile growth of centimeter-scale bilayer hydrogen substituted graphdiyne (Bi-HsGDY) on germanium (Ge) substrate is achieved using a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. This material's field effect transistors (FET) showcase a high carrier mobility of 52.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 and an exceptionally low contact resistance of 10 Ω µm. By transferring the as-grown Bi-HsGDY onto a flexible substrate, a long-distance piezoresistive strain sensor is demonstrated, which exhibits a remarkable gauge factor of 43.34 with a fast response time of ≈275 ms. As a proof of concept, communication by means of Morse code is implemented using a Bi-HsGDY strain sensor. It is believed that these results are anticipated to open new horizons in realizing Bi-HsGDY for innovative flexible device applications.

Flexo-Pyrophotronic Effect Modulated Giant Near Infrared Photoresponse from VO2 -Based Heterojunction for Optical Communication.

The flexoelectric phenomenon, which occurs when materials undergo mechanical deformation and cause strain gradients and a related spontaneous electric polarization field, can result in wide variety of energy- and cost-saving mechano-opto-electronics, such as night vision, communication, and security. However, accurate sensing of weak intensities under self-powered conditions with stable photocurrent and rapid temporal response remains essential despite the challenges related to having suitable band alignment and high junction quality. Taking use of the flexoelectric phenomena, it is shown that a centrosymmetric VO2 -based heterojunction exhibits a self-powered (i.e., 0 V), infrared (λ = 940 nm) photoresponse. Specifically, the device shows giant current modulation (103 %), good responsivity of >2.4 mA W-1 , reasonable specific detectivity of ≈1010 Jones, and a fast response speed of 0.5 ms, even at the nanoscale modulation. Through manipulation of the applied inhomogeneous force, the sensitivity of the infrared response is enhanced (> 640%). Ultrafast night optical communication like Morse code distress (SOS) signal sensing and high-performing obstacle sensors with potential impact alarms are created as proof-of-concept applications. These findings validate the potential of emerging mechanoelectrical coupling for a wide variety of novel applications, including mechanoptical switches, photovoltaics, sensors, and autonomous vehicles, which require tunable optoelectronic performance.

Artificial Tactile Perception System Based on Spiking Tactile Neurons and Spiking Neural Networks.

The artificial tactile perception system of this work utilizes a fully connected spiking neural network (SNN) comprising two layers. Its architecture is streamlined and energy-efficient as it directly integrates spiking tactile neurons with piezoresistive sensors and Pt/NbOx/TiN memristors as input neurons. These spiking tactile neurons possess the ability to perceive and integrate pressure stimuli from multiple sensors and encode the information into rate-coded electrical spikes, closely resembling the behavior of a biological tactile neuron. The system's real-time information processing capability is demonstrated through an artificial perceptual learning system that successfully encodes and decodes the Morse code; the artificial perceptual learning system accurately recognizes and displays 26 English letters. Furthermore, the artificial tactile perception system is evaluated for the recognition of the MNIST data set, achieving a classification accuracy of 85.7% with the supervised spiking-rate-dependent plasticity learning rule. The key advantages of this artificial tactile perception system are its simple structure and high efficiency, which contributes to its practicality for various real-world applications.

Creating an AI-Enhanced Morse Code Translation System Based on Images for People with Severe Disabilities.

(1) Background: Patients with severe physical impairments (spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) often have limited mobility due to physical limitations, and may even be bedridden all day long, losing the ability to take care of themselves. In more severe cases, the ability to speak may even be lost, making even basic communication very difficult. (2) Methods: This research will design a set of image-assistive communication equipment based on artificial intelligence to solve communication problems of daily needs. Using artificial intelligence for facial positioning, and facial-motion-recognition-generated Morse code, and then translating it into readable characters or commands, it allows users to control computer software by themselves and communicate through wireless networks or a Bluetooth protocol to control environment peripherals. (3) Results: In this study, 23 human-typed data sets were subjected to recognition using fuzzy algorithms. The average recognition rates for expert-generated data and data input by individuals with disabilities were 99.83% and 98.6%, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Through this system, users can express their thoughts and needs through their facial movements, thereby improving their quality of life and having an independent living space. Moreover, the system can be used without touching external switches, greatly improving convenience and safety.

Memristive LIF Spiking Neuron Model and Its Application in Morse Code.

The leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) spiking model can successively mimic the firing patterns and information propagation of a biological neuron. It has been applied in neural networks, cognitive computing, and brain-inspired computing. Due to the resistance variability and the natural storage capacity of the memristor, the LIF spiking model with a memristor (MLIF) is presented in this article to simulate the function and working mode of neurons in biological systems. First, the comparison between the MLIF spiking model and the LIF spiking model is conducted. Second, it is experimentally shown that a single memristor could mimic the function of the integration and filtering of the dendrite and emulate the function of the integration and firing of the soma. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed MLIF spiking model is verified by the generation and recognition of Morse code. The experimental results indicate that the presented MLIF model efficiently performs good biological frequency adaptation, high firing frequency, and rich spiking patterns. A memristor can be used as the dendrite and the soma, and the MLIF spiking model can emulate the axon. The constructed single neuron can efficiently complete the generation and propagation of firing patterns.

Bionic Ultra-Sensitive Self-Powered Electromechanical Sensor for Muscle-Triggered Communication Application.

The past few decades have witnessed the tremendous progress of human-machine interface (HMI) in communication, education, and manufacturing fields. However, due to signal acquisition devices' limitations, the research on HMI related to communication aid applications for the disabled is progressing slowly. Here, inspired by frogs' croaking behavior, a bionic triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based ultra-sensitive self-powered electromechanical sensor for muscle-triggered communication HMI application is developed. The sensor possesses a high sensitivity (54.6 mV mm-1 ), a high-intensity signal (± 700 mV), and a wide sensing range (0-5 mm). The signal intensity is 206 times higher than that of traditional biopotential electromyography methods. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and Morse code, the safe, accurate (96.3%), and stable communication aid HMI applications are achieved. The authors' bionic TENG-based electromechanical sensor provides a valuable toolkit for HMI applications of the disabled, and it brings new insights into the interdisciplinary cross-integration between TENG technology and bionics.

Somatosensory Integration and Masking of Complex Tactile Information: Peripheral and Cortical Contributions.

Nerve paresthesia is a sensory impairment experienced in clinical conditions such as diabetes. Paresthesia may "mask" or "compete" with meaningful tactile information in the patient's sensory environment. The two objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine if radiating paresthesia produces a peripheral mask, a central mask, or a combination; (2) to determine if a response competition experimental design reveals changes in somatosensory integration similar to a masking design. Experiment 1 assessed the degree of masking caused by induced radiating ulnar nerve paresthesia (a concurrent non-target stimulus) on a vibrotactile Morse code letter acquisition task using both behavioral and neurophysiological measures. Experiment 2 used a response competition design by moving the radiating paresthesia to the median nerve. This move shifted the concurrent non-target stimulus to a location spatially removed from the target stimuli. The task, behavioral and neurophysiological measures remained consistent. The induced paresthesia impacted letter acquisition differentially depending on the relative location of meaningful and non-meaningful stimulation. Paresthesia acted as a peripheral mask when presented to overlapping anatomical stimulation areas, and a central mask when presented at separate anatomical areas. These findings are discussed as they relate to masking, subcortical, and centripetal gating.

Dermoscopy - a simple and rapid in vivo diagnostic technique for tinea incognito.

Tinea incognito resulting from corticosteroid abuse is becoming very common in the tropics. Its diagnosis is tricky owing to its confusing morphology, as well as practical and technical issues associated with mycological tests. Dermoscopy has now evolved as a novel diagnostic tool for diagnosing tinea incognito in such challenging situations, since the typical hair changes such as Morse-code hairs, deformable hairs, translucent hairs, comma and cork screw hairs, and perifollicular scaling may be seen despite steroid use, irrespective of mycological results.

Dermoscopy - a simple and rapid in vivo diagnostic technique for tinea incognito

Abstract Tinea incognito resulting from corticosteroid abuse is becoming very common in the tropics. Its diagnosis is tricky owing to its confusing morphology, as well as practical and technical issues associated with mycological tests. Dermoscopy has now evolved as a novel diagnostic tool for diagnosing tinea incognito in such challenging situations, since the typical hair changes such as Morse-code hairs, deformable hairs, translucent hairs, comma and cork screw hairs, and perifollicular scaling may be seen despite steroid use, irrespective of mycological results.

Can Dermoscopy Serve as a Diagnostic Tool in Dermatophytosis? A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy has been shown to be a useful tool in assisting the noninvasive diagnosis of various general dermatological disorders. AIM: The purpose of the study was to describe the dermoscopic findings in various dermatophytosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 100 clinically diagnosed tinea infections of skin, hair, and nails, which were evaluated using a dermoscope (Dermlite 3 gen DL3N, California USA, 10x). RESULTS: Among 100 patients of dermatophytosis, 69 were males and 31 females. The maximum number of patients had tinea corporis, followed by tinea cruris and tinea capitis. Dermoscopic findings noted in cases of tinea corporis included diffuse erythema, follicular micropustules, and brown spots surrounded by a white-yellowish halo, broken hair, wavy hair, and rare, morse code hair. Dermoscopy of tinea capitis depicted comma hairs, corkscrew hairs, zigzag hairs, and morse code hairs. Proximal jagged edge, spikes, and longitudinal striations were present in the cases of onychomycosis. Dermoscopy of tinea incognito yielded morse code hairs, follicular micropustules, and easily deformable hairs that look weakened and transparent and show unusual bends. LIMITATIONS: Dermoscopic findings were not correlated to fungal culture. CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy can be used as a fast, inexpensive, and noninvasive diagnostic tool to enhance diagnosis of cutaneous fungal infections.

Correlation between integration of high-risk HPV genome into human DNA detected by molecular combing and the severity of cervical lesions: first results of the EXPL-HPV-002 study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the EXPL-HPV-002 study is to evaluate the integration of 14 high-risk HPV as a biomarker of the severity and the progression of cervical lesions. Such a „triage biomarker“ would help to reduce the number of unnecessary colposcopies, to avoid over-treatment of lesions that spontaneously regress and to better target the lesions requiring treatment. DESIGN: EXPL-HPV-002 is a prospective, open-label, single arm, GCP study conducted at 2 clinical sites in the Czech Republic. SETTINGS: Investigations centers: Private Gynecology Center, Brno; Gynecological and Obstetrical Clinic, Brno; Genotyping central lab: NRL for Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses, IHBT, Prague; Histology Central reading: Aeskulab Pathology, Prague; Molecular combing HPV test: Genomic Vision, Bagneux. METHODS: From June 2016 to May 2018, 688 patients aged 25-65, referred to colposcopy after an abnormal Pap-smear, were enrolled in the study. Among them 60% were found HPV high-risk. The study is divided in two phases: 1. a cross-sectional phase using data collected at first visit (colposcopy images ± histology, pap-smear for HPV genotyping and molecular combing) to study the association between HPV integration status versus colposcopy and histology grades; 2. a longitudinal phase using data collected in follow-up visits: cytology at 6, 18 and 30 months and colposcopy ± histology at 12, 24 and 36 months. A pap-smear collected at 12, 24 and 36 months allows to perform genotyping and molecular combing. HPV integration status is analyzed in comparison with the evolution of lesions, viral clearance and HPV genotype. HPV genotyping and molecular combing were performed on pap-smear samples in central laboratories. Histology data were reviewed by central reading. RESULTS: The transversal phase of the study is achieved and shows that the HPV integration into the human DNA, monitored by molecular combing, can significantly differentiate normal subjects from women with cervical lesions or cancer. CONCLUSION: HPV integration into the host genome, monitored by Genomic Visions technology, is a reliable diagnostic biomarker that will greatly help clinicians to improve their medical decision tree.

Tinea Capitis in Children and Trichoscopic Criteria.

Tinea capitis is the most common pediatric superficial dermatophyte infection. The causative species vary, as for instance, Microsporum canis predominates in Europe, while Trichophyton tonsurans predominates in North America. Tinea capitis does not respond well to topical therapy alone, thus oral therapy is requisite. The drug of choice is griseofulvin; however in some countries, it is no longer available. Fungal culture should be requested in the persistent, scalp lesion and trichoscopy can put forward a speedy diagnosis by its characteristic findings. Scalp dermoscopy or "trichoscopy" represents a valuable, noninvasive technique for the evaluation of patients with hair loss due to tenia capitis. It is simple, quick, and easy to perform.

Learning Morse Code Alters Microstructural Properties in the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus: A DTI Study.

Learning relies on neuroplasticity, which has mainly been studied in gray matter (GM). However, there is mounting evidence indicating a critical role of white matter changes involved in learning processes. One of the most important learning processes in human development is language acquisition. However, due to the length of this learning process, it has been notoriously difficult to investigate the underlying neuroplastic changes. Here, we report a novel learning paradigm to assess the role of white matter plasticity for language acquisition. By acoustically presenting Morse Code (MC) using an in house developed audio book as a model for language-type learning, we generated a well-controlled learning environment that allows for the detection of subtle white matter changes related to language type learning in a much shorter time frame than usual language acquisition. In total 12 letters of the MC alphabet were learned within six learning session, which allowed study participants to perform a word recognition MC decoding task. In this study, we found that learning MC was associated with significant microstructural changes in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). The fractional anisotropy (FA) of this associative fiber bundle connecting the occipital and posterior temporal cortex with the temporal pole as well as the hippocampus and amygdala was increased. Furthermore, white matter plasticity was associated with task performance of MC decoding, indicating that the structural changes were related to learning efficiency. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate an important role of white matter neuroplasticity for acquiring a new language skill.

Schrödinger's code-script: not a genetic cipher but a code of development.

In his book What is Life? Erwin Schrödinger coined the term 'code-script', thought by some to be the first published suggestion of a hereditary code and perhaps a forerunner of the genetic code. The etymology of 'code' suggests three meanings relevant to 'code-script which we distinguish as 'cipher-code', 'word-code' and 'rule-code'. Cipher-codes and word-codes entail translation of one set of characters into another. The genetic code comprises not one but two cipher-codes: the first is the DNA 'base-pairing cipher'; the second is the 'nucleotide-amino-acid cipher', which involves the translation of DNA base sequences into amino-acid sequences. We suggest that Schrödinger's code-script is a form of 'rule-code', a set of rules that, like the 'highway code' or 'penal code', requires no translation of a message. Schrödinger first relates his code-script to chromosomal genes made of protein. Ignorant of its properties, however, he later abandons 'protein' and adopts in its place a hypothetical, isomeric 'aperiodic solid' whose atoms he imagines rearranged in countless different conformations, which together are responsible for the patterns of ontogenetic development. In an attempt to explain the large number of combinations required, Schrödinger referred to the Morse code (a cipher) but in doing so unwittingly misled readers into believing that he intended a cipher-code resembling the genetic code. We argue that the modern equivalent of Schrödinger's code-script is a rule-code of organismal development based largely on the synthesis, folding, properties and interactions of numerous proteins, each performing a specific task.

Idiosyncratic Findings in Trichoscopy of Tinea Capitis: Comma, Zigzag Hairs, Corkscrew, and Morse Code-like Hair.

Dermoscopy is a method of growing significance in the diagnoses of dermatological pigmented skin diseases. However, in my case, mycology culture was negative and successful treatment was given on the basis of trichoscopy and wood lamp examination. I hereby describe a young boy with tinea capitis, multiple "comma hairs" and "zigzag hair" and a subtle additional feature "Morse code-like hair" when intensification was applied. Dermatoscopic aspects found skin Type 2 in a child of as a distinctive dermoscopic finding.