RESUMO
A salmonellosis outbreak occurred at a California prison in April and May 2016. In a cohort study of 371 inmates, persons who consumed dishes from the prison kitchen made from ground meat had a higher attack rate (15%) than those who did not (4%) (risk ratio 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.6). The ground meat product was composed exclusively of beef, mechanically separated chicken (MSC) and textured vegetable protein; eight of eight lots of the product collected from the prison and processing facility were contaminated with Salmonella enterica of eight serotypes and 17 distinct PFGE patterns, including multidrug-resistant S. Infantis. Either the MSC or the beef could have been the source of the particular strains of S. enterica isolated from patients or the product. The microbiological evidence is most consistent with MSC as the source of the high levels of S. enterica in the epidemiologically linked meat product. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence about the hazard posed by the use of products containing raw mechanically separated poultry in kitchens in institutions.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Prisões , Carne Vermelha/microbiologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/epidemiologia , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , California/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , SorogrupoRESUMO
This review describes the properties and activities of lipopeptides and peptide hormones and how the lipidation of peptide hormones could potentially produce therapeutic agents combating some of the most prevalent diseases and conditions. The self-assembly of these types of molecules is outlined, and how this can impact on bioactivity. Peptide hormones specific to the uptake of food and produced in the gastrointestinal tract are discussed in detail. The advantages of lipidated peptide hormones over natural peptide hormones are summarised, in terms of stability and renal clearance, with potential application as therapeutic agents. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Peptide Science published by European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Trato Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopeptídeos/síntese química , Hormônios Peptídicos/síntese química , Animais , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/imunologia , Asma/metabolismo , Asma/patologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Lipopeptídeos/biossíntese , Lipopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/imunologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/metabolismo , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/patologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Hormônios Peptídicos/biossíntese , Hormônios Peptídicos/uso terapêutico , Estabilidade Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteólise , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Over the past few decades, classification of the cells of the MPS has generated considerable controversy. Recent studies into the origin, developmental requirements and function of MPS cells are beginning to solve this problem in an objective manner. Using high-resolution genetic analyses and fate-mapping studies, three main mononuclear phagocyte lineages have been defined, namely, macrophage populations established during embryogenesis, monocyte-derived cells that develop during adult life and DCs. These subsets and their diverse subsets have specialized functions that are largely conserved between species, justifying the introduction of a new, universal scheme of nomenclature and providing the framework for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses in the clinic. In this review, we have commented on the implications of this novel MPS classification in solid organ transplantation.
Assuntos
Sistema Fagocitário Mononuclear/imunologia , Transplante de Órgãos , Adulto , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: TGF-beta1 is a prosclerotic cytokine implicated in fibrotic processes. Fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma and airways is a frequent presentation in lung transplant recipients before and after transplantation. There are two genetic polymorphisms in the DNA sequence encoding the leader sequence of the TGF-beta1 protein, located at codon 10 (either leucine or proline) and at codon 25 (either arginine or proline). The codon 25 arginine allele is associated with higher TGF-beta1 production by cells activated in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that inheritance of alleles of the TGF-beta1 gene conferring higher production of TGF-beta1 may be responsible for over-expression of TGF-beta1 in transplant recipients resulting in lung allograft fibrosis. METHODS: We extracted DNA from leukocytes collected from 91 pulmonary transplants performed at our centre and 96 normal healthy volunteers between May 1990 and September 1995. Part of the first exon was amplified by PCR. Samples were genotyped by using sequence specific oligonucleotide probes. RESULT: The distribution of codon 10 alleles was similar in a normal healthy control group and in lung transplant recipients, regardless of their pretransplant lung pathology. By contrast, there was a significant difference in the frequency of codon 25 alleles between the control and transplant groups. In the normal control group 81% were codon 25 arginine/arginine (A/A) homozygotes, 19% were arginine/proline (A/P) heterozygotes and none were proline/proline (P/P) homozygotes. The distribution of codon 25 alleles was similar in lung transplant recipients who did not have a significant fibrosis in pretransplant pathology, but in transplant recipients who came to transplantation with lung fibrosis 98% (41 of 42 patients) were homozygous for the codon 25 A/A allele (p < .05). After lung transplantation 39 of 91 patients developed lung allograft fibrosis, and of these 92.3% (36 of 39 recipients) were of homozygous codon 25 A/A high TGF-beta1 producer genotype (p < .001). Lung transplant recipients who were homozygous for both codon 10 L/L and codon 25 A/A showed poor survival compared with all other TGF-beta1 genotypes (p < .03). CONCLUSION: Homozygosity for arginine at codon 25 of the leader sequence of TGF-beta1 that correlates with higher TGF-b production in vitro, is associated with fibrotic lung pathology before lung transplantation and with the development of fibrosis in the graft. In combination with the codon 10 leucine allele, homozygosity for the codon 25arginine allele is a marker for poor post-transplant prognosis and recipient survival.
Assuntos
Genótipo , Rejeição de Enxerto/genética , Transplante de Pulmão/patologia , Fibrose Pulmonar/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Sequência de Aminoácidos/genética , Códon , Éxons , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/mortalidade , Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sondas de Oligonucleotídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Fibrose Pulmonar/mortalidade , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , Valores de Referência , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
We have characterized 5 novel, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and 5' UTR regions of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. Transitions C --> A at nucleotide position -2578 relative to the translation start site, T --> C at position -1455, G --> A at position -1154, G --> C at position -1001, and C --> T at position -7 were observed. In addition, individuals with the A allele at position -2578 also had an insertion of 18 nucleotides, whereas CC homozygotes did not contain this insertion. We have described the frequency distribution of the polymorphic alleles in the population of healthy volunteers and are investigating the functional significance of the 18-nucleotide insertion and of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms on VEGF gene expression.
Assuntos
Regiões 5' não Traduzidas , Fatores de Crescimento Endotelial/genética , Linfocinas/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Sequência de Bases , DNA Complementar , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularRESUMO
A CdSe optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a 2.79-mum , Cr, Er:YSGG laser yielded a 59% signal-plus-idler slope efficiency (eta), a total idler output of 1.2-2.4mJ between 8.5 and 12.3 mum , and an idler beam that was 2.2-2.5 times the diffraction limit. A ZnGeP(2) OPO operated with a lower threshold, eta = 29% , and a forward idler output of 0.7-2.4 mJ from 6.9 to 9.9 microm . The signal and idler bandwidths were typically 4 cm(-1) for each OPO.
RESUMO
Tunable UV radiation centered at 289nm was obtained from a 532-nm Nd:YAG pumped high-brightness solid-state dye laser, frequency doubled in CsLiB(6)O(10). Frequency doubling to 284-294 nm was demonstrated from a singly doped, rotating pyrromethene dye plastic disk with damage threshold >3 J/cm(2) . UV energies up to 44 mJ at 10 Hz were obtained with a 15% absolute conversion efficiency from 532 nm.