DNA methylation analysis in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders improves variant interpretation and reveals complexity.

Analysis of genomic DNA methylation by generating epigenetic signature profiles (episignatures) is increasingly being implemented in genetic diagnosis. Here we report our experience using episignature analysis to resolve both uncomplicated and complex cases of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We analyzed 97 NDDs divided into (1) a validation cohort of 59 patients with likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants characterized by a known episignature and (2) a test cohort of 38 patients harboring variants of unknown significance or unidentified variants. The expected episignature was obtained in most cases with likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants (53/59 [90%]), a revealing exception being the overlapping profile of two SMARCB1 pathogenic variants with ARID1A/B:c.6200, confirmed by the overlapping clinical features. In the test cohort, five cases showed the expected episignature, including (1) novel pathogenic variants in ARID1B and BRWD3; (2) a deletion in ATRX causing MRXFH1 X-linked mental retardation; and (3) confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange (CdL) syndrome in mutation-negative CdL patients. Episignatures analysis of the in BAF complex components revealed novel functional protein interactions and common episignatures affecting homologous residues in highly conserved paralogous proteins (SMARCA2 M856V and SMARCA4 M866V). Finally, we also found sex-dependent episignatures in X-linked disorders. Implementation of episignature profiling is still in its early days, but with increasing utilization comes increasing awareness of the capacity of this methodology to help resolve the complex challenges of genetic diagnoses.

Duration of Anticoagulation Therapy in Patients with Genetic Inherited Thrombophilia.

Background: Genetic factors play an important role in deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The duration of anticoagulation therapy in patients with verified genetic inheritance and previous events of DVT is still questionable. Case reports: We present three cases of siblings (two brothers and one sister) with verified Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and genetic inheritance. The first case is a 33 y.o. male who was admitted with bilateral massive pulmonary thromboembolism and DVT of the right femoral vein. He had an episode of DVT 4 years ago. Fibrinolytic therapy was introduced immediately. Afterwards, unfractionated heparin was introduced, and then switched to enoxaparin and acenocoumarol. Because of inappropriate INR, it was switched then to rivaroxaban. The imaging methods showed significant improvement, and the patient was discharged from the hospital with rivaroxaban at 2x15 mg/day for another 2 weeks and was instructed to continue 20 mg/day until his next control. In the meantime, the second case, a 36 y.o. male, brother to the first patient, came with vein thrombosis of vena saphena magna of the left leg. Treatment with Acenocoumarol was started and continued for 2 years until complete resolution of the thrombi, and then it was changed to Aspirin. The third case is the sister of the first 2 cases, a 38 y.o female with symptoms and findings almost similar to those in the second case. She was treated with Acenocoumarol for 6 months. Doppler ultrasound showed complete resolution of the thrombosis and anticoagulation therapy was stopped. Genetic investigations for mutation showed presence of homozygous gene mutation for Prothrombin (PTB G20210A) in the first patient, his brother (the second case) was compound heterozygote for PTB and for MTHFR C677T, and his sister (third case) was heterozygous only for the PTB mutation. According to the clinical (recurrent unprovoked DVT with thromboembolic complications) and genetic testing (homozygous gene mutation for PTB) in the first patient, we decided to continue the secondary thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban 10 mg/day indefinitely. Conclusion: Testing for genetically inherited thrombophilia should be included in the risk assessment for recurrence, and performed in all patients under 50 y.o. who have a first, non-provoked episode of thrombosis, in order to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy.

Leptin, Obesity Parameters, and Atopy Among Children with Asthma.

Leptin, as a major adipokine, positively correlates with the body's fat, while atopy is an important feature in the development of childhood asthma. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between leptin, parameters of obesity, and atopy in children with asthma. The study included 112 children (73 boys, 39 girls, mean age 11.1±2.4). 41 were overweight, 38 had asthma and a normal body mass index (BMI), and 33 were overweight asthmatics. Serum leptin levels, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist to hips ratio (WHR) were measured. Skin prick test (SPT)/CAP, total serum IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and pulmonary function tests were performed. In asthmatic children, serum leptin median level was 9.2±16.2 ng/ml, in overweight children was 30.6±21.6 ng/ml, and in overweight asthmatics was 31.1±20.3 ng/ml with a significant difference between the groups (p=0.0374), yet with a significantly lower median level in the group of children with asthma compared to the overweight children: with asthma (p=0.00001) and without asthma (p=0.00001). In the three groups of patients, BMI and WC displayed a significant positive correlation with leptin (for BMI r=0.652 vs. r=0.530 vs. r=0.563, respectively and for WC r=0.508 vs. r=0.426 vs. r=0.527, respectively). No significant correlations of leptin within atopy parameters (Eo, IgE, SPT/CAP, FeNO) in all three analyzed groups (p>0.05) was detected. Conclusion: Atopy was not confirmed as an underlying mechanism of the association between asthma and being overweight. Leptin had a significant linear correlation as a parameter of central obesity with BMI and WC in all three groups, but not with WHR.

The Gamma Gap Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Chronic Dialysis Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The gamma gap (γ-gap) represents the total serum protein concentration minus the albumin concentration. The main aim of this study was to test whether the gamma gap is a predictor of mortality and whether it is associated with other predictors of mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients (CHPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a cohort of 100 CHPs with a mean age of 59 ± 12.3 years with duration of dialysis 6.5 ± 4.7 years. Serum proteins were determined by electrophoresis. The association of the gamma gap with serum C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and albumin concentration was evaluated for correlation. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of mortality. RESULTS: The γ-gap correlates positively with CRP (r = 0.247, P = 0.013) and fibrinogen (r = 0.239, P = 0.016), and inversely with albumin (r = -0.430, P < 0.0001). The regression coefficients (b) and Exp (b) hazard ratio coefficients of covariates in Cox-regression survival analysis in all-cause outcomes were: b = 0.1486, Exp (b) = 1.1602 (P < 0.0001); b = 0.0655, Exp (b) = 1.0677 (P < 0.0015) and b = -0.118, Exp (b) = 0.8887 (P < 0.0009), for γ-gap, CRP and albumin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients on chronic hemodialysis, the gamma gap, along with serum albumin and CRP levels, is an independent predictor of mortality. Gamma gap levels correlate directly with serum CRP and fibrinogen levels and inversely with serum albumin levels.

Expanding the clinical phenotype of the ultra-rare Skraban-Deardorff syndrome: Two novel individuals with WDR26 loss-of-function variants and a literature review.

De novo variants in the WDR26 gene leading to haploinsufficiency have recently been associated with Skraban-Deardorff syndrome. This condition is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a broad range of clinical signs, including intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), seizures, abnormal facial features, feeding difficulties, and minor skeletal anomalies. Currently, 18 cases have been reported in the literature and for only 15 of them a clinical description is available. Here, we describe a child with Skraban-Deardorff syndrome associated with the WDR26 pathogenic de novo variant NM_025160.6:c.69dupC, p.(Gly24ArgfsTer48), and an adult associated with the pathogenic de novo variant c.1076G > A, p.(Trp359Ter). The adult patient was a 29-year-old female with detailed information on clinical history and pharmacological treatments since birth, providing an opportunity to map disease progression and patient management. By comparing our cases with published reports of Skraban-Deardorff syndrome, we provide a genetic and clinical summary of this ultrarare condition, describe the clinical management from childhood to adult age, and further expand on the clinical phenotype.

First insights into the genetics of 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the Roma population.

BACKGROUND: 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is an autosomal recessive disorder with an incidence of 1:10,000-1:20,000 and is the result of various mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. 21OHD has been described in many different populations, but it has not been studied in Roma individuals so far. The aim of the study was to analyse the genotype in Roma patients with 21OHD and the prevalence of the disease in the Roma population of North Macedonia. METHODS: Molecular analysis of the nine most frequent CYP21A2 mutations in all known Roma patients with CAH in North Macedonia, relatives and healthy individuals of Roma ancestry, using the PCR/ACRS method. RESULTS: Ten Roma patients with 21OHD were identified, of which nine had the salt-wasting and one had the simple virilizing form. Calculated incidence of 21OHD in the North Macedonian Roma population was 1:3375. Interestingly, 9/10 patients (90%) were homozygous for the In2G splicing mutation (293-13A/C > G). Standard therapy with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone had been introduced according to the guidelines. In 16 healthy relatives investigated for CYP21A2 mutations, heterozygosity for the In2G mutation was detected in 13/32 (40.6%) alleles. In 100 healthy Roma individuals, none related to the analysed families, no CYP21A2 mutations were detected. CONCLUSION: The Roma population in North Macedonia had a very high incidence of classic 21OHD. Almost all patients had the severe salt-wasting form and the In2G/In2G genotype.

HLA profile of the Macedonian, Albanian and Macedonian Muslim donors in the Macedonian Bone Marrow Donor Registry.

The aim of this study was to determine the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies of the volunteer donors from the Macedonian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (MBMDR). We analyzed 1541 donors, from different nationalities and presented the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies for Macedonian, Albanian and Macedonian Muslims, most numerous nationalities in MBMDR. Difference between the three groups was observed for allele frequencies in HLA-C and HLA-DRB1 loci. The most common haplotype in Macedonian was HLA-A*01-B*08-C*07-DRB1*03, while in Albanian and Macedonian Muslims HLA-A*02-B*18-C*07-DRB1*11. This study confirmed the close relationship between the populations that live in the Balkan Peninsula.

HLA profile of the donors in the Macedonian Bone Marrow Donor Registry.

The importance of HLA alleles in the process of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, especially the process of unrelated donor search, is enormous. Macedonian Bone Marrow Donor Registry was established in 2010 and has registered volunteer donors from different nationalities that live in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim of this study was to determine the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies of the volunteer donors from the Macedonian Bone Marrow Donor Registry and to compare this results with the Macedonians from a family study. We analyzed 1,541 donors, with different nationalities, Macedonian, Albanian and Macedonian Muslims that were most numerous in MBMDR, and typed them for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, whereas Macedonian also for HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 by SSO method (One Lambda, CA, USA). The most frequent alleles in Macedonians were HLA-A*02, 01, 24; HLA-B*35, 18, 51; HLA-C*07, 04, 12; HLA-DRB1*11, 16, 13; HLA-DQA1*01, 05 and HLA-DQB1*05, 03, 06; in Albanians they were HLA-A*02, 24,01; HLA-B*51, 18, 35; HLA-C*07, 04, 12, HLA-DRB1*11, 13,16; and in Macedonian Muslims they were HLA-A*02, 01, 24; HLA-B*18, 51, 35, HLA-C*07, 04, 02 and HLA-DRB1*11, 16, 14. The most common haplotype in Macedonian was HLA-A*01-B*08-C*07-DRB1*03, whilst in Albanian and Macedonian Muslims HLA-A*02-B*18-C*07-DRB1*11. The comparison of the HLA allele groups between Macedonian from MBMDR and family study showed similar distribution. This study confirmed the close relationship between the populations that live in the Balkan Peninsula.

Genetics in Macedonia-Following the international trends.

Genetics in Macedonia-Following the international trends.

FC gamma receptor polymorphisms in patients with immune thrombocytopenia.

INTRODUCTION: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune blood disease of unknown etiology. The aim of our study was to investigate a possible role of FCGR2A and FCGR3A polymorphisms in the development of primary ITP. METHODS: We analyzed 125 adult patients with ITP and 120 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by using PCR-RFLP methods. RESULTS: Our results showed significantly higher frequency of high-affinity FCGR3A-158V allele in patients with ITP compared with control subjects (47.2% versus 37.5%; p = 0.037). We did not find significant differences in the genotype distribution or allele frequencies for FCGR2A-131H/R between patients and controls, p = 0.652 and p = 0.478. In the groups of patients with unresponsive and responsive ITP we found significantly different genotype distribution and allele frequencies for FCGR3A, p = 0.036 and p = 0.008 respectively. There was no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies for FCGR2A between these two groups of patients. Our results confirmed that the combination of high-affinity FCGR2A-131H and FCGR3A-158V allele was more common in patients with ITP than in controls (55% versus 40%; p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest possible role of FCGR3A polymorphism in the etiology, development and clinical outcome of ITP, but larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in the Macedonian population based on a family study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine HLA allele and 2-, 3- and 4-loci haplotype frequencies in a sample from Macedonian population with defined haplotypes based on family history. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed 286 unrelated individuals with Macedonian origin, parents of patients who needed stem cell transplantation, in the period of 01.01.2003 till 31.12.2016. Allele and haplotype frequencies, as well as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were calculated using the Arlequin3.5 software. Population comparison was calculated using the PHYLIP software. RESULTS: We identified 18 HLA-A, 26 HLA-B, 13 HLA-C and 13 HLA-DRB1 allele group families. The most frequent allele groups in our population were HLA-A*02 (29.0%), HLA-A*24 (13.8%), HLA-B*35 (16.1%), HLA-B*51 (14.7%), HLA-B*18 (14.7%), HLA-C*07 (27.9%), HLA-DRB1*11 (25.5%) and HLA-DRB1*16 (14.8%). The most frequent four loci haplotype was HLA-A*01-B*08-C*07-DRB1*03 (2.7%). Our comparison showed that the Macedonian population is closely related to the neighbouring countries in the Balkan Peninsula. CONCLUSION: This study provides data about the HLA diversity in the Macedonian population, which can be very important in the process of unrelated donor search, and in addition yields control group for future disease association studies in our population.

Total IgE Distribution in Food Allergy Suspected Patients in Republic of Macedonia (2001-2011).

BACKGROUND: IgE may be considered the hallmark of allergic disorders. It is easily detected in serum and can be measured as total IgE and as allergen-specific IgE. In fact, the serum IgE assay is used to diagnose an allergy. AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate, investigate and present the distribution of total serum IgE levels, determined with UniCap system, in food-allergy suspected patients in a Republic of Macedonia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study we analyzed retrospectively 8898 consecutive patients that were admitted for allergy testing at the Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics during the ten year period between 01.01.2001 and 01.01.2011. Total IgE levels in patient sera were detected with the in vitro system UniCAP100 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). RESULTS: When we analyzed the number of patients according to the total IgE groups, we noted that most of the patients have normal levels of total IgE in serum. However, we also discovered a group of patients with elevated levels of total IgE that are greater than 200 kU/L. The average concentration of total serum IgE is higher in women in the age group 6 (6-7 years), followed by a steep decrease in the age group 9 (9-10 years), and after that the average concentrations of total IgE were mostly constant with the exception of a partial increase in the age group 21 (65-69 years). For men, the average serum concentrations of total IgE were highest in the age group of 6 (6-7 years), which was significantly higher than the average concentrations of total IgE in all other age groups. CONCLUSION: The large number of enrolled patients, a particular strength of this study, revealed that average concentrations of total IgE in men are higher than in women and that total IgE did not decrease with age. On the contrary, increased total IgE levels were found in patients aged 65 and 69 of both genders. We continue our work with analyses of the specific IgE antibodies values toward food and the correlation with total IgE values.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in four human West Nile virus infections reported 2011 in the Republic of Macedonia.

West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, arthropod-borne flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but can also infect and cause disease in horses and humans. The aim of this study was to examine KIR gene polymorphisms by determining the frequencies of 16 KIR genes and pseudogenes and KIR genotypes in Macedonian patients with West Nile virus infection, and to compare with healthy Macedonians. The studied sample consists Republic of Macedonia, hospitalized at the University Clinic of Infective Diseases between September 2011 and October 2011, and reported through WHO. For KIR genotyping, commercially available PEL-FREEZ KIR genotyping SSP kit (Dynal Biotech, Brown Deer, WI) was used. The population genetics analysis package, Arlequin, was used for analysis of the data. We found that all 16 KIR genes were observed in the studied individuals and framework genes (KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR2DL4, and KIR3DL2) were present in all individuals. Comparison of KIR frequencies between Macedonian patients with West Nile virus infection and healthy Macedonian population reveals several significant differences in the inhibitory group (KIR2DL2), and in the non inhibitory group (KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS5, and KIR3DS1). The single most frequent genotypes in the Bx group were genotypes ID71 and ID89 with statistically significant difference compared to healthy Macedonians. Our results suggest that specific KIR genotypes could be connected with West Nile virus infection.

Distribution of 22 cytokine gene polymorphisms in Roma from the Republic of Macedonia.

The aim of this study was to analyze 22 cytokine polymorphisms in the Roma population from the Republic of Macedonia. The Roma population consists of 77 healthy unrelated individuals, residents of different geographical regions of the Republic of Macedonia (Skopje, Gostivar, and Kochani). Blood samples were collected after obtaining written consent. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and 22 polymorphisms were typed: IL1A -889, IL1B -511, IL1B +3962, IL1R pst1 1970, IL1RN mspa11100, IL4RA +1902, IL12 -1188, IFNG utr5644, TGF-ß1 cdn10, TGF-ß1 cdn25, TNF-α -308, TNF-α -238, IL-2 -330, IL-2 +166, IL-4 -1098, IL-4 -590, IL-4 -33, IL-6 -174, IL-6 565, IL-10 -1082, IL-10 -819, and IL-10 -592. Cytokine genotyping was performed by PCR-SSP. The population genetics analysis package, PyPop, was used for analysis of the cytokine data. Fnd was negative and significantly different from 0 for IL-4 -590 (p of F=0.006), IL-10 -1082 (p of F=0.010), IFN utr5644 (p of F=0.024), IL-4 -1098 (p of F=0.026) and TGF-1 cdn25 (p of F=0.001) alleles, as well as for IL-2 haplotypes (p=0.025). Several SNPs (IL-12B -1188, IL-2 -330, IL-4 -1098, IL-4 -590, and IL-10 -1082) were not in HWP (p<0.05). A few SNPs (IL-12B -1188, IL-2 -330, IL-4 -1098, IL-4 -590, and IL-10 -1082) and several observed frequencies of cytokine diplotypes (IL-2/GG:TG, IL-2/TG:TG, IL-4/GCC:GCC, IL-4/TTC:TTC, IL-4/TTT:TTC, IL-10/GCC:GCC, IL-10/ATA:GCC, IL-10/ACC:GCC, and IL-10/ACC:ATA) were not in HWP and were significantly different from the expectations. Hardy Weinberg proportion could not be calculated for TNF genotypes and diplotypes because nearly all genotypes and diplotypes belong to GG genotype or GG:GG diplotype. The results of cytokine polymorphisms in Roma population can be used for characterization of the current genetic profile of the Gypsies, anthropological comparisons, as well as for the association studies with different diseases.

Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptors in the Macedonian population.

The aim of this study was to analyze killer immunoglobulinlike receptor (KIR) gene polymorphism in the Macedonian population. The study sample consists of 214 healthy unrelated individuals, aged 20-35 years. All individuals are of Macedonian origin and nationality, and residents of different geographic regions. The population genetics analysis package, Arlequin, was used for analysis of the data. We found that all 16 KIR genes were observed in the Macedonian population and framework genes KIR3DL3, KIR2DL4, and KIR3DL2 were present in all individuals. A total of 56 different KIR genotypes were found in the Macedonian population, based on the presence of 16 KIR genes. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, constructed on the basis of standard genetic distances of KIR genes, shows that Macedonian population is in the same cluster with England West Midlands Indian Asian, Brazil SouthEast Caucasian, Romania Caucasians, Spain Basque, England West Midlands Caucasian, France Reunion, and Spain Granada populations. The frequency of KIR loci in Macedonian population shares several general features with other Caucasoid populations studied before.

Family analysis of immunoglobulin classes and subclasses in children with autistic disorder.

Autistic disorder is a severe neurodevelopment disorder characterized by a triad of impairments in reciprocal social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and a pattern of repetitive stereotyped activities, behaviours and interests. There are strong lines of evidence to suggest that the immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autistic disorder. The aim of this study was to analyze quantitative plasma concentration of immunoglobulin classes, and subclasses in autistic patients and their families. The investigation was performed retrospectively in 50 persons with autistic disorder in the Republic of Macedonia. Infantile autistic disorder was diagnosed by DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria. Plasma immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgA, and IgG) and subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) were determined using Nephelometer Analyzer BN-100. Multiple comparisons for the IgA variable have shown statistically significant differences between three pairs: male autistic from the fathers (p = 0,001), female autistic from the mothers (p = 0,008), as well as healthy sisters from the fathers (p = 0,011). Statistically significant differences found between three groups regarding autistic disorder (person with autistic disorder, father/mother of a person with autistic disorder, and brother/sister) independent of sex belongs to IgA, IgG2, and IgG3 variables. Multiple comparisons for the IgA variable have shown statistically significant differences between children with autistic disorder from the fathers and mothers (p < 0,001), and healthy brothers and sisters from the fathers and mothers (p < 0,001). Comparison between healthy children and children with autistic disorder from the same family should be tested for immunoglobulin classes and subclasses in order to avoid differences between generations.

Investigation of SERPINE1 genetic polymorphism in Macedonian patients with occlusive artery disease and deep vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Raised SERPINE1 plasma levels are related to a 1-bp guanine deletion/insertion (4G5G) polymorphism in the promoter of the SERPINE1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 - PAI1) gene. Evidence suggested that the plasma levels of SERPINE1 modulate the risk of coronary artery disease; furthermore, that the 4G5G polymorphism affects the expression of the SERPINE1 gene. AIM: To analyse association of SERPINE1 polymorphism with occlusive artery disease (OAD) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in Macedonians in order to investigate its role as a part of candidate genes in different vascular diseases in Macedonians. METHODS: Investigated groups consisted of 82 healthy patients, 75 with OAD, and 66 with DVT. Blood samples were collected after written informed consent was obtained, and DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Identification of SERPINE1 polymorphism was done with CVD StripAssay (ViennaLab, Labordiagnostica GmbH, Austria). The population genetics analysis package, PyPop, was used for analysis of the SERPINE1 data. Pearson's P-values, crude odds ratio and Wald's 95% CI were calculated with Bonferroni corrected p value. RESULTS: The frequency of 4G allele for SERPINE1 was 0.538 for DVT, 0.555 for healthy participants, and 0.607 for OAD. The frequency of 5G allele for SERPINE1 was the smallest in patients with OAD (0.393) and was higher in healthy participants (0.445), and patients with DVT (0.462). Test of neutrality (Fnd) showed negative value, but was significantly different from 0 for SERPINE1 in healthy participants (p of F = 0.041) and in patients with DVT (p of F = 0.030). SERPINE1 genotypes in healthy participants and patients with OAD were not in Hardy Weinberg proportions (p = 0.019 and 0.001, respectively). No association between SERPINE1 polymorphisms and OAD or DVT was found. CONCLUSION: There is no significant relationship between SERPINE1 polymorphisms and occlusive artery disease or deep venous thrombosis in Macedonian population.

Association between 22 cytokine gene polymorphisms and dilated cardiomyopathy in Macedonian patients.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and one of the commonest mechanisms in cardiomyopathy. There have been several studies on the cytokine polymorphism and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the results obtained were contradictory. AIM: To examine a possible role of 22 cytokine gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to or protection against DCM in Macedonians. METHODS: In this study 301 healthy unrelated individuals and 52 patients with DCM were studied. Cytokine genotyping was performed by PCR with sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP) (Heidelberg kit). RESULTS: After the Bonferroni adjustment, the IL-4 -1098/T, IL-4 -1098/T:T, IL-4/TCC, and IL-4/TCC:TTC cytokine genes were positively associated with DCM, while a negative association was identified for IL-4 -1098/G, IL-4 -1098/G:T, IL-1B +3962/C:C, IL-4/GCC, and IL-4/GCC:TTC. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that some cytokine gene polymorphisms are significantly associated and affect host susceptibility/resistance to DCM in Macedonians.

Association of 22 cytokine gene polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis in population of ethnic Macedonians.

To examine the possible role of 22 cytokine gene polymorphisms in host susceptibility to or protection against RA in Macedonians. In this study, 301 healthy unrelated individuals and 85 patients with RA were studied. Cytokine genotyping was performed by PCR with sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP) (Heidelberg kit). Results showed susceptible association for four cytokine alleles, six cytokine genotypes, one haplotype, and four combinations of haplotypes, while protective associations were found for four cytokine alleles, three cytokine genotypes, three haplotypes, and only one combination of haplotypes. These results suggest that IL-4 -1098, IL-4 -590, IL-10 -1082, IL-10 -819, IL-2 -330, IL-6 -174, and TNF-alpha -238 cytokine gene polymorphisms might be significantly associated and affect host susceptibility and/or resistance to RA in Macedonians.