Parental Pressure on Child Body Image, BMI, Body Image Dissatisfaction Associated with Eating Disorders in School-Age Children in China: A Path Analysis.

Background: Children's eating behaviors, body shape and body image cognition may be more susceptible to the influence of their parents, but these influences may be weakened with age. There may be different association pathways between parental pressure on children's body image (PPCBI), body mass index (BMI), body image dissatisfaction (BID) and eating disorders (EDs) among children and adolescents at different developmental stages. Methods: The stratified cluster sampling method (Stratified by grade, and took the classes as clusters) was used to select 486 students aged 8-15 years in two 9-year schools. Children's body height, weight, testicular volume and breast development were measured. PPCBI, BID, and EDs were investigated using the Appearance-related Social Stress Questionnaire, Body Size Questionnaire (BID-14), and EDI-1 scale, respectively. Results: The boys before puberty initiation had significantly higher EDs score (182.3±50.8) than girls before puberty initiation (164.1±58.1) (P<0.05). There were significant association pathways of PPCBI→BMI→BID→EDs and PPCBI→BID→EDs in boys before puberty initiation (ß=0.035, P<0.01; ß=0.059, P<0.01), in boys after puberty initiation (ß=0.032, P<0.01; ß=0.175, P<0.001), and in girls after puberty initiation (ß=0.026, P<0.01; ß=0.172, P<0.001). There was a positive association pathway of PPCBI→EDs in boys before puberty initiation (ß=0.30, P<0.001) and PPCBI→BID→EDs in girls before puberty initiation (ß=0.176, P<0.01). Conclusion: Parental pressure on children's body image may positively associate with children's eating disorders through BMI and body image dissatisfaction in boys and girls after puberty initiation and directly associate with eating disorders in boys before puberty initiation; however, it may indirectly associate with eating disorders only through BID in girls before puberty initiation.

Association between prenatal androgens and cord blood androgens, a path analysis.

To determine association paths between prenatal androgens and cord blood androgens. The concentrations of T, FT, DHT, DHEA and SHBG in prenatal venous blood and cord blood were measured in 342 pregnant women and their neonates. The association paths between these hormones in prenatal and cord blood were revealed using Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and path analysis. CB-T, CB-FT and CB-DHT in male neonates were higher than those in female neonates. In male and female neonates, P-FT was lower than CB-FT; however, P-DHT and P-SHBG were higher than CB-DHT and CB-SHBG, respectively. P-DHEA was lower than CB-DHEA in female newborns. In male neonates, there were association paths of P-T → CB-T → CB-FT → CB-DHT, P-T → CB-FT → CB-DHT, P-T → P-FT → CB-FT → CB-DHT, P-T → P-DHT, CB-DHEA → CB-DHT, CB-DHEA → P-DHT, and CB-DHEA → P-DHEA. In female neonates, there were association paths of P-T → CB-T → CB-FT → CB-DHT, P-T → P-FT → CB-FT → CB-DHT, P-T → P-FT → P-DHT, P-T → P-DHT, P-DHEA → P-DHT, CB-DHEA → P-DHEA, and CB-DHEA → CB-FT. There were differences in the T, FT and DHT concentrations in cord blood between male and female neonates and in the FT, DHT, DHEA, and SHBG concentrations between prenatal and cord blood. P-T and P-FT concentrations were positively associated with CB-T and CB-FT concentrations, while CB-DHEA concentration was positively associated with P-DHEA concentration.

Body Image Dissatisfaction and Aggressive Behavior Among Chinese Children at Different Pubdertal Stages: A Path Analysis.

Background: Body image dissatisfaction and aggressive behavior have become important public health problem in children and adolescents, and body image dissatisfaction may increase the occurrence of aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between body image dissatisfaction and aggressive behavior among Chinese children in different developmental stages. Methods: The stratified cluster sampling method was used to effectively survey 518 children aged 8-15 years. The Body Shape Questionnaire and the Buss-Warren Aggressive Questionnaire scale were used to measure body image dissatisfaction and aggressive behavior. Pubertal development stages were divided into three stages according to Tanner criteria. Results: There was a main correlation path of body image dissatisfaction - hostility - anger - indirect aggression - physical aggression in boys with stage I and stage II and in girls with stage I and stage III. In addition, there were direct paths of hostility - indirect aggression, hostility - verbal aggression, anger - physical aggression, and anger - verbal aggression in boys with stage I; hostility - indirect aggression, hostility - verbal aggression, and anger - physical aggression in boys with stage II and in girls with stage I; and anger - physical aggression, and anger - verbal aggression in girls with stage III. Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction might positively correlate with aggression through hostility among Chinese children and adolescents, and their association paths were different in different puberty stages.

Associations between negative gender attitudes and eating behaviors in Chinese children and adolescents.

Background: Negative gender cognitive attitudes (disliking one's own gender or wanting to be the opposite gender) and unhealthy eating behaviors have become common in Chinese children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between negative gender attitudes and eating behaviors among Chinese children and adolescents. Methods: Primary and secondary school students aged 8-15 years were selected as participants using a stratified cluster random sampling method. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the participants' negative gender cognitive attitudes. Eating frequency questionnaire was used to investigate participants' eating behaviors. Under the leading reading of standardized training investigators, the questionnaire for children aged 8-15 years was completed by themselves in the form of centralized filling. Results: A total of 6.5% [43/657, boys: 6.1% (21/347), girls: 7.1% (22/310)] of children disliked their own gender, 8.8% [58/657, boys: 5.5% (19/347), girls: 12.6% (39/310)] of children wanted to be of the opposite gender, and the proportion of girls with negative gender attitudes was higher than that of boys (P < 0.05). Boys who disliked their own gender or wanted to be the opposite gender had higher frequencies of unhealthy eating behaviors and lower frequencies of healthy eating behaviors than boys who liked their own gender or did not want to be the opposite gender (P < 0.05). Girls who disliked their own gender or wanted to be the opposite gender had higher frequencies of protein eating behaviors than girls who liked their own gender or did not want to be the opposite gender (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between disliking one's own gender and wanting to be the opposite gender in midnight snack eating among boys (P < 0.05) and in carbonated drink and high protein eating behaviors among girls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Boys with negative gender cognitive attitudes express more unhealthy eating behaviors and fewer healthy eating behaviors; girls with negative gender cognitive attitudes exhibit more protein eating behaviors.

An association between body image dissatisfaction and digit ratio among Chinese children and adolescents.

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is a negative evaluation of personal physical characteristics, including dissatisfaction with body shape, gender, sexual organs, appearance and so forth, and it plays an important role in growth and development. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is recognized as a putative indicator of intra-uterine testosterone to estrogen ratio exposure, and it has been observed that higher levels of fetal testosterone exposure are associated with a lower 2D:4D. The present paper contributes to a better understanding of the biological underpinnings of BID by analyzing BID and the digit ratio (2D:4D). We found that the 2D:4D was positively related to appearance dissatisfaction in boys with first spermatorrhea, which means that low prenatal androgen exposure may increase boys' dissatisfaction with their appearance. In girls with breast development being lower than Tanner stage II, their 2D:4D was negatively related to their body shape dissatisfaction, which means that high prenatal androgen exposure may increase girls' dissatisfaction with their body shape. These results suggest that the prenatal androgen exposure level might play an important role in the body image dissatisfaction of the offspring.

Comparison of Body-Image Dissatisfaction Among Chinese Children and Adolescents at Different Pubertal Development Stages.

BACKGROUND: Body-image dissatisfaction among children and adolescent has become increasingly serious, and may be the result of staged differences in the puberty-development process. The aim of this study was to compare differences in body-image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents at different pubertal stages. METHODS: A total of 574 students aged 8-15 years were recruited from two nine-year schools via stratified cluster sampling, their secondary sex characteristics and external genital development examined, and body-image cognition surveyed using the teenage body-image annoyance questionnaire. This questionnaire covers body-shape, gender, sexual organ, and appearance dissatisfaction. Lower scores indicate a more negative body image. RESULTS: Total, gender, and appearance-dissatisfaction scores in girls were significantly lower than in boys (P<0.05); however, sexual organ-dissatisfaction scores in girls were significantly higher than in boys (P<0.05). Girls' gender-dissatisfaction scores before breast development Tanner II were higher than those after menarche (P<0.05); however, girls' sexual organ-dissatisfaction scores before breast development Tanner II were significantly higher than those after menarche (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The girls were more dissatisfied with their gender and appearance than the boys, and the boys were more dissatisfied with their sexual organs than the girls. The girls were more dissatisfied with their sexual organs before breast development Tanner II and more dissatisfied with their gender after menarche.

A Novel Indicator of Children's Lipid Accumulation Product Associated with Impaired Fasting Glucose in Chinese Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases worldwide. Children's lipid accumulation product (CLAP) is a novel indicator to show children's lipid accumulation and is effectively associated with metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to explore an association between CLAP and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 683 children and adolescents aged 8-15 years were recruited using the stratified cluster sampling method in this cross-sectional study and were measured for body height, weight, waist circumference (WC), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose, dietary behaviors and physical activities. A logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to compare the effects of CLAP for predicting IFG. RESULTS: The prevalence of IFG in children and adolescents was 13.8%: 16.9% in boys and 10.1% in girls (P<0.05). The CLAP, height, weight, WC, AST, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and TG among boys with IFG were significantly higher than those among boys without IFG (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve of CLAP for predicting IFG (0.637 (0.562-0.712)) was higher than those of WC, WHtR, AST, and TG. The cutoff point of P 75 CLAP was the optimal value to predict IFG among boys, and the OR (95% CI) was 2.48 (1.40-4.42) and area under the ROC curve was 0.595 (0.513-0.676). CONCLUSION: The CLAP was a novel indicator associated with IFG in Chinese boys, and it performed better than WC, WHtR, AST and TG.

A novel indicator, childhood lipid accumulation product, is associated with hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents.

Childhood hypertension has become an important public health issue. This study explored a novel indicator, namely, childhood lipid accumulation product (CLAP), which is associated with hypertension among children and adolescents. A total of 683 children and adolescents aged 8-15 years were measured for body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), triacylglycerol (TG), blood pressure, dietary behaviors, and physical activity time. The novel childhood lipid accumulation product (CLAP) was the product of WC, AST, and TG (CLAP = WC (cm) × AST (mm) × TG (mmol/L)). The logarithmic CLAP (LnCLAP), height, weight, WC, WHtR, BMI, AST, and TG were standardized for sex and age using the z-score method (standardized variables: SLnCLAP, Sheight, Sweight, SWC, SWHtR, SBMI, SAST, and STG). The results showed that the overall prevalence of hypertension was 11.6% (13.1% in boys and 9.7% in girls). SLnCLAP ≥ 1, Sweight ≥ 1, SWC ≥ 1, SWHtR ≥ 1, SBMI ≥ 1, SAST ≥ 1, and STG ≥ 1 increased the statistical risk of childhood hypertension (odds ratio values (95% CI) were 3.70 (2.22-6.16), 2.58 (1.50-4.43), 3.08 (1.84-5.15), 2.33 (1.38-3.93), 2.96 (1.72-5.29), 2.38 (1.41-4.70), and 2.40 (1.38-4.19), respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CLAP was higher than that for weight, WC, WHtR, BMI, AST, and TG in the prediction of hypertension. In conclusion, this study showed that CLAP is a novel indicator associated with hypertension in children and adolescents and can more effectively predict childhood hypertension than weight, WC, WHtR, BMI, AST, and TG can.

A Novel Indicator Of Lipid Accumulation Product Associated With Metabolic Syndrome In Chinese Children And Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The lipid accumulation product (LAP) is a powerful marker for predicting metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults. The present study aimed to propose a novel indicator, the children's lipid accumulation product (CLAP), and to assess its association with MS among Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 683 Chinese children aged 8-15 years were recruited using a stratified cluster sampling method in this cross-sectional study. The presence of MS was defined according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria. The effects of BMI, WHtR and the CLAP for predicting MS were compared using logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 5.1% (6.6% and 3.5% among boys and girls, respectively). Overall obesity (based on BMI), abdominal obesity (based on WHtR) and CLAP≥P75 were significantly associated with an increased risk of MS (ORs (95% CIs) were 143.79 (18.78-1101.22), 86.83 (27.19-277.27), 150.75 (20.11-1130.19), respectively). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the CLAP was higher than that for BMI and WHtR for predicting MS, with AUC (95% CI) values of 0.944 (0.913-0.975), 0.895 (0.864-0.927), and 0.928 (0.903-0.953), respectively. CONCLUSION: The children's lipid accumulation product (CLAP) was an effective indicator associated with MS in Chinese children and adolescents and was better than BMI and WHtR for predicting MS.

The association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and overweight or obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between 2D:4D and childhood overweight or obesity, which might indirectly show the role of prenatal hormone in childhood overweight or obesity. METHODS: Using stratified cluster sampling approach, a school-based cross-sectional investigation was undertaken among 687 children and adolescents aged 8-15 years. Each participant's index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) length, height, weight, testosterone, and estradiol levels were measured, and their dietary behaviors, physical and sedentary activities were also surveyed. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight or obesity among children and adolescents aged 8- and 12-15 years was 36.0% and 25.9%, respectively (P < 0.05). There were no associations between 2D:4D and overweight or obesity in both boys and girls (P > 0.05). However, 2D and multiplying index of digit ratio and length (MIDRL) associated directly with overweight or obesity among boys (OR (95%CI) were 1.45 (1.00, 2.14), 1.46 (1.01, 2.11), respectively), and was indirectly related to overweight or obesity by testosterone (OR were 1.30, 1.26, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In boys, 2D and MIDRL were directly related to overweight or obesity, and indirectly associated with overweight or obesity by testosterone, which suggested that prenatal hormone exposure might associate with overweight or obesity among boys.

The association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and blood pressure among children and adolescents.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is a biomarker of prenatal hormone exposure levels; this biomarker is negatively related to prenatal androgen exposure and positively related to prenatal estrogen exposure. We investigated the correlation between digit ratio (2D:4D) and blood pressure. A school-based survey of 687 adolescents aged 8-15 years was conducted. The ring finger (4D) and index finger (2D), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), testosterone, and estradiol levels were measured. Their dietary behaviors and physical and sedentary activity time were surveyed. The results showed the 2D:4D ratio was not significantly related to SBP, DBP, or testosterone in boys and girls. However, it was significantly positively correlated with serum estradiol levels in boys. The 2D, 4D, multiplied index of digit ratio and length (MIDRL) and average of the index finger and ring finger (AIR) were directly related to SBP in both sexes (ßs in boys were 4.16, 5.49, 2.95, and 5.25, respectively, P < 0.01; ßs in girls were 3.43, 2.71, 3.02, and 3.36, respectively, P < 0.01) and were also indirectly associated with SBP through testosterone (P < 0.05). The 2D, 4D and AIR were indirectly related to DBP in girls through testosterone (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there were direct and indirect associations between finger-length indicators and blood pressure, which implies that prenatal hormone levels might be correlated with blood pressure in children and adolescents.

The associations between left-hand digit ratio (2D:4D) and puberty characteristics among Chinese girls.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the associations of left-hand digit ratio (2D:4D), digit length and puberty characteristics to show the role of prenatal hormones in development among Chinese girls. METHOD: A total of 318 Chinese girls aged 8-15 years were recruited using a stratified cluster sampling method. The index finger (2D), ring finger (4D) of the left hand, oestradiol and testosterone were measured, and age at menarche (AAM), breast (high and low) and pubic hair (high and low) development were recorded. RESULTS: Girls who had experienced menarche had longer left digits (2D and 4D) and higher oestradiol, testosterone than those who had not. The high breast group had longer digits (2D and 4D), and higher oestradiol than the low breast group. With regard to pubic hair development, the high group had high 2D:4D, longer 2D and higher oestradiol, testosterone than the low group. After adjusting for oestradiol and testosterone, 4D length was positively related to occurrence of menarche. In addition, 2D and 2D:4D were significantly correlated with pubic hair development after adjusting for oestradiol, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prenatal hormone level may be related to the development of puberty characteristics among Chinese girls.

[Association of aggressive behavior with separation from parents and social anxiety in grade four to six of rural senior primary school students in Anhui Province in 2014].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between separation from parents and social anxiety with aggressive behaviors, to provide scientific basis for the prevention of aggression. METHODS: Stratified random sampling was used to collect 1126 students ofthe fourth, fifth and sixth grade from three primary schools in Dangshan County and two primary schools in Guzhen County. The incomplete or incorrect questionnaires were eliminated, and 1024 questionnaires were valid; the effective rate was 90. 9%. The questionnaire survey included the left-behind children's general situation and the separation from parents; the aggression questionnaire was used to detect the aggression of students; the social anxiety scale for children was used to detect the social anxiety of students. The multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the risk factor and the aggressive behavior. RESULTS: There were no significant difference of AQ score and other factor score among students in different grade( P > 0. 05), the AQ score and other factor score were higher in boy students( P < 0. 05). The AQ score and other factor score of the left-behind children were higher than the children who lived with their parents, the AQ score and other factor score of the children whose parents all out were highest( 71. 5 ± 20. 5, 14. 9 ± 6. 1, 12. 6 ± 3. 2, 17. 6 ± 5. 8, 11. 7 ± 4. 3 and15. 4 ± 5. 4), there were significant difference of AQ score and PHY and IND factor score between them( P < 0. 05). The children whose parents go out one year ago, whose parents don't go home in one year, and who hardly contact parents, these children' AQ score and each factor points are the highest. Multiple linear regression showed that sex, the situation of parents go out to work, the number of parents go back to home every year, the frequency of parent-child links and children's social society influenced the aggressive behavior of students( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The lower the frequency of parental contact, the longer time to work and the higher the social anxiety score of children, the more serious the attack behavior of left-behind children.

The association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and the first spermatorrhea among Chinese boys.

BACKGROUND: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a marker of prenatal hormone exposure, which is negatively correlated with prenatal androgen and positively correlated with prenatal estrogen. The study was to analyze the association between 2D:4D and the first spermatorrhea to indirectly show the possible role of prenatal hormone during puberty development among boys. METHOD: The total of 367 boys aged 8-15 years were enrolled by using the stratified cluster sampling method. The variables of index finger (2D), ring finger (4D), height, weight, waist circumference (WC), skinfold thickness, testosterone and estradiol were measured, and the age at the first spermatorrhea was surveyed. RESULTS: The average age at the first spermatorrhea was 12.15 years. The 2D:4D was not related to first spermatorrhea, circulating testosterone in boys (P > 0.05), however, was positively correlated with circulating estradiol (P < 0.05). The direct association (OR value) between 4D, average of index finger and ring finger (AIR) and first spermatorrhea were 2.79 and 2.29, and the mediating effect (OR value) of which were 1.95 and 2.01 by testosterone, accounting for 41.18% and 46.73% of the total effect, respectively. The 2D, MIDRL, lean body mass (LBM) were indirectly related to first spermatorrhea by testosterone, the mediating effects (OR value) were 2.11, 1.71 and 2.41, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prenatal androgen exposure may be directly and indirectly related to first spermatorrhea. In addition, the high prenatal estrogen exposure may be indirectly associated with first spermatorrhea by testosterone.

[Effect of the capacity of emotion management on the social anxiety and aggressive behavior among 4 -6 grade pupils].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of emotion management ability on the social anxiety and aggressive behavior among 4 - 6 grade pupils. METHODS: The grade four, five and six pupils from Bengbu City were investigated using stratified cluster random sampling. The questionnaire contents included general condition, emotion management ability, aggressive behavior and social anxiety, and the relationships of which were analyzed using partial correlation and hierarchical regression method. RESULTS: The score of aggressive behavior in boys (72. 74 ± 18. 09) was higher than that in girls (66. 31 ± 17. 53) (P < 0. 01), and the aggressive behaviors in grade five students (71. 76 ± 18. 06) were higher than that in grade four (69. 24 ± 18. 95) and six students (68. 40 ± 17. 19) (P <0. 05). When gender and grade variables, the aggressive behaviors were negatively correlated with emotion management ability (r = - 0. 463, P < 0. 01) , and were positively correlated with social anxiety (r = 0. 229, P < 0. 01) , and the emotion management ability was negatively correlated with social anxiety ( r = - 0. 234, P < 0. 01). Emotion management ability played the mediation and regulation roles on the social anxiety and aggressive behavior (P < 0. 01), which accounting for 46. 08% and 3. 50% of the total effect, respectively CONCLUSION: Emotion management ability can play the partial mediation role on the social anxiety and aggressive behavior in 4 - 6 grade pupils. Improving the emotion management abilities can reduce their social anxieties and aggressive behaviors.

[Study of influential factors about trait coping style and the correlation between it and anxiety and depression in different student groups in Bengbu district].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the coping style and their influential factors in different student groups. METHODS: Use stratified and random cluster sampling to collect 7315 students in seven high school and mid-schools in Bengbu district. The valid questionnaires were 7104. In these students, there were 1919 junior schools students, 1865 high school students, and boys were 3533, girls were 3571. Age from 12 to 22. The questionnaires which contained demographic characteristics, family factors and multidimensional sub-health questionnaire of adolescents (MSQA) were used to test these students. The single factor analysis and Regression analysis were analyzed by SPSS (statistical package for social science) 13.0. RESULTS: There were significance difference between positive coping style, negative coping style and fathers' and mothers' education (P < 0.01). There were significance difference between positive coping style and the parents' expectations (P < 0.01). The patients' education, friends, characters and coping style were positively correlated (P < 0.01). There were correlation between coping styles and anxiety and depression (P < 0.01). There were positive correlation between passive coping style and anxiety and depression (P < 0.01), and there were negative correlation between active coping style (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: There was relationship between patients' education, friends, characters and adolescents' coping style, and there were high correlation between coping style and anxiety and depression. Enhance capacity to respond actively and cultivate optimistic attitude of learning were help to maintain and improve their positive coping style.

[Correlation analysis of sub-health status and health-related risk behaviors in college students].

OBJECTIVE: To study the sub-health status in college students in relation to health-related risk behaviors. METHODS: Using convenient sampling method, 6176 college students (3285 male and 2891 female students) were surveyed with questionnaires for general demographical data, sub-health state and health-risk behaviors. RESULTS: The reported rate of sub-health state was 10.2%. The reported rate of physical sub-health was 11.7%, and the rate was 21.7%, 13.9% and 15.0% for inadequate physical activities, poor physical function and poor immunity, respectively. The reported rate of psychological sub-health was 10.5%, with a rate of 14.7%, 22.6% and 7.3% for emotional problems, behavioral problems and social adaptation difficulties, respectively. The risk factors for college students included insufficient sleeping, inadequate sport activities, missing breakfast, partial dietary, smoking and drinking (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The reported rate of sub-health is rather high. Early intervention for health-related risk behaviors should be conducted to prevent the incidence of sub-health among college students.

[Association of sub-health symptoms with family environment factors in middle school students in Bengbu District].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of psychosomatic sub-health symptoms in middle school students and to explore the related family factors affecting the sub-health symptoms. METHODS: Based on stratified, random cluster sampling method, 2 910 students from 6 middle schools in Bengbu district were sampled. Questionnaire on demographic characteristics and family factors, and the multidimensional sub-health questionnaire of adolescents (MSQA) were used to investigate the risk factors of sub-health symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of overall sub-health symptoms was reported in 64.0% of students, physical symptoms was reported in 13.6% of the students, and the rates of physical inactivity, physiological dysfunction and immunity decline were in 53.0%, 68.7% and 55.0% of students respectively. Mental sub-health symptoms were reported in 55.4% of students, emotional symptoms, behavioral symptoms and social adaptation problems were reported in 78.4%, 51.5% and 85.6% of students respectively. There was an increase in the prevalence of self-reported sub-health symptoms with the increase of the grade (P < 0.05), boys were more likely to report sub-health symptoms than girls (65.7% vs. 62.0%, P < 0.05). The main family factors affecting sub-health symptom of students were the health status of their parents and major accompanying persons. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of sub-health symptoms in middle school students was very high and increased with the length of time and the grade at school. The risk factors for sub-health symptoms of students were the lower health level of their parents and not their parents accompanying them.

[Relation between sub-health and family environmental factors among university students in Bengbu city].

OBJECTIVE: : To describe the prevalence of psychosomatic sub-health symptoms and to explore the effects of family factors on them among university students. METHODS: Based on stratified, convenience cluster sampling, questionnaire investigation was conducted among 320 students from 2 universities of Bengbu city, which contained demographic characteristics, family factors and multidimensional sub-health questionnaire of adolescents (MSQA). Chi2 test and Logistic regression analysis were used to examine the risk factors of sub-health symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of overall sub-health symptoms among students was 46.0%. Of the students 30.0% reported physical symptoms and the rates of physical inactivity, physiological dysfunction, and immunity decline were 27.0%, 42.0% and 34.1%, respectively. Of the students 36.5% reported mental symptoms and the rates emotional symptoms, behavioral symptoms and social adaptation problems were 68.6, 35.5% and 85.8%, respectively. The main family factors influence sub-health symptom were family type and the health status of parents. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rate of sub-health symptoms among university students was very high. The risk factors for sub-health symptoms were single-parent family and lower health level of parents .

Simultaneous determination of substrate and product in the process of preparation of valienamine by capillary zone electrophoresis.

A simple and rapid CZE method was established for the simultaneous determination of valienamine, acarbose and validamycin A, using a 20-kV CZE with the detection wavelength of 193 nm and 50 mM phosphoric acid-20 mM Tris (pH 5.3) as a running buffer. The calibration curves of valienamine, acarbose, and validamycin A showed a good linear relationship at a concentration range of 5-1000 microg/mL. The detection limits of valienamine, acarbose, and validamycin A were 0.3, 0.6, and 0.6 microg/mL, respectively, and the average recoveries of each of the above were 99.9, 99.5, and 100.3%. The method has been successfully applied for simultaneous determination of substrate and product in the process of preparation of valienamine.