RESUMO
The consumption of plant sprouts as part of human day-to-day diets is gradually increasing, and their health benefit is attracting interest across multiple disciplines. The purpose of this review was to (a) critically evaluate the phytochemicals in selected sprouts (alfalfa, buckwheat, broccoli, and red cabbage), (b) describe the health benefits of sprouts, (c) assess the recent advances in sprout production, (d) rigorously evaluate their safety, and (e) suggest directions that merit special consideration for further novel research on sprouts. Young shoots are characterized by high levels of health-benefitting phytochemicals. Their utility as functional ingredients have been extensively described. Tremendous advances in the production and safety of sprouts have been made over the recent past and numerous reports have appeared in mainstream scientific journals describing their nutritional and medicinal properties. However, subjects such as application of sprouted seed flours in processed products, utilizing sprouts as leads in the synthesis of nanoparticles, and assessing the dynamics of a relationship between sprouts and gut health require special attention for future clinical exploration. Sprouting is an effective strategy allowing manipulation of phytochemicals in seeds to improve their health benefits.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável/tendências , Valor Nutritivo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Plantas Comestíveis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Manipulação de Alimentos , Germinação , Humanos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/genética , Plantas Comestíveis/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/metabolismo , Plântula/efeitos adversos , Plântula/genética , Plântula/metabolismo , Sementes/efeitos adversos , Sementes/genética , Sementes/metabolismoRESUMO
Diverticulitis and hemorrhoidal proctitis in the population are significant public health problems. We studied the potential association between the intake of certain plant foods and diverticulitis or hemorrhoidal episodes through a case-control study including 410 cases and 401 controls. We used a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The intake was additionally quantified according to a 24 h recall. The plant foods or derived food products were categorized by their main chemical components into ethanol, caffeine/theine/theobromine, capsaicin, alliin, acids, eugenol, and miscellaneous foods such as curcumin. The mean score for overall intake of plant foods under consideration was 6.3 points, and this was significantly higher in cases (8.5) than in controls (4.1). Overall intake was similar in cases presenting with diverticulitis or hemorrhoidal proctitis. Cases had 13 times the odds of being in the upper quartile for overall intake (>7 points), compared to controls. Explanatory logistic regression models showed that the strongest association with diverticulitis and hemorrhoidal proctitis was shown by the chemical food group of capsaicin, followed by ethanol, eugenol, caffeine/theine/theobromine, and acids. Neither alliin nor miscellaneous food groups showed any association. High, frequent consumption of capsaicin, followed by ethanol, eugenol, caffeine/theine/theobromine, and acids increase the risk of diverticulitis and hemorrhoidal proctitis.
Assuntos
Dieta/efeitos adversos , Diverticulite/epidemiologia , Hemorroidas/epidemiologia , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Proctite/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cafeína/efeitos adversos , Capsaicina/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Diverticulite/etiologia , Etanol/efeitos adversos , Eugenol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hemorroidas/etiologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proctite/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data from controlled laboratory experiments in adults indicate that the subjective effects of cannabis vary by administration method (e.g., combustible, vaporized). Whether the subjective effects of cannabis experienced in the natural ecology and among adolescents differ by cannabis administration method is unknown. In this observational study, adolescents' retrospective reports of subjective effects after combustible, edible, and vaporized cannabis use were examined. METHODS: Students from ten public schools in Los Angeles, CA, USA (M[SD] ageâ¯=â¯16.1 [.43] years) who reported past 6-month use of combustible, edible, or vaporized cannabis (N = 584) were surveyed on subjective effects experienced after use (yes/no). They were provided with a 12 item self-report checklist of six positive (e.g., relaxed, energetic) and six negative (e.g., drowsy, lazy) subjective effects. For each method of administration, affirmative responses were summed in positive (range: 0-6) and negative (range: 0-6) effect composite scores. RESULTS: Generalized estimating equations adjusted for demographics and recent cannabis use revealed a graded pattern of differences in positive subjective effects across products, with highest scores for combustible (M[SD]â¯=â¯3.98[1.76]), followed by edible (M[SD]â¯=â¯3.58 [2.04]) and vaporized (M[SD]â¯=â¯3.11 [2.21]) cannabis (all pairwise cross-product contrasts pâ¯<â¯.01). Mean negative effect score was highest for edible (M[SD]â¯=â¯2.27 [1.95]), followed by combustible (M[SD]â¯=â¯1.94 [1.66]), and vaporized (M[SD]â¯=â¯1.34 [1.73]) cannabis, respectively (all pairwise contrasts pâ¯<â¯.02). CONCLUSION: Adolescents' reports of subjective effects varied across cannabis administration methods. Combustible cannabis' more desirable subjective effects profile might be indicative of higher abuse liability.
Assuntos
Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Uso da Maconha/psicologia , Nebulizadores e Vaporizadores/estatística & dados numéricos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Saúde do Adolescente/estatística & dados numéricos , Cannabis/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Los Angeles/epidemiologia , Masculino , Uso da Maconha/epidemiologia , Plantas Comestíveis/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Autorrelato , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aims to discuss management strategies regarding phytobezoar induced ileus based upon clinical results. METHODS: In the present study, between December 2012 and December 2018, a total of 25 patients who were diagnosed with phytobezoar were evaluated retrospectively. Patients who had acute mechanical intestinal obstruction due to phytobezoars at different segments of gastrointestinal (GI) tract were included in this study. The clinical data (such as clinical findings, laboratory results, radiological evaluations, treatment methods) of the patients were examined. RESULTS: Twenty five patients were included in this study. Of the 25 patients, 13 were women (52%). The median age was 60 (31-84) years, and the overall median length of the stay was 7 (2-28) days. Previous abdominal surgery had been recorded for 13 patients (72%). Two patients (8%) were followed up conservatively, whereas 20 (80%) patients had needed surgical intervention. One (4%) patient underwent surgery for distal ileal obstruction due to the pieces of bezoar that crumbled with previous endoscopic intervention. Three of the patients had complications, such as surgical site infection, wound dehiscence and paralytic ileus in the postoperative period. There were no differences between milking and gastrotomy/enterotomy groups according to the length of stay and postoperative complications. One patient died on the 13th postoperative day due to multi-organ failure. The mortality rate was 4%. CONCLUSION: Phytobezoars, which are common with many other different surgical entities, can be located at any segment of the gastrointestinal tract and may cause obstruction, strangulation and/or even perforation. Contrast-enhanced CT scan must be performed in case of suspicion and to rule out any other causes of acute mechanical intestinal obstruction. Conservative and endoscopic procedures may be useful for selected patients, but the surgical treatment may be needed for the vast majority of the patients with phytobezoar. The surgery is safe for phytobezoar if the enterotomy site is chosen wisely.
Assuntos
Bezoares , Íleus , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Bezoares/epidemiologia , Bezoares/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Íleus/epidemiologia , Íleus/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Plantas nativas são utilizadas na alimentação humana e na cura de enfermidades. No que diz respeito às plantas medicinais, o emprego das substâncias nelas contidas, advém do conhecimento empírico. Já as PANCs são conhecidas pela infinidade de benefícios à saúde, no entanto, há uma variedade de compostos desconhecidos por parte da comunidade científica. Diante do mencionado, objetivou-se coletar informações acerca das plantas com propriedades benéficas e, posteriormente dissipar este conhecimento. Foram feitas visitas in loco para obtenção de dados, e estes tratados pela técnica estatística de análise de correspondência. Foi feito, ainda, uma pesquisa na literatura para a comprovação dos dados encontrados na análise, e, por fim foram criadas cartilhas contendo as informações em relação a utilização das plantas endêmicas da região.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pesquisa Empírica , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
Background: Little is known about the relative harms of edible and inhalable cannabis products. Objective: To describe and compare adult emergency department (ED) visits related to edible and inhaled cannabis exposure. Design: Chart review of ED visits between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2016. Setting: A large urban academic hospital in Colorado. Participants: Adults with ED visits with a cannabis-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM), code. Measurements: Patient demographic characteristics, route of exposure, dose, symptoms, length of stay, disposition, discharge diagnoses, and attribution of visit to cannabis. Results: There were 9973 visits with an ICD-9-CM or ICD-10-CM code for cannabis use. Of these, 2567 (25.7%) visits were at least partially attributable to cannabis, and 238 of those (9.3%) were related to edible cannabis. Visits attributable to inhaled cannabis were more likely to be for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (18.0% vs. 8.4%), and visits attributable to edible cannabis were more likely to be due to acute psychiatric symptoms (18.0% vs. 10.9%), intoxication (48% vs. 28%), and cardiovascular symptoms (8.0% vs. 3.1%). Edible products accounted for 10.7% of cannabis-attributable visits between 2014 and 2016 but represented only 0.32% of total cannabis sales in Colorado (in kilograms of tetrahydrocannabinol) during that period. Limitation: Retrospective study design, single academic center, self-reported exposure data, and limited availability of dose data. Conclusion: Visits attributable to inhaled cannabis are more frequent than those attributable to edible cannabis, although the latter is associated with more acute psychiatric visits and more ED visits than expected. Primary Funding Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.
Assuntos
Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Fumar Maconha/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Cannabis/intoxicação , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Colorado , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicoses Induzidas por Substâncias/etiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vômito/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
The Mediterranean basin is a biodiversity hotspot of wild edible species, and their therapeutic and culinary uses have long been documented. Owing to the growing demand for wild edible species, there are increasing concerns about the safety, standardization, quality, and availability of products derived from these species collected in the wild. An efficient cultivation method for the species having promising nutraceutical values is highly desirable. In this backdrop, a hydroponic system could be considered as a reproducible and efficient agronomic practice to maximize yield, and also to selectively stimulate the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites. The aim of this report is to review the phytochemical and toxic compounds of some potentially interesting Mediterranean wild edible species. Herein, after a deep analysis of the literature, information on the main bioactive compounds, and some possibly toxic molecules, from fifteen wild edible species have been compiled. The traditional recipes prepared with these species are also listed. In addition, preliminary data about the performance of some selected species are also reported. In particular, germination tests performed on six selected species revealed that there are differences among the species, but not with crop species. "Domestication" of wild species seems a promising approach for exploiting these "new functional foods".
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/normas , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Biodiversidade , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Dieta Mediterrânea , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Daninhas/química , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Lotus/efeitos adversos , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Antígenos de Plantas/química , Basófilos/imunologia , Basófilos/metabolismo , Criança , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/metabolismo , Humanos , Testes CutâneosAssuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Antiasmáticos/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/terapia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Masculino , Testes de Função Respiratória , Testes Cutâneos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Without a doubt, fruits and vegetables are important components of a balanced and healthy diet. However, their consumption is very low in the world, with the lowest figures being reported in sub-Saharan Africa. The low consumption of fruits and vegetables means unbalanced and unhealthy diets, which has been linked to various diseases and conditions associated with increased mortality rates in worst cases. Poverty is the major contributor to the low consumption of fruits and vegetables in the majority of cases. However, the world, including sub-Saharan Africa, is endowed with numerous wild fruit and vegetable species which can be exploited and incorporated into the diets and help solve some nutrition related concerns. Therefore, in this review, we explore literature on wild fruits and vegetables with a special emphasis on some of the poorest regions of the world and where the lowest consumption figures are reported; their nutritional compositions; the status of their consumption and their role in the diet with a view to uncover their possible role in delivering a healthy and balanced diet as well as helping lower food and nutrition insecurity. A total of 396 articles were downloaded and analysed but only 213 were considered for this review. The results of the search indicate that wild fruits and vegetables are nutritionally rich and high in phytochemicals, especially antioxidants and therefore can possibly play a significant and positive role in delivering a healthy and balanced diet. However, the major challenge is the acceptability, accessibility as well as a lack of interest in wild fruits and vegetables and sheer neglect. People need to be educated using various forms of media on the nutritional and health benefits of these wild food plants with a view to bring them from the forest to the plate. Researchers need to channel more efforts towards domesticating them for ease of access, among other reasons. Governments need to incentivise the subsistence or commercial production of wild fruits and vegetables in order to encourage farmers to cultivate them. However, seeds and/or seedlings need to be made available and affordable to the farmers. The 'hidden treasures' in the forests in the form of edible plants could easily play a positive and huge role in delivering a balanced and healthy diet, especially in poor parts of the world.
Assuntos
Dieta Saudável , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Frutas , Valor Nutritivo , Plantas Comestíveis , Verduras , Dieta Saudável/economia , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Frutas/economia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pobreza , Recomendações Nutricionais , Medição de Risco , Verduras/efeitos adversos , Verduras/economia , Verduras/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Polysaccharides derived from plant foods are major components of the human diet, with limited contributions of related components from fungal and algal sources. In particular, starch and other storage carbohydrates are the major sources of energy in all diets, while cell wall polysaccharides are the major components of dietary fiber. We review the role of these components in the human diet, including their structure and distribution, their modification during food processing and effects on functional properties, their behavior in the gastrointestinal tract, and their contribution to healthy diets.
Assuntos
Parede Celular/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Digestão , Ingestão de Energia , Modelos Biológicos , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Carboidratos/biossíntese , Carboidratos/química , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica/prevenção & controle , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Carboidratos da Dieta/uso terapêutico , Fibras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Manipulação de Alimentos , Índice Glicêmico , Temperatura Alta/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/metabolismo , Desnutrição/prevenção & controle , Estrutura Molecular , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Resposta de Saciedade , Amido/efeitos adversos , Amido/química , Amido/metabolismo , Amido/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A screening method for measuring (90)Sr in edible plant samples by focusing on (90)Y in equilibrium with (90)Sr is reported. (90)Y was extracted from samples with acid, co-precipitated with iron hydroxide, and precipitated with oxalic acid. The dissolved oxalate precipitate was loaded on an extraction chromatography resin, and the (90)Y-enriched eluate was analyzed by Cherenkov counting with a TDCR liquid scintillation counter. (90)Sr ((90)Y) concentration was determined in plant samples collected near the damaged Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants with this method.
Assuntos
Contaminação Radioativa de Alimentos/análise , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Radioisótopos de Estrôncio/efeitos adversos , Radioisótopos de Estrôncio/análise , Acidente Nuclear de Fukushima , Humanos , Japão , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Contagem de Cintilação/métodos , Radioisótopos de Ítrio/análiseRESUMO
Dried plant parts used as culinary spices (CSs) in food are permitted as dietary ingredients in dietary supplements (DSs) within certain constraints in the United States. We reviewed the amounts, forms, and nutritional support (structure/function) claims of DSs that contain CS plants listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) and compared this label information with trial doses and health endpoints for CS plants that were the subject of clinical trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov. According to the DSLD, the CS plants occurring most frequently in DSs were cayenne, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, pepper, rosemary, and turmeric. Identifying the botanical species, categorizing the forms used, and determining the amounts from the information provided on DS labels was challenging. CS plants were typically added as a component of a blend, as the powered biomass, dried extracts, and isolated phytochemicals. The amounts added were declared on about 55% of the labels, rendering it difficult to determine the amount of the CS plant used in many DSs. Clinicaltrials.gov provided little information about the composition of test articles in the intervention studies. When plant names were listed on DS labels and in clinical trials, generally the common name and not the Latin binomial name was given. In order to arrive at exposure estimates and enable researchers to reproduce clinical trials, the Latin binomial name, form, and amount of the CS plant used in DSs and tested in clinical trials must be specified.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Preparações de Plantas/química , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Especiarias/análise , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Bases de Dados Factuais/normas , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Rotulagem de Alimentos/normas , Humanos , Internet , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Preparações de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Tamanho da Porção de Referência , Especiarias/efeitos adversos , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , Programas VoluntáriosAssuntos
Frutas/efeitos adversos , Frutas/classificação , Momordica/efeitos adversos , Momordica/classificação , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/classificação , Frutas/química , Frutas/fisiologia , Espécies Introduzidas , Momordica/química , Momordica/fisiologia , Dispersão Vegetal , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Plantas Comestíveis/fisiologia , Plantas Medicinais/efeitos adversos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Plantas Medicinais/fisiologia , Plantas Tóxicas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Tóxicas/química , Plantas Tóxicas/classificação , Plantas Tóxicas/fisiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to perform a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) to assess the health risk of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) through the consumption of food crops grown on farm lands fertilized by biosolids. The risk analysis was conducted using 8 years of historical heavy metal data (2005-2013) of the municipal biosolids generated by a nearby treatment facility considering one-time and long-term biosolids land application scenarios for a range of 5-100 t/ha fertilizer application rate. The 95th percentile of the hazard index (HI) increased from 0.124 to 0.179 when the rate of fertilizer application increased from 5 to 100 t/ha at one-time biosolids land application. The HI at long-term biosolids land application was also found 1.3 and 1.9 times greater than that of one-time land application at fertilizer application rates of 5 and 100 t/ha, respectively. Rice ingestion had more contribution to the HI than vegetable ingestion. Cd and Cu were also found to have more contribution to the health risk associated to vegetable and rice ingestion, respectively. Results indicated no potential risk to the human health even at long-term biosolids land application scenario at 100 t/ha fertilizer application rate.
Assuntos
Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Cádmio/toxicidade , Cobre/toxicidade , Fertilizantes , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Método de Monte Carlo , Oryza/efeitos adversos , Oryza/química , Eliminação de Resíduos , Medição de Risco , Verduras/efeitos adversos , Verduras/química , Zinco/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Five recent reviews have analyzed trials on the association between artificial food colors and ADHD; the 50 underlying studies and the reviews in aggregate were inconclusive. Recent work has shown human in vivo SULT1A inhibition leading to incremental catecholamines, and an inverted-U relationship between brain catecholamines and proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex where ADHD behavior can arise. METHOD: This study re-examined the same underlying trials for evidence that SULT1A inhibitors were in the placebos and other inactive foods, that these "inactive" materials were symptomatic, and that ADHD symptoms exhibited an inverted-U response to SULT1A inhibition. RESULTS: Nearly all the underlying diets, and many placebos and delivery vehicles, were found to contain SULT1A inhibitors. Eight publications provided evidence of ADHD symptoms caused by the "inactive" materials containing SULT1A inhibitors. Ten studies showed additional SULT1A inhibitors reducing the symptoms of some subjects. CONCLUSION: SULT1A inhibitors in foods, including natural substances and artificial food colors, have a role in ADHD that can both worsen or improve symptoms. Mechanistically, SULT1A enzymes normally deactivate catecholamines, especially dopamine formed in the intestines; SULT1A inhibition can influence brain catecholamines through the intermediary of plasma tyrosine levels, which are influenced by dopamine inhibition of intestinal tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochemical measurements focused on SULT1A activity and plasma tyrosine concentrations are proposed for future work.
Assuntos
Arilsulfotransferase/metabolismo , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/etiologia , Corantes de Alimentos/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method capable of determining the presence of anisatin in star anise. This neurotoxin may induce severe side effects such as epileptic convulsions. It is therefore of prime importance to have rapid and accurate analytical methods able to detect and quantify anisatin in samples that are purportedly edible star anise. The sample preparation combined an automated accelerated solvent extraction with a solid-supported liquid-liquid purification step on EXtrelut®. Samples were analysed on a porous graphitic carbon HPLC column and quantified by tandem mass spectrometry operating in the negative ionisation mode. The quantification range of anisatin was between 0.2 and 8 mg kg⻹. The applicability of this validated method was demonstrated by the analysis of several Illicium species and star anise samples purchased on the Swiss market. High levels of anisatin were measured in Illicium lanceolatum, I. majus and I. anisatum, which may cause health concerns if they are misidentified or mixed with edible Illicium verum.
Assuntos
Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/química , Illicium/química , Lactonas/análise , Neurotoxinas/análise , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Compostos de Espiro/análise , Automação Laboratorial , Bebidas/efeitos adversos , Bebidas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Frutas/classificação , Frutas/economia , Humanos , Illicium/efeitos adversos , Illicium/classificação , Lactonas/química , Lactonas/toxicidade , Medicina Tradicional , Neurotoxinas/química , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Plantas Comestíveis/efeitos adversos , Plantas Comestíveis/química , Plantas Tóxicas/efeitos adversos , Plantas Tóxicas/química , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/toxicidade , Especificidade da Espécie , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Compostos de Espiro/química , Compostos de Espiro/toxicidade , Suíça , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
CONTEXT: Diplazium esculentum is the most commonly consumed fern throughout Asia and Oceania. Systemic toxicity and pathological effects on its consumption have already been demonstrated. But, the immunosuppressive and hemolytic activities of the boiled Diplazium esculentum (BDE), the form in which human consumes it, have not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immunosuppressive as well as hemolytic activities, if any, of BDE in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Body weight, relative spleen weight, plaque forming cell assay, hemaggutination antibody (HA) titer assay and macrophage counting were performed in BDE treated mice and respective control groups within a span of 180 days, and in vitro assays such as counting of cultured splenocytes, splenocytes proliferation assay and hemolytic assay were performed to justify the immunomodulatory as well as hemolytic activities of D. esculentum. RESULTS: Body weight and relative spleen weight were significantly decreased in BDE fed mice. Significant decreases were observed in the number of plaques formed, HA titer value and in the number of peritoneal macrophages within a span of 180 d. Significant dose-dependent decrease was observed in the number of cultured splenocytes. Significant dose-dependent increases in the percentage inhibition of splenocyte proliferation as well as percentage of hemolysis were evident by in vitro assays. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the intake of D. esculentum may evoke immune dysfunction as well as may cause destruction of erythrocytes even after cooking. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the consumption of D. esculentum is alarming and may act as immunosuppressive agent.