Inhibition of autophagy-related protein 7 enhances anti-tumor immune response and improves efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in microsatellite instability colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy is primarily hindered by the limited T-cell immune response rate and immune evasion capacity of tumor cells. Autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) plays an important role in autophagy and it has been linked to cancer. However, the role of ATG7 in the effect of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment on high microsatellite instability (MSI-H)/mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) CRC is still poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, patients from the cancer genome altas (TCGA) COAD/READ cohorts were used to investigate the biological mechanism driving ATG7 development. Several assays were conducted including the colony formation, cell viability, qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, ELISA, immunohistochemistry staining and in vivo tumorigenicity tests. RESULTS: We found that ATG7 plays a crucial role in MSI-H CRC. Its knockdown decreased tumor growth and caused an infiltration of CD8+ T effector cells in vivo. ATG7 inhibition restored surface major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) levels, causing improved antigen presentation and anti-tumor T cell response by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NF-κB pathway. Meanwhile, ATG7 inhibition also suppressed cholesterol accumulation and augmentation of anti-tumor immune responses. Combining ATG7 inhibition and statins improved the therapeutic benefit of anti-PD-1 in MSI-H CRC. Importantly, CRC patients with high expression of both ATG7 and recombinant 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) experienced worse prognosis compared to those with low ATG7 and HMGCR expression. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of ATG7 leads to upregulation of MHC-I expression, augments immune response and suppresses cholesterol accumulation. These findings demonstrate that ATG7 inhibition has therapeutic potential and application of statins can increase the sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

CDK12 inhibition upregulates ATG7 triggering autophagy via AKT/FOXO3 pathway and enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer.

As the world's fourth most deadly cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) still needed the novel therapeutic drugs and target urgently. Although cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) has been shown to be implicated in the malignancy of several types of cancer, its functional role and mechanism in CRC remain largely unknown. Here, we found that suppression of CDK12 inhibited tumor growth in CRC by inducing apoptosis. And CDK12 inhibition triggered autophagy by upregulating autophagy related gene 7 (ATG7) expression. Inhibition of autophagy by ATG7 knockdown and chloroquine (CQ) further decreased cell viability induced by CDK12 inhibition. Further mechanism exploration showed that CDK12 interacted with protein kinase B (AKT) regulated autophagy via AKT/forkhead box O3 (AKT/FOXO3) pathway. FOXO3 transcriptionally upregulated ATG7 expression and autophagy when CDK12 inhibition in CRC. Level of CDK12 and p-FOXO3/FOXO3 ratio were correlated with survival in CRC patients. Moreover, CDK12 inhibition improved the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1(PD-1) therapy in CRC murine models by enhancing CD8 + T cells infiltration. Thus, our study founded that CDK12 inhibition upregulates ATG7 triggering autophagy via AKT/FOXO3 pathway and enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in CRC. We revealed the roles of CDK12/FOXO3/ATG7 in regulating CRC progression, suggesting potential biomarkers and therapeutic target for CRC.

Knockout of the sugar transporter OsSTP15 enhances grain yield by improving tiller number due to increased sugar content in the shoot base of rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play critical roles in regulating plant stress tolerance, growth, and development. However, the role of STPs in regulating crop yield is poorly understood. This study elucidates the mechanism by which knockout of the sugar transporter OsSTP15 enhances grain yield via increasing the tiller number in rice. We found that OsSTP15 is specifically expressed in the shoot base and vascular bundle sheath of seedlings and encodes a plasma membrane-localized high-affinity glucose efflux transporter. OsSTP15 knockout enhanced sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthesis in leaves and improved sucrose transport to the shoot base by inducing the expression of sucrose transporters. Higher glucose, sucrose, and Tre6P contents were observed at the shoot base of stp15 plants. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the shoot base demonstrated that OsSTP15 knockout upregulated the expression of cytokinin (CK) synthesis- and signaling pathway-related genes and increased CK levels. These findings suggest that OsSTP15 knockout represses glucose export from the cytoplasm and simultaneously enhances sugar transport from source leaves to the shoot base by promoting the synthesis of sucrose and Tre6P in leaves. Subsequent accumulation of glucose, sucrose, and Tre6P in the shoot base promotes tillering by stimulating the CK signaling pathway.

Carfilzomib suppressed LDHA-mediated metabolic reprogramming by targeting ATF3 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Carfilzomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, has been approved as a treatment for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism by which Carfilzomib inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression largely remains to be determined. In the present study, we found that Carfilzomib demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, carfilzomib triggers mitochondrial apoptosis and reprograms cellular metabolism in ESCC cells. Moreover, it has been identified that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) plays a crucial cellular target role in ESCC cells treated with Carfilzomib. Overexpression of ATF3 effectively antagonized the effects of carfilzomib on ESCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, the ATF3 protein is specifically bound to lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to effectively suppress LDHA-mediated metabolic reprogramming in response to carfilzomib treatment. Research conducted in xenograft models demonstrates that ATF3 mediates the anti-tumor activity of Carfilzomib. The examination of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma indicated that ATF3 and LDHA have the potential to function as innovative targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of ESCC. Our findings demonstrate the novel function of Carfilzomib in modulating ESCC metabolism and progression, highlighting the potential of Carfilzomib as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ESCC.

Dihydroartemisinin suppresses glioma growth by repressing ERRα-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis.

Malignant gliomas are an exceptionally lethal form of cancer with limited treatment options. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a sesquiterpene lactone antimalarial compound, has demonstrated therapeutic effects in various solid tumors. In our study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of DHA in gliomas. To explore the therapeutic and molecular mechanisms of DHA, we employed various assays, including cell viability, flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential, glucose uptake and glioma xenograft models. Our data demonstrated that DHA significantly inhibited glioma cell proliferation in both temozolomide-resistant cells and glioma stem-like cells. We found that DHA-induced apoptosis occurred via the mitochondria-mediated pathway by initiating mitochondrial dysfunction before promoting apoptosis. Moreover, we discovered that DHA treatment substantially reduced the expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related gene, ERRα, in glioma cells. And the ERRα pathway is a critical target in treating glioma with DHA. Our results also demonstrated that the combination of DHA and temozolomide synergistically inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells. In vivo, DHA treatment remarkably extended survival time in mice bearing orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts. Thus, our findings suggest that DHA has a novel role in modulating cancer cell metabolism and suppressing glioma progression by activating the ERRα-regulated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Key process for reducing grains arsenic by applying sulfate varies with irrigation mode: Dual effects of microbe-mediated arsenic transformation and iron plaque.

Sulfate affects the transformation of arsenic (As) in soil and its absorption by plant roots. However, the influence of sulfate and irrigation interactions on the mobility of As in the soil-rice system remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a pot experiment with varying sulfate levels and irrigation modes to examine their effects on rice As translocation, soil As forms, iron plaque formation, and microorganisms involved in As transformation. The addition of exogenous sulfate significantly reduced grain As levels by a maximum of 60.1%, 46.7%, and 70.5% under flooding (F), flooding-moist alternate (FM), moist (M) conditions, respectively. However, the changes in soil available As did not fully correspond to grains As content. Soil available As was only reduced by sulfate under the FM treatment, which limited grains As accumulation under this condition. The reduction in grains As content under F and M conditions was mainly attributed to sulfate-induced increases in soil pH, which in turn inhibited As translocation and promoted iron plaque formation. Additionally, both irrigation mode and sulfate fertilization independently or interactively influenced the abundance of Sulfuritalea, Koribacter, Geobacter, and Sulfuriferula, thereby affecting the As forms in soil through the Fe/S redox process. Specifically, under F and FM conditions, SO42--S inhibited Geobacter but stimulated Fe-oxidizing bacteria, possibly resulting in increased As bound to Fe/Mn oxides (As-F3). Under M condition, SO42--S levels regulated As adsorption and release through the participation of Fe/S cycle bacteria, specifically influencing the adsorbed As fraction (As-F2). Therefore, the addition of SO42--S hindered As translocation to grains by promoting As sequestration in the iron plaque and facilitating microbe-mediated As immobilization through the Fe/S cycle, which was dependent on soil moisture. These results can be used as a guide for sulfur fertilizer application under different soil moisture with the goal of minimizing rice grain As.

ESRRG-PKM2 axis reprograms metabolism to suppress esophageal squamous carcinoma progression and enhance anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Glycolysis under normoxic conditions, known as the Warburg effect, confers a selective advantage for the survival and proliferation of many tumors. In this study, we investigated the role of estrogen-related receptor gamma (ESRRG) in metabolic reprogramming in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis indicated that ESRRG expression was decreased in ESCC tissue and associated with poor clinical outcomes. We also examined the effects of altered ESRRG expression on the proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of ESCC cells. We explored the impact of ESRRG on Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression and malignant behavior in ESCC. RESULTS: Our study revealed the inhibitory effects of ESRRG on the growth, tumorigenesis, and glycolysis activity of ESCC cells, which were mediated by the downregulation of PKM2 expression. We further demonstrated that ESRRG directly interacts with the PKM2 promoter to inhibit its activity in ESCC. Notably, the ESRRG-specific agonist, DY131, inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and glycolysis activity by modulating genes in the glycolysis pathway. Moreover, we verified that DY131 exhibits enhanced activity as an immune checkpoint inhibitor, considering the significance of the ESRRG-PKM2 axis in the lactate regulation of ESCC cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide novel insights into the role of ESRRG-PKM2 signaling in regulating ESCC cell metabolism and immune checkpoint regulation. Additionally, we suggest that DY131 holds promise as a promising therapeutic agent for ESCC treatment.

CHLORIDE CHANNEL-b mediates vacuolar nitrate efflux to improve low nitrogen adaptation in Arabidopsis.

The vacuole is an important organelle for nitrate storage, and the reuse of vacuolar nitrate under nitrate starvation helps plants adapt to low-nitrate environments. CHLORIDE CHANNEL-b (CLC-b) in the vacuolar membrane is a nitrate transporter; however, its regulation and effects on nitrate efflux have not been established. Here, we evaluated CLC-b expression and its effects on physiological parameters under low nitrate conditions. CLC-b expression increased significantly in the roots of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Col-0 under nitrate starvation. Under low nitrate, clcb mutants showed reductions in chlorophyll content and xylem sap nitrate concentration, shoot/root nitrate ratios, shoot/root total N ratios, and biomass. CLC-b-overexpression yielded opposite phenotypes and increased nitrogen use efficiency. CLC-b mutants showed elevated chlorate tolerance and an increased proportion of vacuolar nitrate relative to the total protoplast nitrate content as compared to the wild type. Yeast 1-hybrid, EMSA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that HRS1 HOMOLOG2 (HHO2), the expression of which is downregulated under low nitrate, binds directly to the promoter of CLC-b. clcb/hho2 double mutants and HHO2-overexpressing clcb plants had similar phenotypes under low nitrate to those of clcb single mutants. Thus, CLC-b mediates vacuolar nitrate efflux and is negatively regulated by HHO2, providing a theoretical basis for improving plant adaptability to low nitrate.

Strong positive light chain immunostaining in a patient with transthyretin amyloidosis.

The two most common systemic amyloidosis types are immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, in which the precursor proteins responsible for amyloidosis are light chain and transthyretin, respectively. Identification of precursor proteins is paramount to determine the type of amyloidosis, given that both amyloidosis types lack specificity in clinical presentation. Congo red staining followed by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence using fibril protein-specific antibodies is crucial for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Here we describe a patient who was initially diagnosed with AL amyloidosis due to strong positive kappa light chain staining results. However, the diagnosis was corrected to hereditary ATTR amyloidosis using mass spectrometry and gene sequencing, confirming the important role of mass spectrometry in identifying the amyloid precursor protein and ruling out false-positive result from immunohistochemistry.

Integrated comparative transcriptome and physiological analysis reveals the metabolic responses underlying genotype variations in NH4+ tolerance.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain NH4 + toxicity. However, the core information about the biochemical regulation of plants in response to NH4 + toxicity is still lacking. In this study, the tissue NH4 + concentration is an important factor contributing to variations in plant growth even under nitrate nutrition and NH4 + tolerance under ammonium nutrition. Furthermore, NH4 + led to the reprogramming of the transcriptional profile, as genes related to trehalose-6-phosphate and zeatin biosynthesis were downregulated, whereas genes related to nitrogen metabolism, camalexin, stilbenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated. Further analysis revealed that a large number of genes, which enriched in phenylpropanoid and stilbenoid biosynthesis, were uniquely upregulated in the NH4 +- tolerant ecotype Or-1. These results suggested that the NH4 +-tolerant ecotype showed a more intense response to NH4 + by activating defense processes and pathways. Importantly, the tolerant ecotype had a higher 15NH4 + uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency, but lower NH4 +, indicating the tolerant ecotype maintained a low NH4 + level, mainly by promoting NH4 + assimilation rather than inhibiting NH4 + uptake. The carbon and nitrogen metabolism analysis revealed that the tolerant ecotype had a stronger carbon skeleton production capacity with higher levels of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glutamate dehydrogenase activity to assimilate free NH4 +, Taken together, the results revealed the core mechanisms utilized by plants in response to NH4 +, which are consequently of ecological and agricultural importance.

Celastrol upregulated ATG7 triggers autophagy via targeting Nur77 in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Celastrol is a biologically active ingredient extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii that has exerted properties of anti-cancer. We explored the anti-tumor activities of celastrol against colorectal cancer (CRC) and the potential signaling pathways involved in its mechanism in this study. PURPOSE: The main purpose was to investigate the anti-CRC effects of celastrol and its novel potential mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN: HCT-116 and SW480 cell lines were used for in vitro studies, the mouse xenograft model of CRC tumor was performed for in vivo studies. METHODS: The effects of celastrol on colorectal cancer cells in vitro and underlying mechanisms were examined by using western blot analysis, cell proliferation assays, PI and Annexin-V staining assays, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR assay. CRC xenografts model and IHC-staining were mainly used to evaluate the effects of celastrol in vivo. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that celastrol induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in CRC cells. The expression of Nur77 influenced the anti-CRC effects of celastrol, and inhibitory effect of celastrol on CRC cells could be reversed by overexpressing Nur77. Celastrol induced autophagy and the autophagy inhibition enhanced the anti-CRC effects. The ATG7 was up-regulated obviously after celastrol treatment for Nur77 overexpressing CRC cancer cells. Treating mice implanted with CRC cells with celastrol showed that it effectively inhibited tumor growth, which was associated with the down-regulation of Nur77. Levels of Nur77 and ATG7 were correlated with survival in human colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Celastrol induced apoptosis and autophagy played an important role in human colorectal cancer, Nur77 was involved in the anti-CRC effect of celastrol and decreased expression of Nur77 induced high expression of ATG7. Celastrol exerted anti-CRC effects by inhibiting Nur77 to induce high expression of ATG7 signaling and Nur77/ATG7 signaling may be a potential pathway for colorectal cancer treatment.

Ethylene positively regulates Cd tolerance via reactive oxygen species scavenging and apoplastic transport barrier formation in rice.

Ethylene regulates plant root growth and resistance to environment stress. However, the role and mechanism of ethylene signaling in response to Cd stress in rice remains unclear. Here, we revealed that ethylene signaling plays a positive role in the resistance of rice to Cd toxicity. Blocking the ethylene signal facilitated root elongation under normal conditions, but resulted in severe oxidative damage and inhibition of root growth under Cd stress. Conversely, ethylene signal enhancement by EIN2 overexpression caused root bending, similar to the response of roots to Cd stress, and displayed higher Cd tolerance than the wildtype (WT) plants. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated EIN2-mediated upregulation of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and peroxidase activity under Cd stress. The synthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids were positively regulated by ethylene. Thus, the ein2 (ethylene insensitive 2) mutants displayed lower ROS scavenging capacity than the WT. Moreover, a significant increase in Cd accumulation and relatively increased apoplastic flow were observed in the root apex of the ein2 mutant compared with the WT plants. Overall, EIN2-mediated Cd resistance in rice is mediated by the upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and peroxidase activity to induce ROS scavenging, and apoplastic transport barrier formation reduces Cd uptake.

Sulfur fertilization integrated with soil redox conditions reduces Cd accumulation in rice through microbial induced Cd immobilization.

Sulfate and water management can be respectively applied to control Cd accumulation in rice, but the interaction mechanisms remain unclear. Three water management coupled with five sulfate application concentrations were employed to investigate rice Cd uptake. Results showed there was a significant interaction between sulfate application and soil redox state, and the highest sulfate treatments reduced rice grain Cd by 63.2, 53.5, and 59.4% under the flooding, flooding-moist alternate (FM), and moist irrigation (M) conditions, respectively. It could be explained by the reduction in rhizosphere soil available Cd and lower transport coefficient from root to aboveground. The Desulfovibrio was demonstrated to participate in CdS precipitation, and its abundance was promoted by sulfate especially under flooding. Additionaly, sulfate application facilitated Cd bounded to FeMn oxides, as rhizosphere soil pH raising under flooding. Under FM and M treatments, sulfate application reduced the abundance of Fe-reducing bacteria Geobacter, and correspondingly reduced Fe and Cd availability in rhizosphere soil. Summarily, Cd transfer from soil to rice can be reduced by applying sulfate fertilizer; which is favored by higher soil moisture because of the higher abundance of Desulfovibrio and lower abundance of Geobacter.

Ixazomib Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Proliferation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Activation of the c-Myc/NOXA Pathway.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the major subtypes of esophageal cancer. More than half of the patients with ESCC in the world are in China, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. As a new oral proteasome inhibitor, ixazomib has shown strong therapeutic effect in many solid tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of ixazomib on the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of ESCC cells. We used four human ESCC cell lines, cell viability assay, cell cycle and apoptosis assay, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ESCC xenografts model to clarify the roles of the therapeutic effect and mechanism of ixazomib in ESCC. Ixazomib significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC cells. RT-PCR results showed that the expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (NOXA) and MYC proto-oncogene (c-Myc) significantly increase after treatment with ixazomib in ESCC cells. When we knocked down the NOXA and c-Myc by small interfering RNA, the therapeutic effect of ixazomib markedly decreased, which confirmed that c-Myc/NOXA pathway played a key role in the treatment of ESCC with ixazomib. In vivo, the xenograft ESCC model mice were given 10 mg/kg of ixazomib every other day for 30 days. The results showed that the tumor size in the treatment group was significantly smaller than the control group. These results suggested that ixazomib is known to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in ESCC cell lines, and this effect was likely mediated by increased activation of the c-Myc/NOXA signaling pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the common worldwide malignant tumor, but conventional chemotherapeutics suffer from a number of limitations. In this study, the results suggested that ixazomib suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in ESCC cell lines. Therefore, ixazomib may be a potential new strategy for ESCC therapy.

The discovery of a novel series of potential ERRα inverse agonists based on p-nitrobenzenesulfonamide template for triple-negative breast cancer in vivo.

Oestrogen related receptor α participated in the regulation of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, and was overexpressed in many cancers including triple-negative breast cancer. A set of new ERRα inverse agonists based on p-nitrobenzenesulfonamide template were discovered and compound 11 with high potent activity (IC50 = 0.80 µM) could significantly inhibit the transcription of ERRα-regulated target genes. By regulating the downstream signalling pathway, compound 11 could suppress the migration and invasion of the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. Furthermore, compound 11 demonstrated a significant growth suppression of breast cancer xenograft tumours in vivo (inhibition rate 23.58%). The docking results showed that compound 11 could form hydrogen bonds with Glu331 and Arg372 in addition to its hydrophobic interaction with ligand-binding domain. Our data implied that compound 11 represented a novel and effective ERRα inverse agonist, which had broad application prospects in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma (HNF4G) is correlated with poor prognosis and promotes tumor cell growth by inhibiting caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis in colorectal cancer.

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma (HNF4G), a member of orphan nuclear receptors, is up-regulated and functions as an oncoprotein in a variety of tumors. Recent advances in understanding the biologic function and action mechanism of HNF4G in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we observed that HNF4G expression levels were significantly increased in CRC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and HNF4G overexpression correlated with worse prognosis in colorectal cancer. Transfection with a small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting HNF4G in HCT116 and SW480 CRC cell lines significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of HNF4G increased cell proliferation and decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells. Moreover, we discovered that HNF4G was involved in CRC cell apoptosis via the caspase-dependent intrinsic pathway. Finally, knockdown of HNF4G expression led to attenuated colorectal cancer growth and promoted apoptosis in a xenograft mouse model. Collectively, these results indicate that HNF4G exerts as an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer and provides a potential therapeutic target.

Nitrogen form-mediated ethylene signal regulates root-to-shoot K+ translocation via NRT1.5.

Nitrogen-potassium synergistic and antagonistic interactions are the typical case of nutrient interactions. However, the underlying mechanism for the integration of the external N form into K+ homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we show that opposite effects of NO3- and NH4+ on root-shoot K+ translocation were due to differential regulation of an ethylene signalling pathway targeting the NRT1.5 transporter. NH4+ upregulated the transcriptional activity of EIN3, but repressed the expression of NRT1.5. However, the addition of NO3- strongly suppressed the activity of EIN3, whereas its addition upregulated the expression of AtNRT1.5 and shoot K+ concentration. The 35S:EIN3/ein3eil1 plants, nrt1.5 mutants and nrt1.5/skor double mutants displayed a low K+ chlorosis phenotype, especially under NH4+ conditions with low K+ supply. Ion content analyses indicate that root-to-shoot K+ translocation was significantly reduced in these mutants. A Y1H assay, an EMSA and a transient expression assay confirmed that AtEIN3 protein could directly bind to the promoter of NRT1.5 to repress its expression. Furthermore, grafted plants with the roots of 35S:EIN3 and ein3eil1/nrt1.5 mutants displayed marked leaf chlorosis with a low K+ concentration. Collectively, our findings reveal that the interaction between N form and K+ was achieved by modulating root-derived ethylene signals to regulate root-to-shoot K+ translocation via NRT1.5.

Reduced emergency room visits and improved medication adherence of an integrated oncology pharmaceutical care practice in China.

OBJECTIVE: We described our initial experience of a new integrated oncology phamaceutical care practice to enhance the quality of pharmacy service and patient care in Huashan hospital.Data sources: A retrospective study was performed from August 2019 to September 2020. Patients were described as integrated pharmacy service group and routine care group. Medication adherence of patients in integrated pharmacy service group was recorded by the online management system. Patient satisfaction and the cumulative incidence of emergency room (ER) and outpatient visit were evaluated between two groups.Data summary: In total, 323 patients received the integrating oncology pharmacy service. The percentage of the patients missing administration every day was reduced from 29.7% to 0.3% within a 40-day monitoring and intervention period. There was a significant difference on patient satisfaction with pharmacy service in two groups (P < 0.05). Fewer patients in the integrated pharmacy service group visited clinic and ER compared with routine care group (33.1% vs. 59.2%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a new practice model, the integrated program is adopted to provide patient care and ongoing monitoring for cancer patients. The practice model delivers high continuity of care for cancer patients and improves communication and collaboration between healthcare professionals and oncology patients. The practice also provides the potential of developing hospital pharmaceutical service and optimizing disease prevention and treatment strategies.

Inhibition of nitric oxide production under alkaline conditions regulates iron homeostasis in rice.

Rice is one of the most susceptible plants to iron (Fe) deficiency under neutral and alkaline conditions. Alkaline stress induces H2 O2 production and increases the deposition of Fe on the root surface, which causes leaf chlorosis and Fe deficiency in rice. Gene chip and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of the nitrate reductase (NR) genes were downregulated by alkaline treatment, which resulted in significantly decreased nitrate activity and nitric oxide (NO) production in the epidermis and stele, where H2 O2 accumulated. In contrast, treatment with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, strongly alleviated alkaline-induced Fe deficiency by limiting Fe plaque formation. Increasing the NO signal significantly reduced the accumulation of H2 O2 and the lignin barrier but enhanced phenolic acid secretion in the root epidermis and stele under alkaline conditions. The secreted phenolic acid effectively mobilized the apoplast Fe and increased Fe uptake in roots, thereby alleviating the Fe-deficiency response and downregulating the expressions of Fe-uptake genes under alkaline conditions. In conclusion, alkaline stress inhibits NR activity and NO production in the roots of rice, which play vital roles in the mobilization of the apoplast Fe by regulation of H2 O2 and phenolic acid concentrations.

miR-218 contributes to drug resistance in multiple myeloma via targeting LRRC28.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm featured by obvious drug resistance and poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs with crucial roles in many biological processes including cancer initiation and progression. The current study aims to investigate the pathogenic role and molecular mechanism of miRNAs in MM drug resistance. In the present study, The expression profile of miRNAs in MM samples was analyzed by microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein expressions were detected by Western blot analysis. Cell apoptosis was detected by the Annexin V staining assay. The interaction between miRNA and the targeting mRNA was assessed using Dual luciferase reporter assay. Herein, we show that expression profile of miRNAs is deregulated in MM. miR-218, one of the most aberrational miRNAs in MM, is significantly decreased in MM cells compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Genetic manipulation reveals miR-218 control the response of MM cells to anticancer drug bortezomib (BTZ). Overexpression of miR-218 causes a significant aberrant genes expression including leucine rich repeat containing 28 (LRRC28). Mechanistic study shows that miR-218 control the drug response through mediating the expression of LRRC28 in MM cells. Overexpression of LRRC28 significantly reserves miR-218-mediated cell response to BTZ. Taken together, miR-218 is decreased in MM that contributes to BTZ resistance via targeting LRRC28, which might be used as a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma.