Relationship between immune cells and the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

A major cause of death for lung transplant recipients (LTRs) is the advent of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), which has long plagued the long-term post-transplant prognosis and quality of survival of transplant patients. The intricacy of its pathophysiology and the irreversibility of its illness process present major obstacles to the clinical availability of medications. Immunotherapeutic medications are available, but they only aim to slow down the course of CLAD rather than having any therapeutic impact on the disease's development. For this reason, understanding the pathophysiology of CLAD is essential for both disease prevention and proven treatment. The immunological response in particular, in relation to chronic lung allograft dysfunction, has received a great deal of interest recently. Innate immune cells like natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear macrophages, as well as adaptive immunity cells like T and B cells, play crucial roles in this process through the release of chemokines and cytokines. The present review delves into changes and processes within the immune microenvironment, with a particular focus on the quantity, subtype, and characteristics of effector immune cells in the peripheral and transplanted lungs after lung transplantation. We incorporate and solidify the documented role of immune cells in the occurrence and development of CLAD with the advancements in recent years.

High-throughput volumetric mapping of synaptic transmission.

Volumetric imaging of synaptic transmission in vivo requires high spatial and high temporal resolution. Shaping the wavefront of two-photon fluorescence excitation light, we developed Bessel-droplet foci for high-contrast and high-resolution volumetric imaging of synapses. Applying our method to imaging glutamate release, we demonstrated high-throughput mapping of excitatory inputs at >1,000 synapses per volume and >500 dendritic spines per neuron in vivo and unveiled previously unseen features of functional synaptic organization in the mouse primary visual cortex.

[Radial growth response of Populus euphratica to climate change in the Cele desert oasis ecotone, China]. / ç­–å‹’æ²™æ¼ ç»¿æ´²è¿‡æ¸¡å¸¦èƒ¡æ¨å¾„å‘ç”Ÿé•¿å¯¹æ°”å€™å˜åŒ–çš„å“åº”.

Populus euphratica is an important tree species in the arid regions of Northwest China, which is sensitive to climate changes. Climate of the Northwest China is changing to be "warm and humid", but how it would affect the regional forest growth is not clear. In this study, the radial growth response of P. euphratica to major climatic factors and their temporal changes during 1984-2021 were analyzed by using dendrochronology method in the desert oasis ecotone of Cele in the southern Tarim basin. The results showed that tree-ring width index of P. euphratica had a significant negative correlation with temperature in September of the previous year, and in February and May of current year, had significant positive correlation with precipitation in September of previous year and March and May of current year, and had significant positive correlations with SPEI in February and May of current year. The relationships between tree-ring width index and combined month climatic factors were more obvious. The results of moving correlation analysis showed that the correlation between tree-ring width index and temperature in the growing season tended to be strengthened in recent years, while the correlation between tree-ring width index and precipitation, SPEI tended to be declined or remain stable. The variations of the relationships between tree-ring width index and combined month climatic factors were more obvious compared that with single month. Current regional climate is conducive to the growth and development, as well as the improvement of ecological shelter function of P. euphratica forest in the desert oasis ecotone of Cele.

Ghrelin inhibits autophagy mediated by AKT/mTOR pathway to ameliorate retinal angiogenesis induced by high glucose stress.

AIM: To observe the effect of ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, on retinal angiogenesis in vitro under high glucose (HG) stress and to explore the possible mechanism of autophagy. METHODS: Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were treated with high concentration of glucose alone or in combination with ghrelin. The cell migration, tube formation and the expression of the autophagy-related proteins LC3-II/I, Beclin-1, p62, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT)/AKT and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mTOR were detected. Then, to clarify the correlation between ghrelin effect and autophagy, AKT inhibitor VIII was adopted to treat HRMECs, and cell migration, tube formation as well as the protein expressions of LC3-II/I, Beclin-1 and p62 were observed. RESULTS: Under HG stress, ghrelin inhibited migration and tube formation of HRMECs. Ghrelin inhibited the increases in the protein levels of LC3-II/I, Beclin-1 and the decreases in the protein levels of p62, p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR induced by HG stress. Moreover, under the action of AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, the effects of ghrelin on migration and tube formation were both reduced. In addition, the expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin-1 were significantly up-regulated and the expression of p62 was down-regulated. CONCLUSION: Retinal angiogenesis under in vitro HG stress can be inhibited by ghrelin through activating AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit autophagy.

Cytochrome P450 2B6 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme-Mediated Clearance of Ciprofol (HSK3486) in Humans: The Role of Hepatic and Extrahepatic Metabolism.

Ciprofol (HSK3486) is a novel intravenous agent for general anesthesia. In humans, HSK3486 mainly undergoes glucuronidation to form M4 [fraction of clearance (fCL): 62.6%], followed by the formation of monohydroxylated metabolites that further undergo glucuronidation and sulfation to produce M5-1, M5-2, M5-3, and M3 (summed fCL: 35.2%). However, the complete metabolic pathways of HSK3486 in humans remain unclear. In this study, by comparison with chemically synthesized reference standards, three monohydroxylated metabolites [M7-1, 4-hydroxylation with an unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) of 2211 µl/min/mg; M7-2, ω-hydroxylation with a CLint,u of 600 µl/min/mg; and M7-3, (ω-1)-hydroxylation with a CLint,u of 78.4 µl/min/mg] were identified in human liver microsomes, and CYP2B6 primarily catalyzed their formation. In humans, M7-1 was shown to undergo glucuronidation at the 4-position and 1-position by multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) to produce M5-1 and M5-3, respectively, or was metabolized to M3 by cytosolic sulfotransferases. M7-2 was glucuronidated at the ω position by UGT1A9, 2B4, and 2B7 to form M5-2. UGT1A9 predominantly catalyzed the glucuronidation of HSK3486 (M4). The CLint,u values for M4 formation in human liver and kidney microsomes were 1028 and 3407 µl/min/mg, respectively. In vitro to in vivo extrapolation analysis suggested that renal glucuronidation contributed approximately 31.4% of the combined clearance. In addition to HSK3486 glucuronidation (M4), 4-hydroxylation (M7-1) was identified as another crucial oxidative metabolic pathway (fCL: 34.5%). Further attention should be paid to the impact of CYP2B6- and UGT1A9-mediated drug interactions and gene polymorphisms on the exposure and efficacy of HSK3486. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research elucidates the major oxidative metabolic pathways of HSK3486 (the formation of three monohydroxylated metabolites: M7-1, M7-2, M7-3) as well as definitive structures and formation pathways of these monohydroxylated metabolites and their glucuronides or sulfate in humans. This research also identifies major metabolizing enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation (UGT1A9) and oxidation (CYP2B6) of HSK3486 and characterizes the mechanism of extrahepatic metabolism. The above information is helpful in guiding the safe use of HSK3486 in the clinic.

maskNMF: A denoise-sparsen-detect approach for extracting neural signals from dense imaging data.

A number of calcium imaging methods have been developed to monitor the activity of large populations of neurons. One particularly promising approach, Bessel imaging, captures neural activity from a volume by projecting within the imaged volume onto a single imaging plane, therefore effectively mixing signals and increasing the number of neurons imaged per pixel. These signals must then be computationally demixed to recover the desired neural activity. Unfortunately, currently-available demixing methods can perform poorly in the regime of high imaging density (i.e., many neurons per pixel). In this work we introduce a new pipeline (maskNMF) for demixing dense calcium imaging data. The main idea is to first denoise and temporally sparsen the observed video; this enhances signal strength and reduces spatial overlap significantly. Next we detect neurons in the sparsened video using a neural network trained on a library of neural shapes. These shapes are derived from segmented electron microscopy images input into a Bessel imaging model; therefore no manual selection of "good" neural shapes from the functional data is required here. After cells are detected, we use a constrained non-negative matrix factorization approach to demix the activity, using the detected cells' shapes to initialize the factorization. We test the resulting pipeline on both simulated and real datasets and find that it is able to achieve accurate demixing on denser data than was previously feasible, therefore enabling faithful imaging of larger neural populations. The method also provides good results on more "standard" two-photon imaging data. Finally, because much of the pipeline operates on a significantly compressed version of the raw data and is highly parallelizable, the algorithm is fast, processing large datasets faster than real time.

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans in China: A review of its distribution and role in harmful algal blooms.

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is often reported as a worldwide HAB species and caused severe financial losses to local aquaculture. In this review, we summarized the temporal and geographical distribution of its HABs in China, as well as its position in the plankton structure. Increasing N. scintillans HABs, both frequency and coverage, have broken out in almost all Chinese coastal regions mainly from April to June, with short-term and small coverage blooms as the primary type. The HAB period seems to shift with age and latitude. Recently, increasing abundance and dominance of N. scintillans were also reported in plankton communities in Chinese coastal waters, with multiple environmental factors related. In particular, trophic relationships may play an important role in its dominance and outbreaks of HABs. However, how N. scintillans became a dominant species in China and the mechanisms responsible for its HABs require further study.

[Free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap in the treatment of finger with skin and soft tissue defect].

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical effects of repairing skin and soft tissue defect of finger with free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap. METHODS: Totally 8 patients with finger skin and soft tissue defect repaired with free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap were treated from May 2021 to November 2022, including 7 males and 1 female aged from 24 to 54 years old, and soft tissue defect area ranged from 3.0 cm×1.5 cm to 5.0 cm×3.0 cm. The time from injury to flap repair ranged from 3 to 83 h. The free posterior interosseous artery perforator flap was applied to repair finger defect, the area of the flap ranged from 3.5 cm×2.0 cm to 5.2 cm×3.5 cm, the donor area of flap was sutured directly. The survival, appearance, texture and donor complications of the flap were observed after operation, and Dargan functional standard was used to evaluate clinical effect of finger function. RESULTS: All flap of 8 patients were survived, and followed up from 3 to 12 months. There was no obvious swelling, soft texture, obvious pigmentation, linear intaglio in donor area only, and without obvious complications were found. Among them, 3 patients'skin flaps were repaired for the defect of palm of the fingers, and sensory recovery was good, two-point discrimination ranged from 5 to 9 mm. According to Dargan functional evaluation, 3 patients excellent, and 5 good. CONCLUSION: Free posterior interosseous artery perforation branch flap could be used to repair the defect of finger. The thickness of flap is moderate, operation is convenient, appearance and texture of the operative flap are good, and the donor site is small without obvious complications, and obtain satisfactory clinical effect.

A positively tuned voltage indicator for extended electrical recordings in the brain.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable optical recording of electrical signals in the brain, providing subthreshold sensitivity and temporal resolution not possible with calcium indicators. However, one- and two-photon voltage imaging over prolonged periods with the same GEVI has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we report engineering of ASAP family GEVIs to enhance photostability by inversion of the fluorescence-voltage relationship. Two of the resulting GEVIs, ASAP4b and ASAP4e, respond to 100-mV depolarizations with ≥180% fluorescence increases, compared with the 50% fluorescence decrease of the parental ASAP3. With standard microscopy equipment, ASAP4e enables single-trial detection of spikes in mice over the course of minutes. Unlike GEVIs previously used for one-photon voltage recordings, ASAP4b and ASAP4e also perform well under two-photon illumination. By imaging voltage and calcium simultaneously, we show that ASAP4b and ASAP4e can identify place cells and detect voltage spikes with better temporal resolution than commonly used calcium indicators. Thus, ASAP4b and ASAP4e extend the capabilities of voltage imaging to standard one- and two-photon microscopes while improving the duration of voltage recordings.

[Clinical application of plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis in children with refractory Kawasaki disease shock syndrome]. / 血浆置换联合连续性静脉-é™è„‰è¡€æ¶²æ»¤è¿‡é€æžæ²»ç–—åœ¨å„¿ç«¥å·å´Žç— ä¼‘å ‹ç»¼åˆå¾ä¸­çš„ä¸´åºŠåº”ç”¨.

OBJECTIVES: To study the role of plasma exchange combined with continuous blood purification in the treatment of refractory Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS). METHODS: A total of 35 children with KDSS who were hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, from January 2019 to August 2022 were included as subjects. According to whether plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis was performed, they were divided into a purification group with 12 patients and a conventional group with 23 patients. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical data, laboratory markers, and prognosis. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional group, the purification group had significantly shorter time to recovery from shock and length of hospital stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, as well as a significantly lower number of organs involved during the course of the disease (P<0.05). After treatment, the purification group had significant reductions in the levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, heparin-binding protein, and brain natriuretic peptide (P<0.05), while the conventional group had significant increases in these indices after treatment (P<0.05). After treatment, the children in the purification group tended to have reductions in stroke volume variation, thoracic fluid content, and systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output over the time of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma exchange combined with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration dialysis for the treatment of KDSS can alleviate inflammation, maintain fluid balance inside and outside blood vessels, and shorten the course of disease, the duration of shock and the length of hospital stay in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Subcarinal lymph node dissection facilitated by applying suture passer in uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

With the advancement of surgical skills and instrumentation, uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (UniVATS) has become a popular option for the treatment of early stage lung cancer surgery. However, performing subcarinal lymph node dissection remains technically challenging under UniVATS view. We introduce a novel technique that utilized a suture passer to improve the exposure of the subcarinal area and simplify lymph node dissection, which has the potential for widespread adoption in clinical practice. There were 13 lung cancer patients who underwent UniVATS lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy in our institution from July to August 2022. Clinical data of the patients were documented and reviewed. The study population consisted of nine females and four males, with an average age of 57.5 ± 9.1 years. UniVATS lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadectomy was successfully performed in all patients without conversion to open surgery. The mean operation time was 90.7 ± 36.0 min (53-178 min), intraoperative blood loss was 73.1 ± 43.8 mL (50-200 mL), and postoperative hospital stay was 2.9 ± 0.3 days (2-3 days). No complications related to lymph node dissection, such as chylothorax, occurred. Our novel method of using a suture passer could simplify the procedure of subcarinal lymph node dissection during UniVATS in initial clinical practice. Further comparative studies are warranted in the future.

[Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Restoration in Typical Grasslands of China].

Grasslands, as one of the key ecosystems relevant to the terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycles as well as the ecological security in China, are very sensitive to climate change and human activities. However, the relative contributions of climate change and human activities on the vegetation restoration in those regions are still controversial. Using ecosystem net primary production (NPP) as an ecological indicator, this study quantified the relative roles of climate change and human activities on vegetation restoration in Chinese typical grasslands (northern temperate grasslands and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine grasslands) by comparing the trends of actual NPP derived from MODIS and potential NPP estimated by the Thornthwaite Memorial model during 2000-2020. The results showed that approximately 93% of the grasslands in the study area experienced a recovering tendency, with an average increase of NPP (carbon) by 2.12 g·(m2·a)-1(P<0.01). Therein, nearly half of the vegetation-restored areas were jointly-dominated by climate change and human activities, whereas approximately 36% and 10% of the restored areas were controlled individually by climate change and human activities, respectively. In addition, the share of climate-change dominated areas differed greatly by grassland types, characterized by a much larger area percentage in the alpine grasslands than that in the temperate grasslands and an increasing area share with a drying background climate. This study suggested that human activities were not primarily responsible for the vegetation restoration in northern temperate grasslands and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine grasslands, but they could decrease and even cancel the possible vegetation degeneration caused by worsening climate in a few regions. Long-term monitoring of vegetation dynamics and a multi-method comparison are needed in future studies.

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response regulates hippocampal neural stem cell aging.

Aging results in a decline in neural stem cells (NSCs), neurogenesis, and cognitive function, and evidence is emerging to demonstrate disrupted adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus of patients with several neurodegenerative disorders. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing of the dentate gyrus of young and old mice shows that the mitochondrial protein folding stress is prominent in activated NSCs/neural progenitors (NPCs) among the neurogenic niche, and it increases with aging accompanying dysregulated cell cycle and mitochondrial activity in activated NSCs/NPCs in the dentate gyrus. Increasing mitochondrial protein folding stress results in compromised NSC maintenance and reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, neural hyperactivity, and impaired cognitive function. Reducing mitochondrial protein folding stress in the dentate gyrus of old mice improves neurogenesis and cognitive function. These results establish the mitochondrial protein folding stress as a driver of NSC aging and suggest approaches to improve aging-associated cognitive decline.

Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma: Surgical Resection and Multidisciplinary Treatment.

Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are the most common tumors of the anterior mediastinum and a relatively rare type of thoracic cancer. The prerequisite for surgery is clinical staging and operative evaluation, both of which are based on medical imaging. The best strategy for treating a thymic epithelial tumor is surgical resection of the organ and surrounding tissue. Thymectomy modalities vary, including open surgery and minimally invasive surgery, and surgeons have used various innovations to better meet the needs of the procedure; therefore, it is critical to select the appropriate procedure based on the patient's characteristics. Evaluation of resectability is the first step of surgical resection for thymic tumors without distant metastasis. The decision regarding unresectability should be made carefully. During subsequent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, reevaluation of whether an area is resectable or not remains essential. Despite numerous technological advances in the surgical treatment of thymic tumors, several contentious issues remain, including the selection of surgical approaches for difficult cases, the selection of video-assisted thoracoscopic approaches, the evaluation of resectability, minimally invasive surgery for locally advanced thymic tumors, lymphadenectomy in thymic tumors, neoadjuvant therapy for thymic tumors, debulking surgery, and salvage surgery. In solving these problems, the surgeon's judgment, surgical experience, and surgical skills are especially important.

Potential biomarkers for immunotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.

For individuals with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the primary treatment is platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), primarily PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, have been found to be effective in patients with NSCLC who have no EGFR/ALK mutations. Furthermore, ICIs are considered a standard therapy. The quantity of fresh immunogenic antigens discovered by cytotoxic T cells was measured by PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), which were the first biomarkers assessed in clinical trials. However, immunotherapy did not have response efficacy markers similar to targeted therapy, highlighting the significance of newly developed biomarkers. This investigation aims to review the research on immunotherapy for NSCLC, focusing primarily on the impact of biomarkers on efficacy prediction to determine whether biomarkers may be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy.

Differential remodeling of subthalamic projections to basal ganglia output nuclei and locomotor deficits in 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian mice.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) controls basal ganglia outputs via the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). However, the synaptic properties of these projections and their roles in motor control remain unclear. We show that the STN-SNr and STN-GPi projections differ markedly in magnitude and activity-dependent plasticity despite the existence of collateral STN neurons projecting to both the SNr and GPi. Stimulation of either STN projection reduces locomotion; in contrast, inhibition of either the STN-SNr projection or collateral STN neurons facilitates locomotion. In 6-OHDA-hemiparkinsonian mice, the STN-SNr projection is dramatically attenuated, but the STN-GPi projection is robustly enhanced; apomorphine inhibition of the STN-GPi projection through D2 receptors is significantly augmented and improves locomotion. Optogenetic inhibition of either the STN-SNr or STN-GPi projection improves parkinsonian bradykinesia. These results suggest that the STN-GPi and STN-SNr projections are differentially involved in motor control in physiological and parkinsonian conditions.

Regioselective Multisite Atomic-Chlorine Passivation Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Passivating defects using organic halide salts, especially chlorides, is an effective method to improve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) arising from the stronger Pb-Cl bonding than Pb-I and Pb-Br bonding. However, Cl- anions with a small radius are prone to incorporation into the perovskite lattice that distorts the lead halide octahedron, degrading the photovoltaic performance. Here, we substitute atomic-Cl-containing organic molecules for widely used ionic-Cl salts, which not only retain the efficient passivation by Cl but also prevent the incorporation of Cl into the bulk lattice, benefiting from the strong covalent bonding between Cl atoms and organic frameworks. We find that only when the distance of Cl atoms in single molecules matches well with the distance of halide ions in perovskites can such a configuration maximize the defect passivation. We thereby optimize the molecular configuration to enable multiple Cl atoms in an optimal spatial position to maximize their binding with surface defects. The resulting PSCs achieve a certified PCE of 25.02%, among the highest PCEs for PSCs, and retain 90% of their initial PCE after 500 h of continuous operation.

A simple and efficient strategy for trace detection of ferroptosis-related miRNAs based on novel hydrophobic paper-based plasmonic substrate and "inverse molecular sentinel (iMS)" nanoprobes.

Monitoring ferroptosis-related miRNAs is crucial for the treatment and prognosis of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. In this work, a novel hydrophobic paper (h-paper)-based plasmonic substrate was produced by dropping DS Au nanorods with a narrow range of sizes and morphologies onto h-paper. Raman reporter molecules were adsorbed to the array surface, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra at randomly selected points reveal uniform and significant SERS enhancement. Hairpin DNAs labelled with Raman reporters and hybridized with placeholder DNAs were decorated on SERS substrate to fabricate SERS biosensor. Target miRNAs initiated the "inverse Molecular Sentinel" process. During the process, PHs were removed and the conformation of HPs changed toward the hairpin structure, thus eliciting the proximity of Raman reporter to substrate and a stronger SERS signal. The proposed SERS biosensor performs well in terms of stability, reproducibility, and selectivity. The limits of detection of miR-122-5p and miR-140-5p in serum were 4.17 aM and 4.49 aM, respectively. Finally, the fabricated SERS biosensor was applied to detect miR-122-5p and miR-140-5p in ICH patients and healthy subjects, and the results obtained by SERS were consistent with the results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, revealing the accuracy of the method. This simple, rapid approach offers great potential for the simultaneous detection of miRNAs in practical clinical applications.

Topological super-modes engineering with acoustic graphene plasmons.

Acoustic graphene plasmons (AGPs) in a graphene-dielectric-metal structure possess extreme field localization and low loss, which have promising applications in strong photon-matter interaction and integrated photonic devices. Here, we propose two kinds of one-dimensional crystals supporting propagating AGPs with different topological properties, which is confirmed by the Zak phase calculations and the electric field symmetry analysis. Moreover, by combining these two plasmonic crystals to form a superlattice system, the super-modes exist because of the coupling between isolated topological interface states. A flat-like dispersion of super-modes is observed by designing the superlattice. These results should find applications in optical sensing and integrating photonic devices with plasmonic crystals.

Subthalamic neurons interact with nigral dopaminergic neurons to regulate movement in mice.

AIM: This study aims to address the role of the interaction between subthalamic (STN) neurons and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons in movement control. METHODS: Fiber photometry and optogenetic/chemogenetic techniques were utilized to monitor and manipulate neuronal activity, respectively. Locomotion in mice was recorded in an open field arena and on a head-fixed apparatus. A hemiparkinsonian mouse model was established by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were applied to record electrophysiological signals in STN neurons and SNc DA neurons. c-Fos-immunostaining was used to label activated neurons. A rabies virus-based retrograde tracing system was used to visualize STN neurons projecting to SNc DA neurons. RESULTS: The activity of STN neurons was enhanced upon locomotion in an open field arena and on a head-fixed apparatus, and the enhancement was significantly attenuated in parkinsonian mice. Optogenetic stimulation of STN neurons enhanced locomotion, increased activity of SNc DA neurons, meanwhile, reduced latency to movement initiation. Combining optogenetics with patch-clamp recordings, we confirmed that STN neurons innervated SNc DA neurons through glutamatergic monosynaptic connections. Moreover, STN neurons projecting to SNc DA neurons were evenly distributed in the STN. Either 6-OHDA-lesion or chemogenetic inhibition of SNc DA neurons attenuated the enhancement of locomotion by STN stimulation. CONCLUSION: SNc DA neurons not only affect the response of STN neurons to movement, but also contribute to the enhancement of movement by STN stimulation. This study demonstrates the role of STN-SNc interaction in movement control.