Studies on the partial characterization of extracted glycosaminoglycans from fish waste and its potentiality in modulating obesity through in-vitro and in-vivo.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bioactive polysaccharides or glycoconjugates found in the fish waste having significant health impacts. In the present study it has been attempted to extract GAGs from mackerel fish waste through chemical and enzymatic methods. Further, the extracted GAGs (e-GAGs) were analyzed for their composition (uronic acid, total sugar & sulfate), chemical characterization was carried out through techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & Proton NMR. Further, probable major GAGs present was identified by enzymatic digestion. The biological potential of the extracted glycoconjugate was assessed further through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In-vitro biological activity showed good lipase inhibition (IC50, 2.6 mg/mL) and bile acid binding properties (dose-dependent). Lipid accumulation lowered in the e-GAGs differentiated 3T3L1 preadipocyte cells have also been observed. The high fat fed animal (in-vivo) study showed ameliorative effect via reducing blood sugar∼1.28↓, lipid profile↓, plasma insulin∼3.5↓, improved glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, ∼3.0↓). Furthermore, elimination of bile acid (BA) due to GAG-BA binding properties resultant in removal of elevated fecal triglyceride and cholesterol suggesting its lipid lowering activity. Regulation of various proteins linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including fatty acid synthase (FAS), low density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-R), 7α-hydroxylase, glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were significant (p < 0.05) with e-GAGs treatment when compared to HFD group. Thus, the e-GAGs showed potential hypolipidemic activity through elimination of bile acid binding property together with regulating the specific protein related to obesity and its associated complications.

Modulation of obesity associated metabolic dysfunction by novel lipophilic fraction obtained from Agaricus bisporus.

AIM: The present study aimed to prepare a novel lipophilic fraction rich in fat soluble bioactive from Agaricus bisporus and investigated its impact through in vitro and in vivo assessments since the prospective biological activities of fat soluble components from mushrooms are limited. METHODS: Ergosterol concentrate fraction (ECF) preparation followed by subsequent characterization of the extract using various analytical techniques (HPLC-UV, Mass spectroscopy, NMR). Furthermore, the fraction has been evaluated for antioxidant activity, DNA protection ability, hypolipidemic properties by in vitro specific enzyme inhibition and in vivo animal model (C57BL/6). KEY FINDINGS: The fraction majorly contains ergosterol (504 mg/100 g dw) and linoleic acid (71.92 %). In vitro studies showed that the fraction limited free radicals induced DNA damage, exhibited significant free radical scavenging activities (IC50 of DPPH 15.64; ABTS 8.28 mg/ml), and inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity (IC50 5.03 mg/ml). Further, in vivo study showed that ECF treatment significantly (p < 0.05) improved insulin sensitivity (reduced plasma glucose & insulin, increased adiponectin) and reduced inflammatory markers (CRP & TNF-α) in comparison to high fat fed mice. Furthermore, ECF has significantly reduced plasma lipid profile and accumulation of lipids in liver. This could be due to down regulation of mRNA expression of lipogenic transcription factors such as SREBP-1c and SREBP-2, and key lipogenic enzyme ACC. Moreover, ECF treatment has suppressed protein expression of FAS, induced cholesterol clearance by enhancing LDL-R protein expression. SIGNIFICANCE: The present work for the first time evaluated the synergistic potential of ergosterol and linoleic acid to improve antioxidant defense system and ameliorate obesity associated metabolic dysfunction.

Biological properties and structural characterization of a novel rhamnolipid like-biosurfactants produced by Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei TM1B.

Biosurfactants are microbial surface-active compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities that display a range of physiological functions. In this study, a strain isolated from a Cameroonian fermented milk "pendidam" and identified as Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei TM1B was used for biosurfactants production. The biosurfactants produced by L. casei TM1B with molasses as the substrate had a good surface (40.77 mN/m) and emulsifying (84.50%) activities. The scavenging of the ABTS+• radical (IC50 value of 0.60 ± 0.03 mg/mL) by the biosurfactants was found to be higher than that of DPPH• radical (IC50 value of 0.97 ± 0.13 mg/mL). The maximum chelating activity of biosurfactants (82.29%) was observed at 3.5 mg/mL. The biologically active compound of the biosurfactants produced by L. casei TM1B was identified as 2,5-O-methylrhamnofuranosyl-palmitate, a novel rhamnolipid-like biosurfactant by using chemical, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and NMR analysis. The biosurfactants were bactericidal against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 3.22 to 12.83 mg/mL), and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed bacterial cell walls and membranes as main targets.

Isolation, identification, structural elucidation and bioactivity of Heneicos-1-ene from Coriandrum sativum L. foliage.

Coriander foliage is a distinctive spice employed on a daily basis in curry and other Indian traditional food preparations mainly for the unique flavour attributes and health benefits. Radical scavenging activity has been demonstrated previously for coriander foliage. However, specific molecules responsible were not identified. A new molecule was isolated via chromatographic technique, and its structure was established by employing multinuclei and multidimensional NMR and HRMS techniques. The identified molecule Heneicos-1-ene was also screened for radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity, wherein it displayed radical scavenging activity of 89.6 ± 0.62% at 200 ppm, and also exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Salmonella typhi.

Functional attributes of a new molecule-2-hydroxymethyl-benzoic acid 2'-hydroxy-tetradecyl ester isolated from Talaromyces purpureogenus CFRM02.

An account of antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics displayed by ethyl acetate extract of Talaromyces purpureogenus CFRM-02 cultivated by submerged fermentation on bengal gram husk (BegH) led to the isolation of a new molecule, which was purified via silica gel column chromatography. The TLC and HPLC data revealed the purity of the isolated compound. By employing an array of spectroscopic techniques, structural elucidation was accomplished, and the molecule was identified as 2-hydroxymethyl-benzoic acid 2'-hydroxy-tetradecyl ester and was also designated with a familiar name pentalsamonin. The pentalsamonin molecule scavenged DPPH (24%), H2O2 (64%), superoxide anion (58%) with a reducing power (0.989 AU) at the given concentration. The MIC and MBC of pentalsamonin against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are in the range 62.5-125 and 125-250 µg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant and antibacterial functional attributes of pentalsamonin suggest useful applications in food and nutraceuticals.

Development of Wheat Bran Oil Concentrates Rich in Bioactives with Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Properties.

Wheat bran, an abundant byproduct of the milling industry, comprises fat-soluble bioactives and fibers. In the present study, two concentrates were prepared from wheat bran oil (WBO) using silicic acid coupled with acetone (WBA) and hexane (WBH). WBA extract had enhanced color and viscosity and was enriched with fat-soluble bioactives (sterols, oryzanol-like compounds, tocopherols, and carotenoids) as evidenced from NMR and other techniques. In in vitro studies, WBA exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity, limited DNA and LDL oxidation, and inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and lipase activity better than WBH and WBO. Further, an in vivo study with WBA 2 or 3.5% containing high fat diet ameliorated malonaldehyde (MDA) level, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, catalase, GPx, and GR) activities in liver. A possible reason for this effect is downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase expression with WBA. Thus, WBA has significant potential as an ingredient in health food formulations.

Antiaflatoxigenic and Antimicrobial Activities of Schiff Bases of 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, Cinnamaldehyde, and Similar Aldehydes.

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMBA) is a nontoxic phenolic flavor from dietary source Decalipus hamiltonii and Hemidesmus indicus. HMBA is an excellent antimicrobial agent with additional antiaflatoxigenic potency. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon is a widely employed flavor with significant antiaflatoxigenic activity. We have attempted the enhancement of antiaflatoxigenic and antimicrobial properties of HMBA, cinnamaldehyde, and similar molecules via Schiff base formation accomplished from condensation reaction with amino sugar (d-glucamine). HMBA derived Schiff bases exhibited commendable antiaflatoxigenic activity at the concentration 0.1 mg/mL resulting in 9.6 ± 1.9% growth of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent 91.4 ± 3.9% reduction of aflatoxin B1 with respect to control.

ZnCl2-mediated practical protocol for the synthesis of Amadori ketoses.

An efficient and practical protocol for the synthesis of Amadori ketoses N-(1-deoxy-D-fructose-1-yl) amino acid (amino acid=L-valine (1), L-leucine (2), L-isoleucine (3), L-tryptophan (4), L-phenylalanine (5), L-arginine (6) has been accomplished by employing ZnCl2 as a catalyst. The developed method circumvents protection and deprotection steps as well as tedious ion-exchange and column chromatographic techniques. The accomplished Amadori ketoses showed moderate to weak angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity.

Improved synthesis of lysine- and arginine-derived Amadori and Heyns products and in vitro measurement of their angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity.

The L-lysine- and L-arginine-derived Amadori and Heyns products consisting of N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)amino acid and N-(2-deoxy-d-glucos-2-yl)amino acid were prepared by reaction of d-fructose and d-glucose with l-lysine hydrochloride and l-arginine hydrochloride using commercial zinc powder as deprotonating reagent and also as catalyst precursor in a simple synthetic route in high yield. These compounds were screened for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity using a high-throughput colorimetric assay (utilizing porcine kidney ACE). The IC(50) values fall in the range of 1030-1175 µM, with N(α)-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)arginine showing the best IC(50) value (1030 ± 38 µM). This study demonstrates an improved synthetic method for simple Amadori and Heyns products and their moderate ACE inhibitor activity.