Key Odorants Forming Aroma of Polish Mead: Influence of the Raw Material and Manufacturing Processes.

Mead was analyzed by using the concept of molecular sensory science for the identification of key odorants. A total of 29 odor-active compounds were identified in mead by using gas chromatography olfactometry (GCO). Flavor dilution (FD) factors of identified compounds ranged from 1 to 16,384, compounds with FD factors ≥32 were quantitated by using stable isotopically substituted odorants as internal standards or external standard method, and odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. Fifteen compounds showed OAVs ≥1: aldehydes (2-phenylacetaldehyde, 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), esters (ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl octanoate), alcohols (2-phenylethan-1-ol, 3- and 2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-(methylsulyfanyl)propan-1-ol), furanons (4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one), acids (3- and 2-methylbutanoic acid, acetic acid), 1,1-diethoxyethane, and 4-methylphenol. 2-Phenylacetaldehyde (OAV, 3100) was suggested as the compound with the biggest influence on the aroma of mead, followed by 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (OAV, 1900), 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (OAV, 890), and 2-phenylethan-1-ol (OAV, 680). Quantitative olfactory profile analysis revealed strong honey, malty, and alcoholic impressions. Omission experiments revealed that 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal, 2-phenylethan-1-ol, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, ethyl propanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, 3- and 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde were the key odorants in the mead. Determining concentrations of key odorants in important production steps showed that the fermentation and maturation stages had the strongest effect on the formation of mead aroma.

Experimental Capacity of Human Fecal Microbiota to Degrade Fiber and Produce Short-Chain Fatty Acids Is Associated with Diet Quality and Anthropometric Parameters.

BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are considered beneficial to human health. The associations between bacterial capacity to produce SCFAs, diet, and health are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the capacity of human fecal microbiota to produce SCFAs and to metabolize soluble and insoluble fiber and to study its associations with human diet, anthropometric parameters, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 200 adult participants. Diet was evaluated using food records. Capacity to produce acetate, butyrate, and propionate and to degrade soluble fiber were assessed in an ex vivo experiment where fecal samples were inoculated in a pectin-containing broth. Fecal ß-glucosidase activity was measured to assess potential to degrade insoluble fiber. RESULTS: The main dietary determinants of high capacity to metabolize fiber were high intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. After adjusting analyses for confounders, glucose and lipid parameters were not significantly associated with any of the studied microbial capacities, but the capacity to produce propionic acid was significantly associated with hip circumference (ß = -0.018, P = 0.044), which was seen especially in people eating healthy. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that high intake of fiber-rich products is positively associated with the capacity of fecal microbiota to degrade soluble and insoluble dietary fiber and that people eating healthy food might benefit from enhanced microbial capacity to produce propionic acid.

Effect of Herbal Feed Additives on Goat Milk Volatile Flavor Compounds.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of herbal supplements administered to goats on sensory quality and volatile flavor compounds in their milk. The experiment was conducted on sixty Polish white improved goats randomly allocated into five feeding groups (four experimental and one control) of twelve goats each. The trial lasted 12 weeks. The experimental animals received supplements containing a mixture of seven or nine different species of herbs at 20 or 40 g/animal/day. The control group received feed without any herbal supplements. Milk obtained from experimental and control groups of animals was characterized by a low content of aroma compounds, with only 11 chemical compounds being identified. Decanoic methyl ester, methylo 2-heptanone and methylo-butanoic methyl ester had the highest share in the total variability of the tested aroma compounds (PCA). During the sensory evaluation, the smell and taste of most of the samples were similar (p > 0.05). However, the addition of herbal feed supplements lowered the concentration of Caproic acid (C6:0), Caprylic acid (C8:0) and Capric acid (C10:0), which caused a significant reduction in the goaty smell of milk. The obtained results indicate that the studied herbal supplements can reduce the intensity of goaty smell and allow goat milk production without modification of other sensory features.

The Combined Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Galactomyces geotrichum Fermentation on the Aroma Composition of Sour Whey.

The increase in demand for food flavorings due to the shortening and simplification of food production technology also entails an increase in the demand for new technologies for their production. The biotechnological production of aromas is a solution characterized by a high efficiency, an independence from environmental factors and a relatively low cost. In this study, the influence of the implementation of lactic acid bacteria pre-fermentation into the production of aroma compounds by Galactomyces geotrichum on a sour whey medium on the intensity of the obtained aroma composition was analyzed. The monitoring of the culture in terms of biomass buildup, the concentration of selected compounds, and the pH resulted in the confirmation of interactions between the analyzed microorganisms. The post-fermentation product underwent a comprehensive sensomic analysis for the identification and quantification of the aroma-active compounds. The use of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis and the calculation of odor activity values (OAVs) allowed 12 key odorants to be identified in the post-fermentation product. The highest OAV was found for phenylacetaldehyde with a honey odor (1815). The following compounds with the highest OAVs were 2,3-butanedione with a buttery aroma (233), phenylacetic acid with a honey aroma (197), 2,3-butanediol with a buttery aroma (103), 2-phenylethanol with a rosy aroma (39), ethyl octanoate with a fruity aroma (15), and ethyl hexanoate with a fruity aroma (14).

Response of Skin-Derived and Metastatic Human Malignant Melanoma Cell Lines to Thymoquinone and Thymoquinone-Loaded Liposomes.

Thymoquinone has been proved to be effective against neoplasms, including skin cancer. Its high lipophilicity, however, may limit its potential use as a drug. Melanoma remains the deadliest of all skin cancers worldwide, due to its high heterogeneity, depending on the stage of the disease. Our goal was to compare the anti-cancer activity of free thymoquinone and thymoquinone-loaded liposomes on two melanoma cell lines that originated from different stages of this cancer: skin-derived A375 and metastatic WM9. We evaluated the proapoptotic effects of free thymoquinone by flow cytometry and Western blot, and its mitotoxicity by means of JC-1 assay. Additionally, we compared the cytotoxicity of free thymoquinone and thymoquinone in liposomes by WST-1 assay. Our results revealed a higher antiproliferative effect of TQ in WM9 cells, whereas its higher proapoptotic activity was observed in the A375 cell line. Moreover, the thymoquinone-loaded liposome was proved to exert stronger cytotoxic effect on both cell lines studied than free thymoquinone. Differences in the response of melanoma cells derived from different stages of the disease to thymoquinone, as well as their different responses to free and carrier-delivered thymoquinone, are essential for the development of new anti-melanoma therapies. However, further research is required to fully understand them.

The Stability of Refined Rapeseed Oil Fortified by Cold-Pressed and Essential Black Cumin Oils under a Heating Treatment.

Polar compounds and polymers are regarded as the most reliable indicators of oil degradation during heating, and it is desirable to find methods to reduce these undesirable changes. The aim of this study was (1) to determine the effect of enrichment with black cumin cold-pressed oil (CP) or essential oil obtained from black cumin cold-pressed oil in an equivalent amount (ES) on limiting the polar compounds and polymers content in blends based on refined rapeseed oil during high-temperature heating in a thin layer; (2) to determine tocochromanol losses and their effect on the change content of the polar compounds and polymers. Four fortified oils were made from refined rapeseed oil and one of the four additives (10% CP, 20% CP, 0.1% ES, and 0.2% ES). All fortified oils and refined rapeseed oil as a control sample were heated at 170 and 200 °C on the pan in a thin layer and evaluated regarding loss of individual tocochromanol homologs by HPLC-FL, polar compounds content, oxidized triacylglycerols (TAG), and polymers content by HPSEC-ELSD. Additionally, the fatty acid profile in nonheated oil was investigated. Tocochromanol analysis showed loss in all the samples. At 170 °C polymers were not detected; no difference was noted for polar compounds and oxidized TAG content; only the 20% CP sample showed a higher level. At 200 °C the 10% CP sample exhibited a significant protective effect with the lowest content of polar compounds, oxidized TAG, and dimers.

Analysis of the Ability to Produce Pleasant Aromas on Sour Whey and Buttermilk By-Products by Mold Galactomyces geotrichum: Identification of Key Odorants.

Currently, there is a growing demand for flavorings, especially of natural origin. It is worth paying attention to the biotechnological processes of flavor production, characterized by simplicity, high efficiency and relatively low cost. In this study, we analyzed the ability of the Galac tomyces geotrichum mold to transform by-products of the dairy industry: sour whey and buttermilk to complex flavour mixtures with pleasant, honey-rose aroma. Furthermore, the aroma complexity of the fermentation product has been carefully identified applying a sensomic approach involving the use of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) to identify and quantify aroma compounds. Based on the calculation of odor activity value (OAV), 13 key aroma compounds were present in both tested variants. The highest OAVs were found for phenylacetaldehyde (honey-like) in the buttermilk variant (912) and 2-phenylethanol (rose-like) in the sour whey variant (524). High values of this indicator were also recorded for phenylacetaldehyde (319) and 3-methyl-1-butanol with a fruity aroma (149) in the sour whey culture. The other compounds identified are 3-methylbutanal (malty), 2,3-butanedione (cheesy), isovaleric acid (cheesy), 3-(methylthio)-propanal (boiled potato), butanoic acid (vinegar), (E)-2-nonenal (fatty), ethyl furaneol (burnt sugar), dimethyl trisulfide (cabbage), and acetic acid (vinegar).

Key Aroma Compounds in Roasted White Koluda Goose.

Aroma-active compounds in the roasted leg meat of White Koluda goose were assayed by gas chromatography-olfactometry, using aroma extract dilution analysis and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation. Quantitation, recombination-omission tests, and sensory evaluation were carried out. Thirty aroma compounds, for which odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated and for which the flavor dilution factors were greater than or equal to 1, were identified. The concentration of aroma compounds ranged from 0.06 to 633 (µg/kg). The highest OAVs (>1024) were for 2-furfurylthiol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, and 1-octen-3-one. Nine key aroma compounds were: 2-furfurylthiol, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, 1-octen-3-one, 2-phenylethanethiol, 4,5-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, and 3-(methylthio)propanal. The intensity of the dominating roasted, meaty/broth, and fatty notes in the recombination model consisting of the key odorants were rated (10-point scale) at 4.6-5.8 points, relative to the original roasted goose (5.2-6.2). The aroma compounds defined predominantly the meaty, roasted, and fatty flavors during the descriptive sensory evaluation of the roasted goose meat.

In situ approaches show the limitation of the spoilage potential of Juniperus phoenicea L. essential oil against cold-tolerant Pseudomonas fluorescens KM24.

The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of juniper essential oil (EO), α-pinene, and sabinene on the quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated proteolytic and lipolytic properties of Pseudomonas fluorescens KM24. These activities were verified under in situ conditions, in which sub-MICs of the agents altered the morphology of KM24 cells. RNA-Seq studies revealed key coding sequences (CDSs)/genes related to QS and the proteolytic/lipolytic activities of pseudomonads. In this work, all the examined agents decreased autoinducer synthesis and influenced the mRNA expression of the encoding acyltransferase genes lptA, lptD, and plsB. The highest reduction on the 3rd and 5th days of cultivation was observed for the genes lptD (-5.5 and -5.61, respectively) and lptA (-3.5 and -4.0, respectively) following treatment with EO. Inhibition of the lptA, lptD, and plsB genes by singular constituents of EO was on average, from -0.4 to -0.7. At 5 days of cultivation the profile of AHLs of the reference P. fluorescens KM24 strain consisted of 3-oxo-C14-HSL, 3-oxo-C6-HSL, C4-HSL, and N-[(RS)-3-hydroxybutyryl]-HSL, the concentrations of which were 0.570, 0.018, 3.744, and 0.554 µg ml-1, respectively. Independent of the incubation time, EO, α-pinene, and sabinene also suppressed the protease genes prlC (-1.5, -0.5, and -0.5, respectively) and ctpB (-1.5, -0.7, and -0.4, respectively). Lipolysis and transcription of the lipA/lipB genes were downregulated by the agents on average from -0.3 to -0.6. α-Pinene- and sabinene-rich juniper EO acts as an anti-quorum-sensing agent and can repress the spoilage phenotype of pseudomonads. KEY POINTS: Juniper EO, α-pinene, sabinene exhibited anti-QS potential toward KM24. RNA-Seq revealed key CDSs/genes related to QS/proteolytic/lipolytic activities of KM24. Agents at sub-MIC levels influenced the mRNA expression of QS/lipase/protease genes.

Carob kibbles as an alternative raw material for production of kvass with probiotic potential.

BACKGROUND: Non-diary beverages with probiotic properties are of great interest nowadays. In this research, we evaluated the suitability of carob kibbles in the manufacture of kvass. Kvass is a low-alcohol drink popular in Central and Eastern Europe and indicated as a potential non-diary beverage with probiotic properties. Therefore, the viability of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces boulardii during 4 weeks' storage in manufactured beverages was tested. RESULTS: Carob kibbles introduced significant amounts of phenolic compounds into kvasses, especially gallic acid (up to 117.45 ± 10.56 mg L-1 ), and improved antiradical activity up to 78% after fermentation. Moreover, fermentation efficiently reduced furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural content in samples up to 12.9% and 29.9%, respectively. Kvasses with rye malt extract possessed coffee-like, chocolate-like, roasted and caramel-like odours and a more bitter taste. Whereas kvass with carob kibbles was characterized by fruit-like odour and sweeter taste. Fermentation contributed to a creation as well as degradation of volatiles. L. plantarum exhibited higher general mortality during storage, whereas, in the case of S. boulardii, the viability was significantly higher regardless of the sample composition. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting the use of carob kibbles for kvass production. The obtained results showed that carob kibbles can replace rye malt extract, at least partially, in the production of kvass, giving to the product added health benefits. Moreover, S. boulardii is a better choice for production of kvass with probiotic properties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Comprehensive Study of the Impacts of Oat ß-Glucan and Bacterial Curdlan on the Activity of Commercial Starter Culture in Yogurt.

This study provides important information about the impacts of various levels of oat (OBG) and bacterial (curdlan) ß-glucan and fat contents in milk on survivability and metabolism of yogurt starter cultures. The results show that addition of ß-glucans in the concentration higher than 0.25% reduced starter bacterial counts during storage and prolonged the milk acidification process. A significant increase in lactose consumption by starter cultures was noted in the yogurt samples with OBG addition up to 0.75%. The highest (by 567% on average) increase in lactic acid content was noted in the control yogurts. Whereas the lowest (by 351%) increase in lactic acid content was noted in yogurts with OBG. After 28-day storage, the acetic aldehyde content was significantly influenced by fat content, type and addition level of polysaccharide. A higher increase in acetoin content was noted in samples with 0.25% than in samples with 1% of polysaccharides. In turn, significantly lower increases in diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione contents were observed in the yogurt samples with OBG than in these with curdlan, with diacetyl production increase along with the higher concentration of the polysaccharide. The addition of OBG and curdlan to milk contributed to differences in the starter culture metabolism, consequently, in the milk acidification dynamics.

A Chemometric Approach to Oxidative Stability and Physicochemical Quality of Raw Ground Chicken Meat Affected by Black Seed and Other Spice Extracts.

The effects of black seed (Nigella sativa), allspice, bay leaf, caraway, cardamom, clove, and nutmeg extracts on the quality of raw ground chicken legs stored at 4 °C were investigated. During 12 days of storage, conjugated diene (CD) content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidation induction time (IP) by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), hexanal content by GC-SPME-MS, thiol group (SH) content were determined. Moreover, microbial growth, pH and color of the samples were investigated. Sensory analysis was also realized. All extracts increased oxidative stability and safety of meat, significantly changed the color of the samples, stabilized the pH and increased their sensory scores (except color of samples with bay leaf and black seed) when comparing to control. Black seed, allspice and clove extracts showed high antioxidant capacity in lipid (CD = 0.23%, 0.28%, and 0.37%, respectively; TBARS = 0.55, 0.50, and 0.48 mg/kg, respectively) and protein fraction (SH content = 47.9, 52.1 and 52.7 nmol/g, respectively), although the ABTS•+ radical scavenging activity of black seed (33.1 µM/g) was significantly lower than the cloves (2496 µM/g) and allspice (815 µM/g). In the sensory analysis the highest scores were ascribed to the sample with cardamom followed by cloves. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated complex and inseparable interrelationship among lipid and protein oxidation processes and the relationship of the protein oxidation on the lightness of meat. The results enabled to discriminate the meat samples, showing a great impact of the extracts on the final quality of raw chicken meat with black seed being potent antioxidant active additive.

The Use of Sour and Sweet Whey in Producing Compositions with Pleasant Aromas Using the Mold Galactomyces geotrichum: Identification of Key Odorants.

Fermented products with a pleasant aroma and with strong honey, rose, and fruit odor notes were developed through the biotransformation of a medium containing sour or sweet whey with the addition of l-phenylalanine by the Galactomyces geotrichum mold. In order to obtain the strong honey-rose aroma, G. geotrichum strains were screened and fermentation conditions were optimized to achieve a preferable ratio (>1) of phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol by the Ehrlich pathway. This allowed post-fermentation products with the ratio of concentrations of phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol being 1.7:1. Additionally, the use of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis and the calculation of odor activity values (OAVs) allowed 10 key odorants to be identified in post-fermentation products. The highest OAVs were found for phenylacetaldehyde with a honey odor in both sour and sweet whey cultures (3010 and 1776, respectively). In the variant with sour whey, the following compounds with the highest OAVs were 3-methyl-1-butanol (131), 3-(methylthio)-propanal (119), 3-methylbutanal (90), dimethyl trisulfide (71), 2,3-butanedione (37), and 2-phenylethanol (29). In the post-fermentation product with sweet whey, the following compounds with the highest OAVs were 3-(methylthio)-propanal (112), dimethyl trisulfide (69), and 2,3-butanedione (41).

Tarragon essential oil as a source of bioactive compounds with anti-quorum sensing and anti-proteolytic activity against Pseudomonas spp. isolated from fish - in vitro, in silico and in situ approaches.

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) and anti-proteolytic potentials of tarragon essential oil (TEO) and its major compounds against food-associated Pseudomonas spp. The activities were verified by in vitro, in silico and in situ approaches. In this work, methyl eugenol (ME)- and ß-phellandrene (ß-PH)-rich TEO was investigated. TEO at subMIC increased the percentage of saturated fatty acids in the bacterial membranes (from 7 to 22%) and exhibited anti-quorum sensing via decreasing the efficiency of QS autoinducer synthesis [3-oxo-C12-HSL (from 2.028 µg/mL to

Comparison of Three Extraction Techniques for the Determination of Volatile Flavor Components in Broccoli.

To analyze aroma active components in a food product, the crucial step is to select a suitable extraction technique. It should provide isolation of all components responsible for aroma creation, without the formation of any artifacts during the procedure. Preferably, the extraction method should yield analyzed compounds in detectable levels. The presented study aimed to compare three popular extraction techniques used in flavor studies: solid-phase microextraction (SPME), solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) in order to isolate aroma components from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica). Obtained extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-olfactmetry (GC-O) to determine compounds with aroma activity as well as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToFMS) to identify them. Thirty-four aroma active compounds were detected in broccoli by the applied techniques. SPME and SAFE together gave the full profile of aroma active components on chromatograms from GC-O, without artifacts that occurred in the SDE extract. SPME was particularly useful in the identification of early eluting compounds, while SAFE enabled isolating compounds with relatively low partition coefficients. Despite all the disadvantages of the SDE method, it leads to the identification of pyrazines, which were important contributors to the overall aroma.

Comparative Evaluation of Piper nigrum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus and Juniperus communis L. Essential Oils of Different Origin as Functional Antimicrobials in Foods.

Essential oils can be used as preservatives in foods because of their ability to inhibit bacteria growth in low concentration, which does not influence on foods' organoleptic properties and does not generate the resistance mechanisms in cells. The aim of that work was to compare the effectiveness of commercial oils from black pepper (Piper nigrum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and juniper (Juniperus communis L.) with oils obtained in our laboratory. The typical cultivation method was supported by the flow cytometry to detect the cells of very low physiologic and metabolic activity. Our investigation demonstrated that both types of oils can effectively inhibit the growth of saprophytic bacteria P. orientalis. The oils distilled in our laboratory had a bacteriostatic effect at a lower concentration, which is important for application in the food industry. Flow cytometry analyzes and confirmed the thesis that essential oils do not have a germicidal effect on bacteria cells.

Identification of Odor Active Compounds in Physalis peruviana L.

The volatiles of cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.) were isolated by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), odor active compounds identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitation of compounds was performed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for all but one. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed 18 odor active regions, with the highest flavor dilution values (FD = 512) noted for ethyl butanoate and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one (furaneol). Odor activity values were determined for all 18 compounds and the highest was noted for ethyl butanoate (OAV = 504), followed by linalool, (E)-non-2-enal, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, hexanal, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, butane-2,3-dione, and 2-methylpropanal. The main groups of odor active compounds in Physalis peruviana L. were esters and aldehydes. A recombinant experiment confirmed the identification and quantitative results.

Formation of Key Aroma Compounds during Preparation of Pumpernickel Bread.

Application of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis to pumpernickel bread and its intermediate products obtained during the fermentative process allowed for the recognition of 32 key aroma compounds with specific odor notes. Subsequent quantitation using the stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and calculation of odor activity values (OAVs) revealed 22 compounds with OAV > 1, with the highest OAV for 3-methylbutanal with a malty odor (6660), 2-methylbutanal with a malty odor (4560), 3-(methylthio)propanal with a boiled potato odor (2047), 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone with a lovage-like odor (1233), dimethyl trisulfide with a cabbage-like odor (475), 2-phenylethanol with a rosy odor (414), ß-damascenone with a boiled apple odor (200), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde with a vanilla-like odor (184), 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone with a caramel odor (172), and phenylacetladehyde with a honey odor (100). The results showed that aroma of pumpernickel bread is mostly formed during baking; however, the fermentation process influences the formation of several compounds, such as ethyl acetate, 2,3-butanedione, acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, ethyl-3-methyl butyrate, ethyl hexanoate, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Furthermore, the addition of functional components, such as malt and wheat fiber, affects the concentration of several key odorants in the final product, such as 2- and 3-methylbutanals, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde.

Effects of Different Techniques of Malolactic Fermentation Induction on Diacetyl Metabolism and Biosynthesis of Selected Aromatic Esters in Cool-Climate Grape Wines.

The effects of different malolactic bacteria fermentation techniques on the bioconversion of aromatic compounds in cool-climate grape wines were examined. During three wine seasons, red and white grape wines were produced using various malolactic fermentation induction techniques: Coinoculation, sequential inoculation, and spontaneous process. Volatile compounds (diacetyl and the products of its metabolism, and selected ethyl fatty acid esters) were extracted by solid phase microextraction. Compounds were identified with a multidimensional gas chromatograph-GC × GC-ToFMS with ZOEX cryogenic (N2) modulator. Sensory evaluation of the wines was also performed. It was found that the fermentation-derived metabolites studied were affected by the malolactic bacteria inoculation regime. Quantitatively, ethyl lactate, diethyl succinate, and ethyl acetate dominated as esters with the largest increase in content. The total concentration of ethyl esters was highest for the coinoculation technique, while the highest concentration of diacetyl was noted for the spontaneous technique. Controlled malolactic fermentation, especially using the coinoculation technique, can be proposed as a safe and efficient enological practice for producing quality cool-climate grape wines enriched with fruity, fresh, and floral aromas.

Key Aroma Compounds in Smoked Cooked Loin.

Smoked cooked loin is one of the most popular meat products in Poland. In this study, key volatile compounds in this traditional Polish meat product were determined using gas chromatography-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). In total, 27 odor-active volatile compounds were identified, with flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 4 to 1024, with the highest FD factors noted for 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-4-(prop-2-enyl)phenol, and 2-methoxy-4-( E)-(prop-1-en-1-yl)phenol. Results of the quantitative analyses based on determinations with stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) and standard addition (SA), followed by calculations of the odor activity value (OAV), enabled identifying 24 of the volatile compounds responsible for flavor development in the analyzed smoked cooked loin. The highest OAVs were obtained for 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 1-octen-3-one, and 2-methyl-3-(methyldithio)furan.