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The main aim of this study was to investigate the long-lasting influences of World War II (WWII) trauma in a national sample of Poles, based on Danieli's (1998) survivors' post-trauma adaptational styles (fighter, numb, victim) and their link with current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and embodiment level among participants. We also sought to investigate whether the level of knowledge about WWII trauma among ancestors could moderate that association. The study was conducted among a representative sample of 1598 adult Poles obtained from an external company. Participants filled out the Danieli Inventory of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma, the knowledge about traumatic World War II experiences in the family questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale-5, and the Experience of Embodiment Scale. We observed a positive relationship between all survivors' post-trauma adaptational styles and current levels of PTSD symptoms among participants. In addition, PTSD level mediated the relationships between those adaptational styles and embodiment intensity; that mediation was additionally moderated by a lack of knowledge about WWII trauma among ancestors in our participants. Our study adds to the literature on intergenerational trauma by highlighting the importance of evaluating embodiment in understanding the mechanisms of trauma transmission. Furthermore, it highlights the moderating effect of knowledge of family history in this mechanism and the need to share family histories with subsequent generations.
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Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adulto , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , II Guerra Mundial , Família , Sobreviventes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of studies on trauma exposure and PTSD prevalence in Poland on representative samples. Available data from studies on convenient samples show very high rates of probable PTSD compared with relevant estimates in other countries. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the exposure to self-report traumatic events (PTEs) and to estimate the current rate of prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in accordance with DSM-5 criteria in a population-based sample of Poles. Additionally, the link between PTSD intensity and level of life satisfaction was investigated. METHOD: A representative sample of 1,598 adult Poles was recruited. Probable PTSD was assessed with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was also used. RESULTS: The findings showed that 60.3% of Poles had experienced at least one PTE and 31.1% of those who had been exposed to trauma reported symptoms of PTSD. At the level of the entire sample, the obtained rate for probable PTSD was 18.8%. The traumatic events with the highest probabilities of PTSD symptoms were child abuse and sexual assault. Levels of life satisfaction were significantly lower in the group of participants with probable PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the current prevalence of probable PTSD in Poland is intriguingly high relative to rates reported in comparable representative samples from other countries across the world. Possible mechanisms are discussed, including a lack of social acknowledgement of WWII and other traumas as well as poor access to trauma-focused care. We hope that this research may inspire more studies investigating cross-national differences in PTSD and trauma exposure.
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Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Autorrelato , Prevalência , Polônia/epidemiologia , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare profiles of coping among females with thyroid disorders and females from a healthy control group regarding depression levels and body image anxiety. We also wanted to check whether subjectively experienced Covid-19-related psychological distress moderated the above-mentioned association in both groups of participants. METHOD: The study sample comprised 564 females, of which 329 were diagnosed with a thyroid disease and 235 formed the healthy control group. Participants filled out paper-and-pencil or online versions of psychometric questionnaires to assess coping strategies, depression, and body image anxiety. RESULTS: In general, we observed higher depression intensity and a higher level of body image anxiety among females with thyroid diseases than among the healthy control group. Latent profile analysis revealed adaptive vs. maladaptive coping profiles from both study samples. Depression symptoms were significantly higher if coping was maladaptive in both the clinical and control groups. Still, there were no significant differences in body image anxiety between participants with adaptive and maladaptive coping profiles. Covid-19-related distress did not moderate the link between coping profiles, depression, and body image anxiety in either group. CONCLUSION: Greater focus should be placed on the role of body image in females struggling with thyroid diseases. Bodily therapy may help these patients to cope better with co-occurring thyroid diseases and mental disorders, whose relationship is still not fully understood.
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COVID-19 , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Feminino , Imagem Corporal , Depressão , Pandemias , Ansiedade , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
This study investigated the intraindividual variability in daily posttraumatic growth (PTG) versus posttraumatic depreciation (PTD), positive and negative affect (PA and NA), and HIV/AIDS stigma among people living with HIV (PLWH). In particular, we examined whether this variability derives from participants' resilience operationalized on a trait level. The participants included 67 PLWH, who completed a baseline questionnaire on resilience, measured with the Brief Resilience Scale. Following this, they completed the shortened versions of the following inventories over five consecutive days: the Posttraumatic Growth and Posttraumatic Depreciation Inventory V Expanded version Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form, and the Berger HIV Stigma Scale. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized to analyze the study results. We observed significant intraindividual variability in PTG, PTD, PA, NA, and perceived HIV/AIDS stigma. Resilience was related to PTG, PTD, PA, and NA but not to stigma. Moreover, higher resilience was associated with higher, stabler PA and lower, stabler NA. Our results highlight the need of further studies on the daily functioning of PLWH. Specifically, while health status is important, it does not appear to be the predominant source of everyday distress for PLWH. Consequently, psychological counselling for PLWH should concentrate more on the life of the person as a whole and not only on coping with HIV infection.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Resiliência Psicológica , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although posttraumatic growth (PTG) is intuitively associated with positive adaptation to traumatic life circumstances, studies regarding the link between PTG and well-being present mixed findings. Our study aimed to analyze the link between PTG and well-being indicators (resource gain and loss, positive and negative affect; PA/NA) in a clinical sample of people living with HIV (PLWH), with the additional control of parallel negative changes among participants, i.e., posttraumatic depreciation (PTD). METHODS: The study sample comprised 509 PLWH who completed the standardized psychometric inventories measuring the study variables-PTG/PTD, resource gain and resource loss, and affective well-being. RESULTS: By applying the person-centered perspective to the study results, we observed distinct clusters of participants within resources and PA/NA, which were uniquely associated with PTG/PTD levels, after controlling for sociomedical data among participants. CONCLUSIONS: Including two parallel sides of growth, i.e., PTG and PTD, our study may deepen the understanding of PTG mechanisms and processes among PLWH and inspire planning for more effective psychological interventions designed to meet the specific needs of these patients.
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Infecções por HIV , Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Depreciação , Inquéritos e Questionários , Psicometria , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
Posttraumatic growth (PTG) among people living with HIV (PLWH) remains an understudied and controversial topic, and several research gaps need to be filled. In our study, we focused on one such gap by implementing parallel assessment of positive (PTG) and negative changes (posttraumatic depreciation [PTD]) following trauma related to HIV diagnosis, along with measurement of resilience and HIV/AIDS stigma and socio-medical data. The study sample comprised 509 PLWH, which completed the standardized psychometric inventories measuring the study variables. The results showed an unexpected positive relationship between PTG and PTD among participants. In addition, following the person-centered approach, we observed specific PTG/PTD clusters in the study sample with different resilience and HIV/AIDS stigma levels. Our study may shed some light on understanding PTG/PTD processes among PLWH and inspire planning for effective psychological help adjusted to patients' specific needs.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Resiliência Psicológica , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Depreciação , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Estigma Social , Adaptação PsicológicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) are considered two sides of growth after trauma. Nevertheless, previous studies pointed out that in trauma living with a life-threatening illness, they may be experienced as two independently and share distinct predictors. In our study we aimed to find the different trajectories of PTG and PTD among a sample of people living with HIV (PLWH) and to investigate its predictors out of psychological resilience, and gain and loss of resources from the conservation of resources theory (COR). METHODS: We designed a longitudinal study that consisted of three measurements at 6-month intervals, and we recruited, respectively, 87, 85 and 71 PLWH. Each time participants filled out the following questionnaires: the expanded version of the PTG and PTD Inventory (PTGDI-X), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), the Conservation of Resources Evaluation (COR-E), and a survey on sociodemographic and medical data. RESULTS: We observed two separate trajectories of PTG and PTD within participants and found that each of the trajectories were related to different predictors from the studied variables. More specifically, we found a positive relationship between resilience and a descending PTD trajectory that stabilized over time. Gain of resources generally predicted a PTG trajectory, while loss of resources predicted the dynamics of PTD. CONCLUSIONS: Including two parallel constructs, i.e., PTG and PTD, confirmed the independence of their mechanisms in growth processes among PLWH. The initial insight concerning the role of resilience and resources in PTG/PTD processes may inspire more effective planning for psychological help for PLWH, and it may stimulate studies on growth after trauma to further examine the two sides of this phenomenon.
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Infecções por HIV , Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Adaptação Psicológica , Depreciação , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudos Prospectivos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the amount of the total variance of the subjective well-being (SWB) of psychotherapists from 12 European countries explained by between-country vs. between-person differences regarding its cognitive (life satisfaction) and affective components (positive affect [PA] and negative affect [NA]). Second, we explored a link between the SWB and their personal (self-efficacy) and social resources (social support) after controlling for sociodemographics, work characteristics, and COVID-19-related distress. METHODS: In total, 2915 psychotherapists from 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Great Britain, Serbia, Spain, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and Switzerland) participated in this study. The participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF), the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. RESULTS: Cognitive well-being (CWB; satisfaction with life) was a more country-dependent component of SWB than affective well-being (AWB). Consequently, at the individual level, significant correlates were found only for AWB but not for CWB. Higher AWB was linked to being female, older age, higher weekly workload, and lower COVID-19-related distress. Self-efficacy and social support explained AWB only, including their main effects and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight more individual characteristics of AWB compared to CWB, with a more critical role of low self-efficacy for the link between social support and PA rather than NA. This finding suggests the need for greater self-care among psychotherapists regarding their AWB and the more complex conditions underlying their CWB.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicoterapeutas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to examine cross-cultural differences, as operationalized by Schwartz's refined theory of basic values, in burnout levels among psychotherapists from 12 European countries during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We focused on the multilevel approach to investigate if individual- and country-aggregated level values could explain differences in burnout intensity after controlling for sociodemographic, work-related characteristics and COVID-19-related distress among participants. 2915 psychotherapists from 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, Great Britain, Serbia, Spain, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and Switzerland) participated in this study. The participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey, the revised version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, and a survey questionnaire on sociodemographic, work-related factors and the COVID-19 related distress. In general, the lowest mean level of burnout was noted for Romania, whereas the highest mean burnout intensity was reported for Cyprus. Multilevel analysis revealed that burnout at the individual level was negatively related to self-transcendence and openness-to-change but positively related to self-enhancement and conservation values. However, no significant effects on any values were observed at the country level. Male sex, younger age, being single, and reporting higher COVID-19-related distress were significant burnout correlates. Burnout among psychotherapists may be a transcultural phenomenon, where individual differences among psychotherapists are likely to be more important than differences between the countries of their practice. This finding enriches the discussion on training in psychotherapy in an international context and draws attention to the neglected issue of mental health among psychotherapists in the context of their professional functioning.
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Esgotamento Profissional , COVID-19 , Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Comparação Transcultural , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias , Psicoterapeutas , Sérvia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize, analyze, and critically review existing studies on the relationship between posttraumatic growth (PTG) and psychological well-being (operationalized either via positive or negative well-being indicators) among people living with HIV (PLWH). We also investigated whether this association varies as a function of socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, and study publication year. METHOD: We conducted a structured literature search on Web of Science, Scopus, MedLine, PsyARTICLES, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The most important inclusion criteria encompassed quantitative and peer-reviewed articles published in English. RESULTS: After selection, we accepted 27 articles for further analysis (N = 6333 participants). Eight studies used positive indicators of well-being. The other 19 studies focused on negative indicators of well-being. Meta-analysis revealed that there was a negative weak-size association between PTG and negative well-being indicators (r = - 0.18, 95% CI [- 0.23; - 0.11]) and a positive medium-size association between PTG and positive well-being measures (r = 0.35, 95% CI [0.21; 0.47]). We detected no moderators. CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis and systematic review revealed expected negative and positive associations between PTG and negative versus positive well-being indicators among PLWH. Specifically, the relationship between PTG and positive well-being indicators was more substantial than the link between PTG and negative well-being measures in these patients. Finally, observed high heterogeneity between studies and several measurement problems call for significant modification and improvement of PTG research among PLWH.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Fragilidade , Crescimento Psicológico Pós-Traumático , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Background: In June 2021, 40 years have passed since the first cases of HIV infection were detected. Nonetheless, people living with HIV (PLWH) still suffer from intense HIV-related distress and trauma, which is nowadays mostly linked to the still-existing stigmatization of PLWH. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between HIV/AIDS stigma and psychological well-being among PLWH. We also explored whether this association varies as a function of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as study publication year and stigma measurement. Method: A structured literature search was performed on Web of Science, Scopus, PsyARTICLES, MedLine, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were quantitative, peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1996 and 2020. Results: After selection, 64 articles were accepted for further analysis (N = 25,294 participants). The random-effects pooled estimate revealed an overall negative and medium-strength association between stigma and well-being (r = -.31, 95% CI [-.35; -.26]). The participants' age modified this effect with a stronger association for older PLWH. Other sociodemographic and clinical variables as well as publication year and stigma measurement did not explain the variation in association between stigma and well-being across studies. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis and systematic review not only showed an expected negative relationship between stigma and well-being but also revealed a substantial heterogeneity between studies that suggests a strong role of context of a given study. This finding calls for more advanced theoretical and analytical models to identify protective and vulnerability factors to effectively address them in clinical practice and interventions.
Antecedentes: En junio de 2021 pasaron cuarenta años desde que fueron detectados los primeros casos de infección por VIH. No obstante, las personas que viven con el VIH (PVCV) todavía sufren de angustia intensa y trauma relacionados con el VIH, que en la actualidad se vinculan principalmente con la estigmatización aún existente de las PVCV.Objetivos: El propósito de esta revisión sistemática y metanálisis fue examinar la asociación entre el estigma del VIH/SIDA y el bienestar psicológico entre las PVCV. También exploramos si esta asociación varía en función de las características sociodemográficas y clínicas, así como del año de publicación del estudio y la medición del estigma.Método: Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de literatura en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, PsyARTICLES, MedLine, ProQuest y Google Scholar. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos cuantitativos, revisados por pares, publicados en inglés entre 1996 y 2020.Resultados: Después de la selección, se aceptaron 64 artículos para análisis adicionales (N = 25.294 participantes). La estimación combinada de efectos aleatorios reveló una asociación general negativa y de intensidad media entre el estigma y el bienestar (r = −.31, IC del 95% [−.35; −.26]). La edad de los participantes modificó este efecto con una asociación más fuerte para las PVCV mayores. Otras variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, así como el año de publicación y la medición del estigma, no explicaron una variación de la asociación entre el estigma y el bienestar entre los estudios.Conclusiones: El presente metanálisis y revisión sistemática mostró una relación negativa esperada entre el estigma y el bienestar, pero también reveló una heterogeneidad sustancial entre los estudios que sugiere un papel importante del contexto de cada estudio dado. Este hallazgo requiere modelos teóricos y analíticos más avanzados para identificar factores protectores y de vulnerabilidad, para abordarlos de manera efectiva en la práctica clínica y las intervenciones.
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Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Estigma Social , HumanosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of a sample of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) within the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as well as DSM-5 PTSD diagnoses regarding the participants' subjective well-being (SWB). In addition, the construct validity of the ICD-11 CPTSD was assessed, and the ICD-11 and DSM-5 PTSD diagnoses among participants were compared. METHOD: The sample consisted of 609 ACOAs. Participants filled out the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5), International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), and the Children of Alcoholics Screening test (CAST-6). RESULTS: We observed many fewer PTSD cases when we followed the ICD-11 criteria compared to cases of PTSD diagnosed based on DSM-5 criteria among participants. In addition, latent profile analysis (LPA) did not provide evidence of the construct validity of CPTSD. Finally, we found heterogeneity of ACOAs sample in terms of PTSD/CPTSD profiles, which were differently related to their SWB. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to establish to what extent CPTSD and PTSD are separate and discrete disorders and why such discrepancy in PTSD level is observed when we follow either DSM-5 or ICD-11. In addition, the person-centered approach may provide more insight than variable-centered methods and thus, undermine the "uniformity myths" about ACOAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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OBJECTIVES: Trauma disclosure is one of the key concepts of the social-interpersonal model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to present the Polish adaptation of the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ). METHODS: The study was conducted among 120 participants (51 females and 69 males) aged 18-58 years (M = 34.52; SD = 9.95). The reliability of the DTQ was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. The validity of the DTQ compared to the scores acquired with the PTSD Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for reluctance to talk subscale, 0.74 for urge to talk subscale, 0.85 for emotional reactions subscale, and 0.85 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The intraclass correlation coefficients were high: 0.83 for reluctance to talk, 0.71 for urge to talk, 0.77 for emotional reactions, and 0.76 for the total DTQ questionnaire score. The factorial structure of the DTQ was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The DTQ subscale scores correlated positively with the severity of PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms, as well as the lack of social acknowledgement, as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The observed empirical results confirmed the satisfactory psychometric properties of the DTQ. This inventory may be useful for a broader understanding of how trauma disclosure is related to the social context of dealing with traumatic events.
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Revelação , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Polônia , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was first to examine the heterogeneity of body image and resources, as described by the conservation of resources theory (COR), in a sample of psoriatic patients and explore whether heterogeneity within these variables explains the possible differences in levels of life satisfaction among the participants. Second, we aimed to investigate if life satisfaction level among the observed profiles of psoriatic patients, extracted on the basis of their body image and resources, differed from that of the healthy comparison group. METHODS: The sample consisted of 735 participants, including 355 adults with a medical diagnosis of psoriasis and 380 healthy adults recruited from a non-clinical general population. Participants filled the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and the COR evaluation questionnaire. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis revealed four classes of psoriatic patients with different levels of resources and body image. The group with the highest level of resources and the most positive body image did not differ from the healthy comparison group regarding satisfaction with life. The group with the lowest level of resources and the most negative body image was characterized by the lowest satisfaction with life. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study may change the simplifying trend that highlights the traditionally very poor well-being of psoriatic patients. Moreover, the discovery of specific profiles of these patients, which differ with regard to psychological variables, can lead to rethinking contemporary forms of psychological counselling in psoriatic patients.
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Imagem Corporal/psicologia , Satisfação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Psoríase/psicologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Recursos em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study's main aims were to investigate the Big Five personality trait heterogeneity of study participants in two age groups and to examine whether these traits' heterogeneity can explain possible individual differences in meteoropathy intensity. METHOD: The sample was comprised of 758 participants divided into two age groups: 378 young adults (18-30 years old) and 380 older adults (60+ years old). The participants filled out online or paper versions of the METEO-Q questionnaire and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). RESULTS: A latent profile analysis of the completed inventories showed various personality profiles differ in meteoropathy intensity. However, personality's differentiating effect on meteoropathy was observed only among the young adult group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study's results indicate that there is no one personality trait pattern that fits all individuals regarding sensitivity to weather changes. This issue is especially visible when considering age differences.
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Inventário de Personalidade , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to explore the heterogeneity of resources, as described by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, in a sample of cancer and psoriatic patients and to investigate whether heterogeneity within resources explains differences in Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) level within each of these clinical samples and in a non-clinical control group. METHOD: The sample consisted of 925 participants, including 190 adults with a clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer, 355 adults with a medical diagnosis of psoriasis, and 380 non-clinical (without any chronic illnesses) adults, all of whom had suffered various adverse and traumatic events. The participants completed a COR evaluation questionnaire and a posttraumatic growth inventory. RESULTS: A latent profile analysis revealed four different classes of psoriatic patients and five classes of cancer patients, all with different resources levels. Clinical subsamples differed substantially with PTG levels compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not find a sole pattern of PTG that fit all the individuals, even for those who experienced the same type of traumatic event. Psychological counseling, in chronic illness particularly, should focus on the heterogenetic profiles of patients with different psychosocial characteristics.
ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: El objetivo fue explorar la heterogeneidad de los recursos, según la Teoría de la Conservación de los Recursos (COR), en pacientes con cáncer y pacientes con psoriasis, e investigar si la heterogeneidad de los recursos explica las diferencias en el crecimiento postraumático (CPT) en cada una de estas muestras clínicas y en un grupo control no clínico. MÉTODO: La muestra estaba formada en 925 participantes, divididos en 190 adultos con diagnóstico de cáncer gastrointestinal, 355 con diagnóstico médico de psoriasis y 380 adultos no clínicos (sin enfermedades crónicas). Todos ellos habían sufrido diversos efectos adversos y eventos traumáticos. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario de evaluación COR y un inventario de crecimiento postraumático. RESULTADOS: Un análisis de perfil latente reveló cuatro clases diferentes de pacientes con psoriasis y cinco de pacientes con cáncer, todos ellos con diferentes niveles de recursos. Las submuestras clínicas diferían sustancialmente con los niveles de CPT en comparación con los controles sanos. CONCLUSIONES: No se encontró un patrón único de CPT que se adaptara a todos los individuos, incluso en aquellos que experimentaron el mismo tipo de evento traumático. El asesoramiento psicológico, especialmente en enfermedades crónicas, debe centrarse en los perfiles heterogenéticos de pacientes con diferentes características psicosociales.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study is to examine the association between knowledge about the World War II (WWII)-related traumatic experiences of their ancestors and subjective well-being (SWB) of young adults, i.e., descendants of Polish survivors of WWII. Specifically, we focus on the life satisfaction and the mental, physical, and psychosocial well-being of our participants in relation to their knowledge about WWII trauma in their family histories. METHOD: The sample comprised 500 Polish young adults recruited from a nonclinical general population. Participants first filled out a questionnaire assessing their knowledge about traumatic events that their ancestors could have experienced during WWII (see grandparents/mothers, great-grandparents/mothers). After that, subjects were given inventories to assess their SWB, i.e., the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis was applied to extract profiles of participants differing with regard to the scope of knowledge about WWII-related traumatic experiences among ancestors. Specifically, six profiles were observed, and a general lack of knowledge about this kind of trauma in the family was characteristic of the sample. We also found differences in SWB across profiles of participants, with worse SWB in the profiles with the highest lack of knowledge about WWII-related traumatic experiences in the family. CONCLUSION: Our study adds to the literature on intergenerational trauma by applying a person-centred perspective, a methodological approach almost invisible in research on that topic. In addition, our findings can serve as a stimulus for more comprehensive debate on WWII trauma in Polish society.
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Família , Conhecimento , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , II Guerra Mundial , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Negociação , Satisfação Pessoal , Estatística como Assunto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine whether or not profiles of resources (i.e., a multifaceted picture that simultaneously includes different types of resources), as described by the conservation of resources (COR) theory, and profiles of body image (i.e., a multidimensional picture that simultaneously includes different aspects of body image) differ between females that represent two clinical samples (rheumatoid arthritis [RA]; breast cancer [BC]) and a healthy control group. METHOD: The sample comprised 328 females, including 141 women with RA, 102 with a BC diagnosis, and 85 healthy women as a control group, and was collected from the general population. To measure the level of COR resources in each participant, we used the COR evaluation questionnaire (COR-E). Participants' body image was assessed with the aid of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). RESULTS: A discriminant analysis revealed that females from the clinical groups differed with respect to their profiles of some resources and body image when compared to those of the healthy control group. In addition, we found differences in body image evaluations between women with RA and women with BC. CONCLUSIONS: Women with RA or BC differ substantially with respect to their subjectively assessed resources and body image when compared to women with no chronic diseases. Therefore, psychological counselling designed for females with RA or BC should be employed to help them restore the aspects altered by their respective illnesses.
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Artrite Reumatoide/psicologia , Imagem Corporal/psicologia , Neoplasias da Mama/psicologia , Autoimagem , Autoavaliação (Psicologia) , Adaptação Psicológica , Doença Crônica/psicologia , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Arthritis is a highly debilitating group of chronic diseases that affects both physical and psychosocial functioning. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between body image, subjective pain intensity and level of resources described by Conservation of Resources (COR) theory among arthritis patients. In particular, the moderating role of the participants' gender was explored via multiple linear regression analysis. 200 arthritis patients were recruited, including 141 females and 59 males. Body image was evaluated using the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, subjective pain intensity was measured via the Numerical Rating Scale and level of resources was assessed using the COR evaluation questionnaire. A negative relationship was confirmed between the level of satisfaction with body image and pain intensity among participants. A positive relationship was found between body-image subscales and level of COR resources. These relationships were moderated by the participants' gender, i.e. only among males a positive association between body image and pain and, respectively, body image and resources was found. Enhancing body awareness is an essential part of psychological counselling for patients with arthritis and our study added to the literature by showing how body image may be related to pain and resources in this patient group.