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Smart elevators provide substantial promise for time and energy management applications by utilizing cutting edge artificial intelligence and image processing technology. In order to improve operating efficiency, this project designs an elevator system that uses the YOLO model for object detection. Compared to traditional methods, our results show a 15% improvement in wait times and a 20% reduction in energy use. Due to the elevator's increased accuracy and dependability, users' qualitative feedback shows a high degree of pleasure. These results imply that intelligent elevator systems can make a significant contribution to more intelligent building management. Due to the elevator's increased accuracy and dependability, users' qualitative feedback shows a high degree of pleasure. These results imply that intelligent elevator systems can make a significant contribution to more intelligent building management. The successful integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and image processing technologies in elevator systems presents a promising foundation for future research and development. Further advancements in object detection algorithms, such as refining YOLO models for even higher accuracy and real-time adaptability, hold potential to enhance operational efficiency. Integrating smart elevators more deeply into IoT networks and building management systems could enable comprehensive energy management strategies and real-time decision-making. Predictive maintenance models tailored to elevator components could minimize downtime and optimize service schedules, enhancing overall reliability. Additionally, exploring adaptive user interfaces and personalized scheduling algorithms could further elevate user satisfaction by tailoring elevator interactions to individual preferences. Sustainable practices, including energy-efficient designs and integration of renewable energy sources, represent crucial avenues for reducing environmental impact. Addressing security concerns through advanced encryption and access control mechanisms will be essential for safeguarding sensitive data in smart elevator systems.
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Total laryngectomy is the primary treatment for locally advanced laryngeal carcinomas. However, routine thyroid removal (total or hemithyroidectomy) during this procedure is controversial, as the incidence of thyroid gland involvement varies and may lead to lifelong thyroid supplementation, increasing postoperative morbidity. The lack of a consensus on managing the thyroid gland in laryngeal carcinoma cases necessitates improved evaluation techniques, with radiology playing a crucial role in this aspect. Understanding the correlation between radiological factors and histopathological involvement of the thyroid gland can aid in formulating appropriate management strategies during total laryngectomy. To study the correlation of preoperative radiological factors with histopathological involvement of thyroid gland in laryngeal carcinomas. This was a retrospective study which included 57 patients who underwent total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of larynx. The pre-operative CT findings such as involvement of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, paraglottic space, anterior commissure, subglottis and thyroid gland along with transglottic extension of tumor were correlated with post-operative histopathological thyroid gland involvement. Cricoid cartilage erosion and thyroid gland involvement in CT scans individually exhibited positive likelihood ratios of 2.58 and 3.23, respectively, demonstrating a reasonable agreement with histopathological findings. The specificity of cricoid cartilage and thyroid gland involvement was also higher with values of 76.4% and 81%, respectively. Moreover, combining thyroid and cricoid cartilage erosion in CT scans as a predictive parameter for thyroid gland involvement resulted in a better likelihood ratio of 8.23 and a fair agreement with histopathological findings. We conclude that cricoid cartilage erosion and thyroid gland involvement in pre-operative CECT can be taken as a preoperative indicator for intraoperative decision on thyroidectomy.
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Intravenous (IV) catheterization is a common procedure. Still, there is a 26% chance of the first attempt catheterization failure due to the changing visibility of veins because of the patient's skin tone and body fat content. Ultrasound assistive devices help locate deeper veins but are not practical in emergencies, and transillumination assistive devices have a low field of view. Commercial near-infrared (NIR) imaging devices are effective in vein localization but are expensive and are not used in low-cost clinical settings. To overcome this, NIR Multispectral Imaging (MSI) was used to find the optimal wavelength that provides the enhanced visualization of veins for all skin types and Body Mass Index (BMI). The band with the highest vein-to-skin contrast ratio was selected and contrast enhancement was done using our proposed method. The primary blocks of the proposed method are Gamma correction, Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Adaptive Thresholding, and image Fusion. The optimal spectral range was found to be 814-876 nm and our method increased the contrast by 0.41, 0.375, and 0.39 for fair, brown, and dark brown skin types, respectively, with different BMI.Clinical relevance- From the study, we can develop a potentially low-cost vein localization assistive device for training medical and nursing students and use it in emergencies for venous access to improve confidence in IV catheterization.
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Diagnóstico por Imagem , Emergências , Humanos , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Veias/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia , PeleRESUMO
Endoscopic investigation is a predominant stan-dard while assessing the gastrointestinal tract. Even though it has been rigorously used in diagnostics for many decades, a high miss rate has been recorded. Advanced endoscopic imaging still has not found solutions to problems like early cancer detection, polyp generality, disease classification, etc. One of the less explored techniques to study early cancer detection is spectral imaging which deals with the absorption and reflection spectra of various wavelengths of light by different layers of tissue. To study tissues under various illumination, a multi-spectral light source unit that can be used along with an endoscopy system was developed with 10 different LEDs of very narrow bandwidths. Using this light source, a feasibility study was per-formed on an animal in which the upper GI tract of a porcine model was imaged and sample images were taken for processing from five different sections. Some wavelengths showed better contrast enhancements for visualization of vascular structures. Wavelength 420 nm (violet light) showed better contrast and the gradient of the line profile histogram showed the highest intensity change between the blood vessels and the surrounding mucosa. These enhancements showed that spectral imaging can potentially help in studying tissues for early cancer detection and improved visualization of the G I tract using endoscopy.
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Endoscopia Gastrointestinal , Neoplasias , Animais , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Trato Gastrointestinal , SuínosRESUMO
Human cerebral cancers are known to contain cell types resembling the varying stages of neural development. However, the basis of this association remains unclear. Here, we map the development of mouse cerebrum across the developmental time-course, from embryonic day 12.5 to postnatal day 365, performing single-cell transcriptomics on >100,000 cells. By comparing this reference atlas to single-cell data from >100 glial tumours of the adult and paediatric human cerebrum, we find that tumour cells have an expression signature that overlaps with temporally restricted, embryonic radial glial precursors (RGPs) and their immediate sublineages. Further, we demonstrate that prenatal transformation of RGPs in a genetic mouse model gives rise to adult cerebral tumours that show an embryonic/juvenile RGP identity. Together, these findings implicate the acquisition of embryonic-like states in the genesis of adult glioma, providing insight into the origins of human glioma, and identifying specific developmental cell types for therapeutic targeting.
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Cérebro , Glioma , Animais , Encéfalo , Criança , Glioma/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Neurogênese , TelencéfaloRESUMO
This work describes gold-catalyzed additions of vinyldiazo ketones to N-(o-alkynylphenyl)imines to yield 3-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indoles involving skeletal rearrangement; these new catalytic reactions are applicable to a wide range of substrates. We postulate a new mechanism involving an initial addition of diazo ketones to azomethine ylide intermediates to yield gold-containing N-alkylated indole intermediates that undergo proton-induced 1,3-group migrations, generating azallyl gold and allylic cation pairs.
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Gold-catalyzed oxidations of propargyl alcohols with nitrones by using a P(tBu)2 (o-biphenyl)Au+ catalyst, afforded bicyclic annulation products from the Mannich reactions of gold enolates. The same reactions of propargyl amines with nitrones by using the same gold catalyst gave distinct oxoarylation products. Our DFT calculations indicate that oxidation of propargyl alcohols with nitrones by using electron-rich gold catalysts lead only to gold carbenes, which can generate gold enolates or oxoarylation intermediates with enolate species having a barrier smaller than that of oxoarylation species.
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A challenge in water reuse for toilet flushing in India and other Asian countries derives from pour flushing practices. It is a common assumption that the amount of pour flushed water used for personal cleansing is small in comparison to the cistern flush volume, however there is a knowledge gap regarding the actual contribution of each water source to the blackwater amount. In this study, digital water meters were used to measure the fraction of water from personal wash tap relative to cistern water that is used for toilet flushing. High temporal resolution measurements were carried in three different urban sites in the city of Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu where onsite sanitation treatment prototypes that may provide reclaimed water for cistern flushing are being tested. Data collected over periods of up to 2 months show that the contribution of the cistern flush to the total blackwater volume is low (14-40%). These data highlight an important factor to inform interventions designed around water reuse for flushing in world geographies where personal toilet cleansing by water is the common practice.
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Gold-catalyzed bicyclic annulations of 4-methoxy-1,2-dienyl-5-ynes with isoxazoles afford indolizine derivatives with a structural rearrangement. The mechanism of these new annulations does not involve α-imino gold carbenes generated from gold π-alkyne intermediates. We postulate alkyne attack on gold π-allenes, yielding vinyl gold carbenes. These newly generated carbenes react with isoxazole derivatives to yield Z-3-imino-2-en-1-als, further enabling sequential cyclizations to deliver indolizine derivatives in two distinct classes.
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This work reports gold-catalyzed bicyclic annulations of 2-alkynyl-1-carbonylbenzenes with vinyldiazo ketones that serve as five-atom building units. The importance of these reactions is to access 4,5-dihydro-benzo[g]indazoles, which form the structural cores of various bioactive molecules. According to our mechanistic analysis, we postulate initial [5+4]-cycloadditions between benzopyrilium intermediates and vinyldiazo ketones, followed by 6-π-electrocyclizations to achieve the excellent stereoselectivity.
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Gold-catalyzed [4+1]-annulations of 4-methoxy-1,2-dienyl-5-ynes with anthranils are described. The mechanism of these annulations involves nitrene formation of α-imino gold carbenes that undergo a 1,2-allene shift to form (pyrrol-2-yl) methylgold intermediates. With allenyl ester substrates, these gold intermediates become enolate species to enable intramolecular aldol reactions to form useful pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives.
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This work reports new annulations of N-aryl ynamides with benzisoxazoles to form 6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. The synthetic utility of this new method is manifested by its applicability to access naturally occurring alkaloids including norcryptotackeine, neocryptolepine and 11-methylneocryptol-epine. Our experimental data indicate that high-temperature conditions allow N-aryl nucleophiles to become conformationally flexible, rendering the attack at gold carbenes effective to generate reactive indoles that attack again the benzaldehyde to furnish the observed products.
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Water quality and sanitation are inextricably linked to prevalence and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections, a public health concern in resource-limited settings. India bears a large burden of disease associated with poor sanitation. Transformative onsite sanitation technologies are being developed that feature elimination of pathogens including helminth eggs in wastewater treatment. We are conducting third-party testing of multiple sanitation technology systems in Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) India. To ensure stringent testing of the pathogen removal ability of sanitation technologies, the presence of helminth eggs in wastewater across the town of Coimbatore was assessed. Wastewater samples from existing test sites as well as desludging trucks servicing residential and non-residential septic tanks, were collected. The AmBic methodology (based on washing, sieving, sedimenting and floating) was used for helminth egg isolation. We tested 29 different source samples and found a 52% prevalence of potentially infective helminth eggs. Identification and enumeration of helminth species is reported against the septage source (private residential vs. shared toilet facility) and total solids content. Trichuris egg counts were higher than those of hookworm and Ascaris from desludging trucks, whereas hookworm egg counts were higher in fresh wastewater samples. Surprisingly, no correlation between soil transmitted helminth eggs and total solids was observed.
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Fezes/parasitologia , Helmintíase/epidemiologia , Helmintíase/transmissão , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/métodos , Solo/parasitologia , Águas Residuárias/parasitologia , Animais , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Saneamento , BanheirosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Traditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plant is slowly eroding. The exploration, identification and documentation on utilization of ethnobotanic resources are essential for restoration and preservation of ethnomedicinal knowledge about the plants and conservation of these species for greater interest of human society. METHODS: The study was conducted at fringe areas of Chilapatta Reserve Forest in the foothills of the eastern sub-Himalayan mountain belts of West Bengal, India, from December 2014 to May 2016. Purposive sampling method was used for selection of area. From this area which is inhabited by aboriginal community of Indo-Mongoloid origin, 400 respondents including traditional medicinal practitioners were selected randomly for personal interview schedule through open-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire covered aspects like plant species used as ethnomedicines, plant parts used, procedure for dosage and therapy. RESULTS: A total number of 140 ethnomedicinal species was documented, in which the tree species (55) dominated the lists followed by herbs (39) and shrubs (30). Among these total planted species used for ethnomedicinal purposes, 52 species were planted, 62 species growing wild or collected from the forest for use and 26 species were both wild and planted. The present study documented 61 more planted species as compared to 17 planted species documented in an ethnomedicinal study a decade ago. The documented species were used to treat 58 human diseases/ailments including nine species used to eight diseases/ailments of domestic animals. Stomach-related problems were treated by maximum number of plants (40 species) followed by cuts and wounds with 27 plant species and least with one species each for 17 diseases or ailments. Maximum number of 12 diseases/ailments was cured by Melia azedarach followed by Centella asiatica and Rauvolfia serpentina which were used to cure 11 diseases/ailments each. CONCLUSIONS: The list of 140 plant species indicates that the Chilapatta Reserve Forest and its fringe areas are rich in biodiversity of ethnobotanical plant species. Rauvolfia serpentina were the most valuable species in terms of its maximal use with higher use value. The documentation of 78 species maintained in the home gardens indicates the community consciousness on the conservation values of these ethnobotanical species. The communities should be encouraged with improved cultivation techniques of commercially viable ethnobotanical species through capacity building, timely policy intervention along with strong market linkage. This will ensure income generation and livelihood improvement and ultimate conservation of these species.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Medicina Tradicional , Plantas Medicinais , Etnobotânica , ÍndiaRESUMO
Background: Transformative sanitation technologies aim to treat fecal sludge (FS) by thermal processes and recover resources from it. There is a paucity of data describing the relevant properties of FS as viable feedstock for thermal treatment in major geographical target areas, such as India. Methods: This study characterized FS collected from septic tanks in two cities located in the Indian southern state of Tamil Nadu. FS samples were obtained at the point of discharge from trucks in Tiruppur (n=85 samples) and Coimbatore (n=50 samples). Additionally, biosolids obtained from sewage treatment plants (STP) in the cities of Coimbatore and Madurai were characterized. Total solids (TS) were measured, and proximate and ultimate analysis were conducted according to methods used by the fuel industry. Additionally, the ash content was analyzed for heavy metal using standard methods. Results: The average higher heating value (HHV) across all FS samples in Tiruppur (13.4 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than in Coimbatore (5.4 MJ/kg), which was partially attributed to the high ash content of 69% in the latter samples. The HHV of the biosolids samples ranged from 10 to 12.2 MJ/Kg. The average total solids (TS) content for FS was 3.3% and 2.0% for Tiruppur and Coimbatore respectively, while the median TS content for the two cities was 2.3% and 1.2%. The heavy metal content of the ash was found to be below the thresholds for land disposal. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies that has systematically characterized the calorific and mineral content of septage and biosolids in several cities in India. We expect these data to serve as input data in the design of thermal processes for fecal sludge treatment.
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Gold-catalyzed reactions of 6-allen-1-ynes with N-hydroxyanilines afford thermally stable benzoazepin-4-ones in anti-selectivity; these anti-configured products are easily isomerized to their syn-isomers on a silica column. The mechanism of reactions likely involve initial nitrone/allene cycloadditions, followed by skeletal rearrangement of resulting intermediates.
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Laccases are the model enzymes for multicopper oxidases and participate in several applications such as bioremediation, biopulping, textile, and food industries. Laccase producing bacterium, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2414, was subjected to optimization by conventional techniques and was partially purified using ammonium salt precipitation method. The agroresidue substrates used for higher yield of laccase were rice bran and wheat bran. Maximum production was achieved at temperature 30°C (270 ± 2.78 U/mL), pH 7.0 (345 ± 3.14 U/mL), and 96 h (267 ± 2.64 U/mL) of incubation. The carbon and nitrogen sources resulted in high enzyme yield at 3% sucrose (275 ± 3.11 U/mL) and 3% peptone (352.2 ± 4.32 U/mL) for rice bran and 3% sucrose (247.4 ± 3.51 U/mL) and 3% peptone (328 ± 3.33 U/mL) for wheat bran, respectively. The molecular weights of partially purified laccase were 52 kDa for rice bran and 55 kDa for wheat bran. The laccase exhibited optimal activity at 70°C (260.3 ± 6.15 U/mL), pH 9.0 (266 ± 4.02 U/mL), and metal ion CuSO4 (141.4 ± 6.64) was found to increase the production. This is the first report that delivers the higher yield of laccase produced from B. subtilis MTCC 2414 using agroresidues as a potential substrate.