Sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos: Ensanut 2022.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 evaluó la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva mediante la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-7). En adolescentes se estimó el puntaje promedio y en adultos la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva. RESULTADOS: En adolescentes el puntaje promedio de la CESD-7 fue 3.2. El 16.7% de los adultos tiene sintomatología depresiva, siendo mayor en adultos mayores (38.3%) que en adultos (11.3%). Se observaron mayores prevalencias en mujeres, adultos con índice de bienestar bajo y en adultos mayores residentes del área rural. Conclusión. A nivel nacional la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva es similar a lo estimado en 2018-19. Se deben orientar acciones para mejorar la salud mental de la población, particularmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento de personas con mayor sintomatología depresiva como son mujeres, adultos con bajo índice de bienestar y residentes de área rural.

Conducta suicida en México: análisis comparativo entre población adolescente y adulta.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia nacional de conductas suicidas en población adolescente y adulta, por características sociodemográficas, con los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut 2022). Material y métodos. A partir de la Ensanut 2022 se analizan preguntas similares en adolescentes y adultos relacionadas con pensamiento e intento de suicidio alguna vez en la vida y en los últimos 12 meses. RESULTADOS: El 7.6% de la población adolescente y 7.7% de la población adulta pensó alguna vez en suicidarse. La prevalencia de intento de suicidio alguna vez en la vida fue de 6.5% en adolescentes y 3.5% en adultos, y 3.1% en adolescentes y 0.6% en adultos para los últimos 12 meses. Las mujeres reportaron la mayor prevalencia en comparación con los hombres, tanto en pensamiento como en intentos de suicidio. Conclusión. Los hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de establecer la prevención del suicidio en jóvenes como una prioridad en la agenda nacional de salud.

Impacto de las lesiones accidentales e intencionales en México. Hallazgos del estudio Global Burden of Disease para 1990 y 2021 / Impact of accidental and intentional injuries in Mexico. Findings of the Global Burden of Disease study for 1990 and 2021

Resumen Antecedentes: Análisis previos sobre la carga de la enfermedad en México identificaron que las lesiones afectan de manera diferenciada a hombres, personas jóvenes y en edad productiva. Objetivo: Analizar la carga de la enfermedad por lesiones intencionales y no intencionales en México durante 1990 y 2021 en los ámbitos nacional y estatal. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron los resultados del Global Burden of Disease respecto al período 1990-2021 para describir la carga de la enfermedad por las principales causas de lesiones en México; se analizaron los años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP), los años vividos con discapacidad (AVD) y los años de vida saludable perdidos (AVISA). Resultados: La carga de la enfermedad relacionada con lesiones intencionales se ha incrementado, al igual que los AVD y AVISA por lesiones no intencionales. Los hombres continúan presentando tasas de mortalidad y AVISA más altas comparados con las mujeres. La violencia interpersonal y el suicidio se han incrementado de manera sostenida El análisis por estados mostró patrones con variaciones importantes. Conclusiones: Las lesiones generan consecuencias catastróficas en términos de mortalidad y discapacidad en México. Es indispensable impulsar y reforzar los programas y políticas para mejorar el sistema de datos y la prevención de lesiones.

Abstract Background: Previous analyses on the burden of disease in Mexico identified that injuries differentially affect young people, males and working-age people. Objective: To analyze the burden of disease due to intentional and unintentional injuries in Mexico during 1990 and 2021, at the national and state levels. Material and methods: The results of the Global Burden of Disease study for the 1990-2021 period were used to describe the burden of disease attributed to injuries in Mexico. The life years lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were analyzed. Results: The burden of disease related to intentional injuries has increased, as also have YLDs and DALYs associated with unintentional injuries. Men continue to have higher mortality and DALY rates compared to women. Interpersonal violence and suicide have steadily increased. The analysis by state showed patterns with important variations. Conclusions: Injuries generate catastrophic consequences in terms of mortality and disability in Mexico. It is necessary to promote and strengthen programs and policies in order to improve the data system and injury prevention.

Impact of accidental and intentional injuries in Mexico. Findings of the Global Burden of Disease study for 1990 and 2021.

BACKGROUND: Previous analyses on the burden of disease in Mexico identified that injuries differentially affect young people, males and working-age people. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the burden of disease due to intentional and unintentional injuries in Mexico during 1990 and 2021, at the national and state levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of the Global Burden of Disease study for the 1990-2021 period were used to describe the burden of disease attributed to injuries in Mexico. The life years lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were analyzed. RESULTS: The burden of disease related to intentional injuries has increased, as also have YLDs and DALYs associated with unintentional injuries. Men continue to have higher mortality and DALY rates compared to women. Interpersonal violence and suicide have steadily increased. The analysis by state showed patterns with important variations. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries generate catastrophic consequences in terms of mortality and disability in Mexico. It is necessary to promote and strengthen programs and policies in order to improve the data system and injury prevention.

ANTECEDENTES: Análisis previos sobre la carga de la enfermedad en México identificaron que las lesiones afectan de manera diferenciada a hombres, personas jóvenes y en edad productiva. OBJETIVO: Analizar la carga de la enfermedad por lesiones intencionales y no intencionales en México durante 1990 y 2021 en los ámbitos nacional y estatal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los resultados del Global Burden of Disease respecto al período 1990-2021 para describir la carga de la enfermedad por las principales causas de lesiones en México; se analizaron los años perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP), los años vividos con discapacidad (AVD) y los años de vida saludable perdidos (AVISA). RESULTADOS: La carga de la enfermedad relacionada con lesiones intencionales se ha incrementado, al igual que los AVD y AVISA por lesiones no intencionales. Los hombres continúan presentando tasas de mortalidad y AVISA más altas comparados con las mujeres. La violencia interpersonal y el suicidio se han incrementado de manera sostenida El análisis por estados mostró patrones con variaciones importantes. CONCLUSIONES: Las lesiones generan consecuencias catastróficas en términos de mortalidad y discapacidad en México. Es indispensable impulsar y reforzar los programas y políticas para mejorar el sistema de datos y la prevención de lesiones.

Barreras para la atención de las conductas suicidas en Ciudad de México: experiencias del personal de salud en el primer nivel de atención / Barriers to Care of Suicidal Behavior in Mexico City: Health Personnel Experiences at the First Level of Care / Barreiras para a atenção das condutas suicidas na Cidade do México: experiências dos profissionais de saúde na atenção básica

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las barreras que existen para la atención de las conductas suicidas, desde la perspectiva de las/los profesionales de la salud mental del primer nivel de atención de la Ciudad de México. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo exploratorio, basado en 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas, dirigidas a personal de salud de dos unidades de salud mental de referencia nacional. El análisis de la información se hizo mediante el Framework Analysis. Resultados: Las/los participantes consideraron que las conductas suicidas no han sido definidas como una prioridad dentro de los trastornos de salud mental. La ausencia de políticas públicas, la sobrecarga de trabajo, la falta de seguimiento a las/los pacientes, entre otras, fueron identificadas como barreras para una atención adecuada y oportuna. Conclusiones: Los programas de prevención de las conductas suicidas deben tomar en cuenta el contexto socioeconómico de la población y las características de los servicios de salud, así como las necesidades de las personas prestadoras de servicios de salud. Se requiere ampliar el entrenamiento profesional y mejorar el sistema de referencia y contrarreferencia entre los distintos niveles de atención.

Abstract Objective: To identify the existing barriers to the care of suicidal behavior from the perspective of mental health professionals at the first level of care in Mexico City. Methodology: Qualitative exploratory study based on 35 semi-structured interviews conducted on health personnel from two national reference mental health facilities. The data were analyzed with Framework Analysis. Results: The participants considered that suicidal behavior has not been prioritized among mental health disorders. The absence of public policies, work overload, lack of patient follow-up, among others, were identified as barriers to adequate and timely care. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior prevention programs should consider the socioeconomic context of the population, the characteristics of health services, and the needs of health care providers. Professional training should be enhanced, and the referral and counter-referral system across levels of care should be improved.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as barreiras existentes para a atenção das condutas suicidas, desde a perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde mental de atenção básica da Cidade do México. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo exploratório, baseado em 35 entrevistas semiestruturadas, dirigidas a profissionais de saúde de duas unidades de saúde mental de referência nacional. A análise da informação foi feita através do Framework Analysis. Resultados: Os participantes consideraram que as condutas suicidas não têm sido definidas como uma prioridade dentro dos transtornos de saúde mental. A ausência de políticas públicas, a sobrecarga de trabalho, a falta de seguimento aos pacientes, entre outras, foram identificadas como barreiras para uma atenção adequada e oportuna. Conclusões: Os programas de prevenção das condutas suicidas devem considerar o contexto socioeconômico da população e as características dos serviços de saúde, além das necessidades dos profissionais de saúde. É necessário ampliar o treinamento profissional e melhorar o sistema de referência e contrarreferência entre os diferentes níveis de atenção.

Comparison of suicide attempts among nationally representative samples of Mexican adolescents 12 months before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: There is serious concern over the increase in mental health problems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. METHODS: Based on data from two Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 2018-2019 and 2020 (n = 17,925 and 4,913, respectively), we estimated the prevalence of suicide attempts among adolescents 10-19 years old in the previous year. We constructed a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics and contextual variables for the Covid-19 pandemic. RESULTS: The prevalence of suicide attempts in the previous year was similar in both surveys. We found that women, youth in urban localities and individuals living in households where a family member had lost her/his job as a result of the Covid-19 contingency were more likely to attempt suicide compared to their counterparts. On the other hand, attending classes online proved to be a protective factor (aOR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1, 0.8, p = 0.022). LIMITATIONS: The principal limitation of our study concerned the restricted size of our sample for the 2020 survey wave. CONCLUSIONS: Population-level policies aimed at providing economic protection and helping youth to return to school would exert a favorable impact on the mental health and suicidal behavior of youths.

Suicidal behaviour in adolescents: Educational interventions in Mexico.

Suicide in adolescents constitutes a public health problem throughout the world. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of suicidal behaviour in a public middle school in Mexico and to implement appropriate educational interventions in the school and community contexts. Our work took place from September 2017 to July 2018. We conducted a quasi-experimental, mixed-methodology study with 12-year-old students in first year of middle school (n = 29), using an educational intervention approach within the frame of the Life Skills Education methodology. We included family members and academic staff in the study with the view of sensitising them to suicidal behaviour. At the community level, we worked with the adolescent and adult populations to form 'gatekeepers' (guardians). We administered a questionnaire on psychosocial indicators of depression and suicide risk to 383 students in their first-to-third years of middle school. Other questionnaires were applied, and life skills focus groups (FGs) were organised with the educational intervention participants. The questionnaires addressed suicidal behaviour in adolescents, alcohol consumption, life skills and prosociality. Prevalence of attempted suicide cases came to 14.1% (95 CI% 10.7-17.9), the average age of those who reported having hurt themselves with the purpose of taking their lives was 12.9 years, 75% of those who had attempted suicide were female and 64.8% had consumed alcohol. The educational intervention with students achieved a statistically significant increase in the life skills of participants, specifically as regards self-awareness and overall scores. The family members in the FGs developed greater awareness of suicidal behaviour, and the adolescents engaged at the community level significantly broadened (p < .05) their knowledge of depression. In developing countries such as Mexico, it is essential not only to increase the number of interventions for preventing suicidal behaviour in adolescents, but also to improve instruments for measuring the extent of the problem.

Violencia en el hogar contra mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19 en México / Violence at home against adult women during the confinement by the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de violencia en el hogar y factores individuales, familiares y comunitarios asociados en mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 con representación nacional. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por variables de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia fue de 5.8%. Los actos más reportados fueron gritos, insultos o amenazas (4.3%). La mayoría de las mujeres que reportaron cualquiera de los tipos de violencia ya la había experimentado antes del confinamiento. Los niveles bajos de bienestar (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.28,2.99) y vivir en algún hogar donde se perdió un empleo por la contingencia (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.41,2.73) resultaron asociados. Conclusiones: En las intervenciones de atención es necesario tomar en cuenta factores que profundizan la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres como la violencia preexistente y la pérdida de empleo.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of domestic violence in adult women during confinement derived from the Covid-19 pandemic and individual, familiar and communitarian associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis was carried out the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19, with national representation. A logistic regression model adjusted for the variables of interest was performed. Results: The prevalence was 5.8%. The most reported acts were shouting, insults or threats (4.3%). Most of the women who reported some type of violence in the home had already experienced it before the confinement. Low levels of well-being (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.28,2.99), and living in a home where job was lost due to contingency (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.41,2.73) were associated factors. Conclusions: In care interventions, it is necessary to take into account factors that deepen the vulnerability of women, such as pre-existing violence and loss of employment.

Análisis comparativo del marco legal en salud mental y suicidio en México / Comparative analysis of the legal framework on mental health and suicide in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar el marco legislativo y normativo en salud mental y suicidio en México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de los principales ordenamientos jurídicos en materia de salud mental y suicidio, vigentes hasta septiembre de 2020, de las 32 entidades de México y del nivel federal. Resultados: Se analizaron 51 documentos. Sólo 14 entidades cuentan con una Ley de Salud Mental y dos estados tienen una Ley de Suicidio. A nivel federal, se definen los lineamientos de atención de la conducta suicida en las normas técnicas de la Secretaría de Salud. Sin embargo, en las leyes de salud, nacional o estatales, han existido omisiones al respecto. La prevención no se define a profundidad en la mayoría de los documentos analizados. Conclusiones: Es prioritario impulsar leyes integrales de salud mental y conducta suicida armonizadas en el ámbito nacional.

Abstract: Objective: Analyze the legislative and normative framework on mental health and suicide in Mexico. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis of the main legal systems on mental health and suicide, in force until September 2020, of the 32 entities in Mexico and at the federal level was carried out. Results: 51 documents were analyzed. Only 14 states have a mental health law and two states have a law on suicide. At the federal level, the guidelines for the care of suicidal behavior are defined in the technical standards issued by the health ministry. However, in both state and national health laws, there has been omissions in this regard. Prevention is not defined in depth in most of the documents analyzed. Conclusions: It is a priority to promote comprehensive laws on mental health and suicidal behavior harmonized at the national level.

Comparative Analysis of Lifetime Suicide Attempts among Mexican Adolescents, over the Past 12 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the occurrence of suicide attempts across nationally representative samples of the Mexican adolescent population over the past 12 years, and to analyze its association with sociodemographic, lifestyle and mental-health indicators. METHODOLOGY: Data were drawn from the 2006, 2012 and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (n = 25,056; 21,509; and 17,925 adolescents, respectively). Estimates were based on standardized measurements. RESULTS: The estimated lifetime prevalence rates of suicide attempts were 1.1% in 2006, 2.7% in 2012, and 3.9% in 2018, indicating a 3.4-fold increase. Across the three survey periods, women yielded rates nearly three times higher than men. Lifetime prevalence grew the most among adolescents aged 13-15 years. Compared to the other respondents, the odds of lifetime suicide attempts proved seven times as high for those who had been sexually abused during their childhood, five times as high for those who had been diagnosed with a depressive disorder, three times as high for those who had suffered physical aggression and twice as high for those who had smoked 100+ cigarettes in their lifetimes and those who consumed alcohol. CONCLUSION: The sharp increase in suicide attempts in Mexico calls for an urgent public-health response via universal and targeted interventions supported by national policy and sustained federal funding.

[Comparative analysis of the legal framework on mental health and suicide in Mexico]. / Análisis comparativo del marco legal en salud mental y suicidio en México.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the legislative and normative framework on mental health and suicide in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis of the main legal systems on mental health and suicide, in force until September 2020, of the 32 entities in Mexico and at the federal level was carried out. RESULTS: 51 documents were analyzed. Only 14 states have a mental health law and two states have a law on suicide. At the federal level, the guidelines for the care of suicidal behavior are defined in the technical standards issued by the Health Ministry. However, in both state and national health laws, there have been omissions in this regard. Prevention is not defined in depth in most of the documents analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: It is a priority to promote comprehensive laws on mental health and suicidal behavior harmonized at the national level.

Violencia en el hogar contra mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19 en México.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of domestic violence in adult women during confinement derived from the Co-vid-19 pandemic and individual, familiar and communitarian associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A second-ary analysis was carried out the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19, with national representation. A logistic regression model adjusted for the variables of interest was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence was 5.8%. The most reported acts were shouting, insults or threats (4.3%). Most of the women who reported some type of violence in the home had already experienced it before the confinement. Low levels of well-being (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.28,2.99), and living in a home where job was lost due to contingency (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.41,2.73) were associated factors. CONCLUSIONS: In care interventions, it is necessary to take into account factors that deepen the vulnerability of women, such as pre-existing violence and loss of employment.

Disrespect and Abuse in Obstetric Care in Mexico: An Observational Study of Deliveries in Four Hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: To identify and describe the frequency and characteristics of disrespect and abuse practices towards women during facility-based delivery in four hospitals in two Mexican states in 2017, using a mixed method of direct observation and women's reports of health care experiences. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed to describe disrespect and abuse practices in obstetric care (interactions or conditions that are experienced as or intended to be humiliating or undignified) committed by healthcare providers. We included all pregnant women admitted for childbirth (vaginal and cesarean). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with women, prior to discharge, regarding their experience at delivery. RESULTS: 867 deliveries were observed. 18.8% of women (n = 163) experienced at least one disrespect and abuse event, especially at secondary care facilities. There were a total of 493 disrespect and abuse events, which, on average, represents three events per woman (39.4% were verbal abuse, 32% were physical abuse, and 28.6% were discrimination). In the majority of cases (> 50%), women did not give consent to not recommended invasive procedures and were not provided with adequate information to those procedures. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Direct observation and interviews was a useful tool to identify disrespectful and abusive practices during delivery care. Our findings provide new evidence of the frequency and characteristics of disrespect and abuse during delivery care in Mexico, which can be used to inform maternal health programs. Additionally, these results encourage the creation of surveillance policies and committees in order to guarantee violence-free and dignified treatment of women during delivery care.

Living Conditions of Adolescents Who Have Attempted Suicide in Mexico.

Suicidal behavior represents a complex public health problem, with a rising number of suicide attempts registered among Mexican adolescents. We undertook a qualitative study in order to understand the living conditions of adolescents who had attempted to take their lives in five Mexican states. We interviewed 37 adolescents who had engaged in suicide attempts in the year prior to our study. To code and analyze the information, we defined the following three categories of living conditions as social determinants of health for adolescents: poverty and vulnerability, education, and health care. To this end, we followed the methodology proposed by Taylor and Bogdan, and used Atlas.ti 7.5.18 software for analyses. Among our findings, we noted that poverty, manifested primarily as material deprivation, rendered the daily lives of our interviewees precarious, compromising even their basic needs. All the young people analyzed had either received medical, psychological, and/or psychiatric care as outpatients or had been hospitalized. School played a positive role in referring adolescents with suicidal behavior to health services; however, it also represented a high-risk environment. Our findings highlight the urgent need to implement a national intersectoral strategy as part of comprehensive public policy aimed at improving the health of adolescents in Mexico.

Unintentional injuries in Mexico, 1990-2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: To date, the burden of injury in Mexico has not been comprehensively assessed using recent advances in population health research, including those in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). METHODS: We used GBD 2017 for burden of unintentional injury estimates, including transport injuries, for Mexico and each state in Mexico from 1990 to 2017. We examined subnational variation, age patterns, sex differences and time trends for all injury burden metrics. RESULTS: Unintentional injury deaths in Mexico decreased from 45 363 deaths (44 662 to 46 038) in 1990 to 42 702 (41 439 to 43 745) in 2017, while age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 65.2 (64.4 to 66.1) in 1990 to 35.1 (34.1 to 36.0) per 100 000 in 2017. In terms of non-fatal outcomes, there were 3 120 211 (2 879 993 to 3 377 945) new injury cases in 1990, which increased to 5 234 214 (4 812 615 to 5 701 669) new cases of injury in 2017. We estimated 2 761 957 (2 676 267 to 2 859 777) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to injuries in Mexico in 1990 compared with 2 376 952 (2 224 588 to 2 551 004) DALYs in 2017. We found subnational variation in health loss across Mexico's states, including concentrated burden in Tabasco, Chihuahua and Zacatecas. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, from 1990 to 2017, mortality due to unintentional injuries has decreased, while non-fatal incident cases have increased. However, unintentional injuries continue to cause considerable mortality and morbidity, with patterns that vary by state, age, sex and year. Future research should focus on targeted interventions to decrease injury burden in high-risk populations.

Individual Contribution of Youth Antisocial Symptoms to Suicide Behavior in Adults with Substance Use Disorders.

This study assesses the individual contribution of youth symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (before the age of 15) in past-month suicidal behavior in adults with substance use disorders. Youth antisocial symptoms and suicidal behavior were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Indicators of youth antisocial symptoms were significantly associated with suicide outcomes; lack of remorse (OR = 2.68 CI 95% 1.37, 5.25), and sexual assault with planning, and destruction of property to attempt (OR = 4.22 CI 95% 1.29, 15.08). Our results suggest that specific antisocial indicators during adolescence could be associated with suicide in adulthood, even after controlling for major depressive disorder. Further implications for the research of antisocial symptoms and suicide behavior from a developmental perspective are discussed.

[Child sexual abuse in Mexico: risk behaviors and mental healthindicators in adolescents]. / Abuso sexual infantil en México:conductas de riesgo e indicadoresde salud mental en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) in adolescent population with National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19 data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaire for adolescents (10 to 19 years old) was analyzed and carry out a stratified analysis and a logistic regression model adjusted for variables of interest. RESULTS: The prevalence of CSA in adolescent population is 2.5% (3.8% for women and 1.2% for men). Among women, CSA was associated with age, marital status, locality type, excessive alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatol-ogy and suicidal thoughts. Among men, CSA was associated with socioeconomical level, depressive symptomatology and suicidal thoughts. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with greater preci-sion and periodicity as well as access to health and justice services are urgent.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de abuso sexual infantil (ASI) por sexo en adolescentes a partir de la Encuesta Nacio-nal de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19 y analizar las asociaciones con características sociodemográficas, conductas de riesgo e indicadores de salud mental. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó el cuestionario para población adolescente (10-19 años), se estimaron prevalencias de ASI y se realizó un mo-delo de regresión logística ajustado por variables de interés. Resultados. La prevalencia nacional de ASI es de 2.5% (3.8. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia nacional de ASI es de 2.5% (3.8% mujeres y 1.2% hombres). Entre las mujeres se encontró asociación con la edad, el estado conyugal, el tipo de localidad, el consumo excesivo de alcohol, la sintomatología depresiva y los pensamientos suicidas. Entre los hombres, se encontró asociación con el nivel socioeconómico, la sintomatología depresiva y los pensamientos suicidas. CONCLUSIONES: Es urgente realizar estudios con mayor precisión y periodicidad y garantizar el acceso a los servicios de salud y de justicia posevento.

Abuso sexual infantil en México: conductas de riesgo e indicadores de salud mental en adolescentes / Child sexual abuse in Mexico: risk behaviors and mental health indicators in adolescents

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de abuso sexual infantil (ASI) por sexo en adolescentes a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19 y analizar las asociaciones con características sociodemográficas, conductas de riesgo e indicadores de salud mental. Material y métodos: Se analizó el cuestionario para población adolescente (10-19 años), se estimaron prevalencias de ASI y se realizó un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por variables de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional de ASI es de 2.5% (3.8% mujeres y 1.2% hombres). Entre las mujeres se encontró asociación con la edad, el estado conyugal, el tipo de localidad, el consumo excesivo de alcohol, la sintomatología depresiva y los pensamientos suicidas. Entre los hombres, se encontró asociación con el nivel socioeconómico, la sintomatología depresiva y los pensamientos suicidas. Conclusiones: Es urgente realizar estudios con mayor precisión y periodicidad y garantizar el acceso a los servicios de salud y de justicia posevento.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse (CSA) in adolescent population with National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19 data. Materials and methods: Questionnaire for adolescents (10 to 19 years old) was analyzed and carry out a stratified analysis and a logistic regression model adjusted for variables of interest. Results: The prevalence of CSA in adolescent population is 2.5% (3.8% for women and 1.2% for men). Among women, CSA was associated with age, marital status, locality type, excessive alcohol consumption, depressive symptomatology and suicidal thoughts. Among men, CSA was associated with socioeconomical level, depressive symptomatology and suicidal thoughts. Conclusions: Studies with greater precision and periodicity as well as access to health and justice services are urgent.

Obstetric violence criminalised in Mexico: a comparative analysis of hospital complaints filed with the Medical Arbitration Commission.

INTRODUCTION: Disrespect and abuse during childbirth have been reported by numerous countries around the world. One of their principal manifestations is the performance of invasive or surgical procedures without the informed consent of women. Non-dignified treatment is the second most common form of this conduct. Five Mexican states have classified obstetric violence as a crime: Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Guerrero, the State of Mexico and Veracruz. The others have not yet done so although it is provided for in their civil and administrative regulations. OBJECTIVE: To analyse whether criminalising obstetric violence has been conducive to the recognition and observance of the reproductive rights of women, based on the records of poor health care complaints filed by women with the Medical Arbitration Commissions (CAMs by their Spanish initials) in two Mexican states. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Analysis included two states with similar partner demographic and maternal health indicators but different legal classifications of obstetric violence: the Chiapas has criminalized this form of violence while Oaxaca has not. We reviewed the records of obstetric care complaints filed with CAMs in both states from 2011 to 2015, all of them concluded and including full information. RESULTS: Differences were observed regarding the contents of complaints, specifically in the categories of abuse, discrimination and neglect during childbirth. The narratives in the other complaint categories were similar between states. CONCLUSION: After analysing the records of malpractice complaints in Chiapas and Oaxaca, we conclude that the differentiated legal status of obstetric violence has not influenced recognition or observance of the reproductive rights of women. Criminalising obstetric violence has not improved care provided by health personnel.

[Disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion in Latin America: systematic review and meta-analysisDesrespeito e maus-tratos durante o parto e o aborto na América Latina: revisão sistemática e meta-análise]. / Irrespeto y maltrato durante el parto y el aborto en América Latina: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis.

OBJECTIVE: This review synthesizes the evidence (quantitative, general, and by typological categories) of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion in health facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS: Systematic searches identified 18 primary studies. Q and I2 were calculated, meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed, and subgroups were analyzed using a DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model grouped by inverse variance and the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. RESULTS: Studies conducted in five Latin American countries were identified. No studies from the Caribbean were found. The aggregate prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion was 39%. The aggregated prevalence of the phenomenon in childbirth was 43% and 29% during abortion. The high heterogeneity made it impossible to generate aggregate measures according to typological categories. Nevertheless, the frequencies of specific forms of the phenomenon were grouped typologically. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that disrespect and abuse during childbirth and abortion care are human-rights and public-health problems that are prevalent in some countries of the Region. It is necessary to reach international consensus on the definition and operationalization of this problem and to develop standardized methods for its measurement. Doing so is essential in order to achieve the targets of the 2030 Agenda related to reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality and eliminating all forms of violence and discrimination against women.

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão sintetiza as evidências quantitativas, gerais e desagregadas por categorias tipológicas do desrespeito e maus-tratos na atenção institucional ao parto e ao aborto na América Latina e Caribe. MÉTODOS: Dezoito estudos primários foram identificados por meio de buscas sistemáticas. Foi feito o cálculo de Q e I2 e realizadas meta-análises, metarregressões e análises de subgrupos com um modelo de DerSimonian e Laird de efeitos aleatórios agrupados com variância inversa e transformação de Freeman-Tukey (duplo arco-seno). RESULTADOS: Foram identificados estudos realizados em cinco países da América Latina. Não foi identificado nenhum estudo no Caribe. Observou-se uma prevalência agregada de 39% de desrespeito e maus-tratos durante o parto e o aborto. A medida agregada para este fenômeno durante o parto foi 43% e a medida agregada nos casos de aborto foi 29%. Devido à alta heterogeneidade, não foi possível gerar medidas agregadas segundo categorias tipológicas. No entanto, são descritas as frequências de formas específicas do fenômeno agrupadas tipologicamente. CONCLUSÕES: As evidências indicam que o desrespeito e os maus-tratos na atenção ao parto e ao aborto são uma questão de direitos humanos e de saúde pública prevalente em alguns países da Região. É preciso chegar a um consenso internacional sobre a definição e a operacionalização deste problema e elaborar métodos padronizados para mensurá-lo. Isso é imprescindível para o alcance das metas da Agenda 2030 relativas à redução da morbidade e mortalidade materna e perinatal e à eliminação de todas as formas de violência e discriminação contra a mulher.