Community Health Workers-Promotores de Salud in Mexico: History and Potential for Building Effective Community Actions.

This article takes a historical perspective combining 3 illustrative examples of the origins of the community health worker (CHW) model in Mexico, as a community-based participatory strategy. Three examples were identified from the sparse literature about CHWs in Mexico emphasizing their key roles and functions in various community settings. The CHW models illustrate what is known of training-development and planning, implementation, and evaluation of the CHWs model in different settings addressing cardiovascular disease and risk factors. The potential exists for integrating CHW projects to expand the health promotion model with new emphasis on municipality and regional participation.

European Code Against Cancer: what does the Spanish population know and think about its recommendations?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Spanish population's knowledge of and beliefs regarding the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) recommendations. This was a cross-sectional, observational, multicentric study that used self-administered surveys. Ten individuals, between the ages of 15 and 69 years old, were enrolled by each participating primary care professional in their respective surgery consultations. This study used 2058 individuals who were recruited by 205 professionals from 106 health centres. Their average age was 41.5 years (52.2% women). The majority believe that smoking [94.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 93.1-95.2], sun exposure (91%; 95% CI: 89.7-92.3) and alcoholism (72.1%; 95% CI: 70.1-74.1) are factors related to cancer. The least relevant are infection by the hepatitis B virus (25.7%; 95% CI: 23.8-27.7) and having multiple sexual partners (25%; 95% CI: 23.1-26.9). In all, 86.7% (95% CI: 85.2-88.2) had never heard about the ECAC. Patients adequately identify the carcinogenic effect of tobacco, alcohol or sun exposure. Moreover, they inadequately identify having hepatitis B and multiple sexual partners as being related to cancer. A large majority of individuals have not heard of the ECAC, which raises the need to conduct outreach campaigns at an institutional level and/or through scientific associations and activities promoting health education among primary care professionals.

Contribution of formative research to design an environmental program for obesity prevention in schools in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the methods and key findings of formative research conducted to design a school-based program for obesity prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formative research was based on the ecological model and the principles of social marketing. A mixed method approach was used. Qualitative (direct observation, indepth interviews, focus group discussions and photo-voice) and quantitative (closed ended surveys, checklists, anthropometry) methods were employed. RESULTS: Formative research key findings, including barriers by levels of the ecological model, were used for designing a program including environmental strategies to discourage the consumption of energy dense foods and sugar beverages. CONCLUSION: Formative research was fundamental to developing a context specific obesity prevention program in schools that seeks environment modification and behavior change.

Contribution of formative research to design an environmental program for obesity prevention in schools in Mexico City / Contribución de la investigación formativa para el diseño de un programa para la prevención de obesidad en escuelas de la Ciudad de México

Objective. This paper describes the methods and key findings of formative research conducted to design a school-based program for obesity prevention. Materials and methods. Formative research was based on the ecological model and the principles of social marketing. A mixed method approach was used. Qualitative (direct observation, indepth interviews, focus group discussions and photo-voice) and quantitative (closed ended surveys, checklists, anthropometry) methods were employed. Results. Formative research key findings, including barriers by levels of the ecological model, were used for designing a program including environmental strategies to discourage the consumption of energy dense foods and sugar beverages. Conclusion. Formative research was fundamental to developing a context specific obesity prevention program in schools that seeks environment modification and behavior change.

Objetivo. Describir los aspectos metodológicos y principales resultados de una investigación formativa realizada para diseñar un programa ambiental para la prevención de obesidad en escuelas. Material y métodos. La investigación formativa se basó en el modelo ecológico y los principios del mercadeo social. Se utilizó un enfoque de métodos mixtos: cualitativos (observación directa, entrevistas en profundidad, grupos de discusión y foto-voz) y cuantitativos (cuestionarios cerrados, inventarios de alimentos y bebidas, antropometría). Resultados. Los principales resultados de la investigación formativa, incluyendo las barreras identificadas en los niveles del modelo ecológico, fueron contemplados para el diseño del programa, que incluyó estrategias ambientales para desincentivar el consumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética y bebidas azucaradas. Conclusión. La investigación formativa fue fundamental para diseñar un programa de prevención de obesidad para la modificación del ambiente y cambios de comportamientos, factible y adaptado al contexto de las escuelas públicas de la Ciudad de México.

Scripted messages delivered by nurses and radio changed beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors regarding infant and young child feeding in Mexico.

Scalable interventions are needed to improve infant and young child feeding (IYCF). We evaluated whether an IYCF nutrition communication strategy using radio and nurses changed beliefs, attitudes, social norms, intentions, and behaviors related to breastfeeding (BF), dietary diversity, and food consistency. Women with children 6-24 mo were randomly selected from 6 semi-urban, low-income communities in the Mexican state of Morelos (intervention, n = 266) and from 3 comparable communities in Puebla (control, n = 201). Nurses delivered only once 5 scripted messages: BF, food consistency, flesh-food and vegetable consumption, and feed again if food was rejected; these same messages aired 7 times each day on 3 radio stations for 21 d. The control communities were not exposed to scripted messages via nurse and radio. We used a pre-/post-test design to evaluate changes in beliefs, attitudes, norms, and intentions as well as change in behavior with 7-d food frequency questions. Mixed models were used to examine intervention-control differences in pre-/post changes. Coverage was 87% for the nurse component and 34% for radio. Beliefs, attitudes, and intention, but not social norms, about IYCF significantly improved in the intervention communities compared with control. Significant pre-/post changes in the intervention communities compared with control were reported for BF frequency (3.7 ± 0.6 times/d), and consumption of vegetables (0.6 ± 0.2 d) and beef (0.2 ± 0.1 d) and thicker consistency of chicken (0.6 ± 0.2 d) and vegetable broths (0.8 ± 0.4 d). This study provides evidence that a targeted communication strategy using a scalable model significantly improves IYCF.

[Facilitators and barriers for the consumption of a micronutrient supplement]. / Facilitadores y barreras para el consumo del complemento alimenticio del Programa Oportunidades.

OBJECTIVE: To define and explore the sociocultural factors that could enhance (facilitators) or interfere with (barriers) the adequate consumption of a nutritional supplement (NS) by children from 6 to 59 months of age, provided as part of the national program Oportunidades. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study in rural communities of Chiapas and Veracruz. Forty-four semi-structured interviews and 25 focus groups were conducted with mothers and other key informants. The framework analysis approach was used. RESULTS: Facilitators. The NS is free, is highly accessible, is positively accepted and mothers believe the physicians recommendations. Barriers. Lack of adequate storage and distribution, poverty conditions, intrahousehold dilution (within the family members), beliefs regarding child feeding and the purpose of the NS. CONCLUSION: Results shows the incongruence between the Programs recommendations and the preferences and practices of the target population and provides important elements to be considered in the promotion of the NS .

Facilitadores y barreras para el consumo del complemento alimenticio del Programa Oportunidades / Facilitators and barriers for the consumption of a micronutrient supplement

OBJETIVO: Determinar y explorar los factores socioculturales que facilitan u obstaculizan el consumo recomendado de un complemento alimenticio (CA) repartido en todo el país como parte del Programa Oportunidades en niños de 6 a 59 meses de edad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo en comunidades rurales de los estados de Chiapas y Veracruz. Se realizaron 44 entrevistas semiestructuradas y se organizaron 25 grupos focales de madres beneficiarias e informantes clave. El análisis se efectuó bajo el enfoque fenomenológico. RESULTADOS: Los facilitadores fueron gratuidad, gran accesibilidad, aceptabilidad favorable del CA y alta credibilidad de las madres en las recomendaciones médicas; las barreras fueron problemas de almacenamiento y distribución, condiciones de pobreza, dilución intrafamiliar, creencias y conocimientos. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados permitieron sugerir elementos para promover el CA, así como identificar las incongruencias culturales y sociales entre las recomendaciones del programa y las prácticas y preferencias de la población objetivo.

OBJECTIVE: To define and explore the sociocultural factors that could enhance (facilitators) or interfere with (barriers) the adequate consumption of a nutritional supplement (NS) by children from 6 to 59 months of age, provided as part of the national program Oportunidades. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study in rural communities of Chiapas and Veracruz. Forty-four semi-structured interviews and 25 focus groups were conducted with mothers and other key informants. The framework analysis approach was used. RESULTS: Facilitators. The NS is free, is highly accessible, is positively accepted and mothers believe the physicians’ recommendations. Barriers. Lack of adequate storage and distribution, poverty conditions, intrahousehold dilution (within the family members), beliefs regarding child feeding and the purpose of the NS. CONCLUSION: Results shows the incongruence between the Program’s recommendations and the preferences and practices of the target population and provides important elements to be considered in the promotion of the NS.

Maternal knowledge and use of a micronutrient supplement was improved with a programmatically feasible intervention in Mexico.

In Mexico, the potential impact on child malnutrition from a nutritional supplement (papilla) delivered through a conditional transfer program (Oportunidades) was attenuated by problems of household utilization. A behavioral change through communication intervention was developed to improve supplement utilization. Our study assessed the efficacy of this intervention through the results of a randomized trial. In 2 states (Veracruz and Chiapas) 2 clusters of communities were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Data were obtained from 176-198 mothers in intervention and control communities using a survey questionnaire at preintervention baseline and at a 5-mo follow-up. Concordance between reported and observed behaviors was examined through an observational substudy. The 4 behavioral recommendations were: 1) prepare papilla as a pap; 2) administer the preparation every day; 3) administer it between breakfast and dinner; and 4) administer it only to target children. The intervention resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in the prevalence of reported correct behaviors in the intervention group compared with the control for 3 of the behaviors: a mean increase of 42.5% for preparing papilla as pap, 64.4% for daily administration, and 61.5% for giving papilla between breakfast and dinner. Administering to a target child increased significantly in Veracruz (from 51.5% to 90.6%), but not in Chiapas (20.6% to 33.3%). Reported behaviors agreed with observed behaviors in the substudy. With the exception of the target-child administration in Chiapas, adopting the recommendations was culturally acceptable and feasible. The results indicate that improvements in household utilization of the supplement can be achieved with a communication intervention that is potentially feasible for implementation on a large scale within the Oportunidades Program.