Carnosine regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis promotes lysosome-dependent tumor immunoevasion.

Tumor cells and surrounding immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, leading to an acidic tumor microenvironment. However, it is unclear how tumor cells adapt to this acidic stress during tumor progression. Here we show that carnosine, a mobile buffering metabolite that accumulates under hypoxia in tumor cells, regulates intracellular pH homeostasis and drives lysosome-dependent tumor immune evasion. A previously unrecognized isoform of carnosine synthase, CARNS2, promotes carnosine synthesis under hypoxia. Carnosine maintains intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis by functioning as a mobile proton carrier to accelerate cytosolic H+ mobility and release, which in turn controls lysosomal subcellular distribution, acidification and activity. Furthermore, by maintaining lysosomal activity, carnosine facilitates nuclear transcription factor X-box binding 1 (NFX1) degradation, triggering galectin-9 and T-cell-mediated immune escape and tumorigenesis. These findings indicate an unconventional mechanism for pHi regulation in cancer cells and demonstrate how lysosome contributes to immune evasion, thus providing a basis for development of combined therapeutic strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma that exploit disrupted pHi homeostasis with immune checkpoint blockade.

OXCT1 functions as a succinyltransferase, contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma via succinylating LACTB.

Metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of cancers that has been closely linked to post-translational protein modification (PTM). Lysine succinylation is a recently identified PTM involved in regulating protein functions, whereas its regulatory mechanism and possible roles in tumor progression remain unclear. Here, we show that OXCT1, an enzyme catalyzing ketone body oxidation, functions as a lysine succinyltransferase to contribute to tumor progression. Mechanistically, we find that OXCT1 functions as a succinyltransferase, with residue G424 essential for this activity. We also identified serine beta-lactamase-like protein (LACTB) as a main target of OXCT1-mediated succinylation. Extensive succinylation of LACTB K284 inhibits its proteolytic activity, resulting in increased mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration, ultimately leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. In summary, this study establishes lysine succinyltransferase function of OXCT1 and highlights a link between HCC prognosis and LACTB K284 succinylation, suggesting a potentially valuable biomarker and therapeutic target for further development.

ENO1 promotes liver carcinogenesis through YAP1-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism.

Enolase 1 (ENO1) is a glycolytic enzyme that plays essential roles in various pathological activities including cancer development. However, the mechanisms underlying ENO1-contributed tumorigenesis are not well explained. Here, we uncover that ENO1, as an RNA-binding protein, binds to the cytosine-uracil-guanine-rich elements of YAP1 messenger RNA to promote its translation. ENO1 and YAP1 positively regulate alternative arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by inverse regulation of PLCB1 and HPGD (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase). The YAP1/PLCB1/HPGD axis-mediated activation of AA metabolism and subsequent accumulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are responsible for ENO1-mediated cancer progression, which can be retarded by aspirin. Finally, aberrant activation of ENO1/YAP1/PLCB1 and decreased HPGD expression in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma samples indicate a potential correlation between ENO1-regulated AA metabolism and cancer development. These findings underline a new function of ENO1 in regulating AA metabolism and tumorigenesis, suggesting a therapeutic potential for aspirin in patients with liver cancer with aberrant expression of ENO1 or YAP1.

Secreted protease PRSS35 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by disabling CXCL2-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps.

Hepatocytes function largely through the secretion of proteins that regulate cell proliferation, metabolism, and intercellular communications. During the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the hepatocyte secretome changes dynamically as both a consequence and a causative factor in tumorigenesis, although the full scope of secreted protein function in this process remains unclear. Here, we show that the secreted pseudo serine protease PRSS35 functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that active PRSS35 is processed via cleavage by proprotein convertases. Active PRSS35 then suppresses protein levels of CXCL2 through targeted cleavage of tandem lysine (KK) recognition motif. Consequently, CXCL2 degradation attenuates neutrophil recruitment to tumors and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, ultimately suppressing HCC progression. These findings expand our understanding of the hepatocyte secretome's role in cancer development while providing a basis for the clinical translation of PRRS35 as a therapeutic target or diagnostic biomarker.

ENO1 suppresses cancer cell ferroptosis by degrading the mRNA of iron regulatory protein 1.

α-Enolase 1 (ENO1) is a critical glycolytic enzyme whose aberrant expression drives the pathogenesis of various cancers. ENO1 has been indicated as having additional roles beyond its conventional metabolic activity, but the underlying mechanisms and biological consequences remain elusive. Here, we show that ENO1 suppresses iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) expression to regulate iron homeostasis and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ENO1, as an RNA-binding protein, recruits CNOT6 to accelerate the messenger RNA decay of IRP1 in cancer cells, leading to inhibition of mitoferrin-1 (Mfrn1) expression and subsequent repression of mitochondrial iron-induced ferroptosis. Moreover, through in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical sample analysis, we identified IRP1 and Mfrn1 as tumor suppressors by inducing ferroptosis in HCC cells. Taken together, this study establishes an important role for the ENO1-IRP1-Mfrn1 pathway in the pathogenesis of HCC and reveals a previously unknown connection between this pathway and ferroptosis, suggesting a potential innovative cancer therapy.

CARS senses cysteine deprivation to activate AMPK for cell survival.

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important cellular metabolite-sensing enzyme that can directly sense changes not only in ATP but also in metabolites associated with carbohydrates and fatty acids. However, less is known about whether and how AMPK senses variations in cellular amino acids. Here, we show that cysteine deficiency significantly triggers calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2)-mediated activation of AMPK. In addition, we found that CaMKK2 directly associates with cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS), which then binds to AMPKγ2 under cysteine deficiency to activate AMPK. Interestingly, we discovered that cysteine inhibits the binding of CARS to AMPKγ2, and thus, under cysteine deficiency conditions wherein the inhibitory effect of cysteine is abrogated, CARS mediates the binding of AMPK to CaMKK2, resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of AMPK by CaMKK2. Importantly, we demonstrate that blocking AMPK activation leads to cell death under cysteine-deficient conditions. In summary, our study is the first to show that CARS senses the absence of cysteine and activates AMPK through the cysteine-CARS-CaMKK2-AMPKγ2 axis, a novel adaptation strategy for cell survival under nutrient deprivation conditions.

Effect of Pulsed Current on the Tensile Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy.

In this work, the tensile deformation behavior of an as-extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy under pulsed current (PC) was investigated based on microstructure observations. We found that compared with the tensile tests at room temperature (RT) and given temperature (GT), the flow stress is reduced due to both thermal and athermal effects of pulsed current. A quasi-in-situ electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis reveals that at the same strain, the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density of the RT sample is the highest, followed by the GT sample and the PC sample. This proves that the athermal effect can promote the annihilation of dislocations and slow down dislocation pileup, which reduces the flow stress. In addition, the twinning behavior under different deformation conditions was studied; the twins are {10-12} tension twins, which are activated with the assistance of local stress. We found that the twin fraction in the PC sample is lower than that in the RT and GT samples, due to the least accumulation of GNDs at grain boundaries, which decreases the nucleation of {10-12} tension twins.

Myc-mediated SDHA acetylation triggers epigenetic regulation of gene expression and tumorigenesis.

The transcriptional role of cMyc (or Myc) in tumorigenesis is well appreciated; however, it remains to be fully established how extensively Myc is involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, we show that by deactivating succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) via acetylation, Myc triggers a regulatory cascade in cancer cells that leads to H3K4me3 activation and gene expression. We find that Myc facilitates the acetylation-dependent deactivation of SDHA by activating the SKP2-mediated degradation of SIRT3 deacetylase. We further demonstrate that Myc inhibition of SDH-complex activity leads to cellular succinate accumulation, which triggers H3K4me3 activation and tumour-specific gene expression. We demonstrate that acetylated SDHA at Lys 335 contributes to tumour growth in vitro and in vivo, and we confirm increased tumorigenesis in clinical samples. This study illustrates a link between acetylation-dependent SDHA deactivation and Myc-driven epigenetic regulation of gene expression, which is critical for cancer progression.

Glycine cleavage system determines the fate of pluripotent stem cells via the regulation of senescence and epigenetic modifications.

Metabolic remodelling has emerged as critical for stem cell pluripotency; however, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that the glycine cleavage system (GCS) is highly activated to promote stem cell pluripotency and during somatic cell reprogramming. Mechanistically, we revealed that the expression of Gldc, a rate-limiting GCS enzyme regulated by Sox2 and Lin28A, facilitates this activation. We further found that the activated GCS catabolizes glycine to fuel H3K4me3 modification, thus promoting the expression of pluripotency genes. Moreover, the activated GCS helps to cleave excess glycine and prevents methylglyoxal accumulation, which stimulates senescence in stem cells and during reprogramming. Collectively, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby GCS activation controls stem cell pluripotency by promoting H3K4me3 modification and preventing cellular senescence.

Mitochondrial Dynamics Is Critical for the Full Pluripotency and Embryonic Developmental Potential of Pluripotent Stem Cells.

While the pluripotency of stem cells is known to determine the fate of embryonic development, the mechanisms underlying the acquisition and maintenance of full pluripotency largely remain elusive. Here, we show that the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion is critical for the full pluripotency of stem cells. By analyzing induced pluripotent stem cells with differential developmental potential, we found that excess mitochondrial fission is associated with an impaired embryonic developmental potential. We further uncover that the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics impairs the differentiation and embryonic development of pluripotent stem cells; most notably, pluripotent stem cells that display excess mitochondrial fission fail to produce live-born offspring by tetraploid complementation. Mechanistically, excess mitochondrial fission increases cytosolic Ca2+ entry and CaMKII activity, leading to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ß-Catenin protein. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated fundamental role for mitochondrial dynamics in determining the full pluripotency and embryonic developmental potential of pluripotent stem cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma redirects to ketolysis for progression under nutrition deprivation stress.

Cancer cells are known for their capacity to rewire metabolic pathways to support survival and proliferation under various stress conditions. Ketone bodies, though produced in the liver, are not consumed in normal adult liver cells. We find here that ketone catabolism or ketolysis is re-activated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells under nutrition deprivation conditions. Mechanistically, 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (OXCT1), a rate-limiting ketolytic enzyme whose expression is suppressed in normal adult liver tissues, is re-induced by serum starvation-triggered mTORC2-AKT-SP1 signaling in HCC cells. Moreover, we observe that enhanced ketolysis in HCC is critical for repression of AMPK activation and protects HCC cells from excessive autophagy, thereby enhancing tumor growth. Importantly, analysis of clinical HCC samples reveals that increased OXCT1 expression predicts higher patient mortality. Taken together, we uncover here a novel metabolic adaptation by which nutrition-deprived HCC cells employ ketone bodies for energy supply and cancer progression.

[Discussion of the Application and Influence Factors of Low-Background Gamma Spectrometry in Distinguishing Sedimentary Rock Types].

The contents of radionuclides uranium, thorium and potassium in the sedimentary rocks mainly depend on the contents of clay in the rocks. And the content of clay is the main basis for distinguishing types of sedimentary rock. Therefore, the value of specific activity or content of uranium, thorium and potassium can be as the quantitative index to distinguish sedimentary rock type. The specific activity or content of radionuclides uranium, thorium and potassium with the method of low-background gamma spectrometry can distinguish the type of rock quickly and accurately. Because of the influence of geometry, mass and moisture content in the sample, the accuracy of distinguishing types of rocks is influenced. This paper makes a theoretical discussion and experimental verification on the influence of mass and moisture content on the results of low-background gamma spectrometry. Results show that there is a linear relationship between (cps) of characteristic peak of all radionuclides and the mass of sample while different energy ranges and lithologies have different linear coefficient and trend fitting degree; The moisture content which is no more than 10%(while collecting samples, the moisture content is no more than 10%) has a little influence on the measurement results( the change values are within the twice standard deviation), so the moisture content which has no significant influence on the accuracy of distinguishing types of sedimentary rock using the method of low-background gamma spectrometry could not be considered. The distinguishing experiment of drilling cuttings samples collected from one oil and gas exploration area in Shanxi Dingbian is done. By the mass correction of the measured data, normalized (cps) ((cps) of per unit mass) of uranium, thorium and potassium channel can only roughly divide the types of sedimentary rocks. Therefore, synthetic distinguishing mode is established with (cps) of combination peak of characteristic peak of uranium, thorium and potassium. The type of rocks is further subdivided, and the distinguishing accuracy is more than 75%.