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1.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 20747, 2023 Nov 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38007603

RESUMO

We investigate a traveling Gaussian wave packet transport through a rectangular quantum barrier of lévy crystals in fractional quantum mechanics formalism. We study both standard and fractional Schrödinger equations in linear and nonlinear regimes by using a split-step finite difference (SSFD) method. We evaluate the reflection, trapping, and transmission coefficients of the wave packet and the wave packet spreading by using time-dependent inverse participation ratio (IPR) and second moment. By simultaneously adjusting the fractional and nonlinear terms, we create sharp pulses, which is an essential issue in optoelectronic devices. We illustrate that the effects of barrier height and width on the transmission coefficient are strangely different for the standard and fractional Schrödinger equations. We observe fortunately soliton-like localized wave packets in the fractional regime. Thus, we can effectively control the behavior of the wave evolution by adjusting the available parameters, which can excite new ideas in optics.

2.
Eye (Lond) ; 31(3): 389-394, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27768119

RESUMO

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to investigate ocular hypertensive effect of exogenous glucosamine in comparison with placebo in patients with osteoarthritis.Patients and methodsIn this double-masked randomized clinical trial, 88 patients with osteoarthritis were included. Forty-four patients were randomized into either glucosamine sulfate or the placebo group.Comprehensive ophthalmologic exam including intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline, month 1, and 3 was performed. Ocular response analyzer parameters were also checked at baseline and month 3.ResultsThe mean IOP at the time of presentation was 12.4±2.7 mm Hg in glucosamine and 13±2.8 mm Hg in the placebo group (P=0.329). At month 1 the corresponding values were 12.6±2.4 and 12.9±2.4 mm Hg (P=0.868), and at 3 months follow-up were 13.5±2.3 and 13±2.7 mm Hg (P=0.002), respectively. About 34.1% in treatment and 12.5% in the placebo group had clinically significant (defined as ≥ 2 mm Hg) rise in IOP at final follow-up (P=0.023). Mean age in those with significant rise in IOP was 66 vs 57.7 years in patients with <2 mm Hg (P=0.034). The ORA parameters remained unchanged in both the groups during the course of study.ConclusionGlucosamine supplement therapy causes statistically significant rise of IOP, which is more pronounced in elderly patients. Clinical implication of this finding needs further evaluation.


Assuntos
Glucosamina/efeitos adversos , Pressão Intraocular/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão Ocular/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Glucosamina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico
3.
Cell Death Dis ; 7: e2127, 2016 Mar 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26938301

RESUMO

A virus that reproduces in a host without killing cells can easily establish a successful infection. Previously, we showed that dengue-2, a virus that threatens 40% of the world, induces autophagy, enabling dengue to reproduce in cells without triggering cell death. Autophagy further protects the virus-laden cells from further insults. In this study, we evaluate how it does so; we show that dengue upregulates host pathways that increase autophagy, namely endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling followed by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ER stress or ATM signaling abrogates the dengue-conferred protection against other cell stressors. Direct inhibition of ER stress response in infected cells decreases autophagosome turnover, reduces ROS production and limits reproduction of dengue virus. Blocking ATM activation, which is an early response to infection, decreases transcription of ER stress response proteins, but ATM has limited impact on production of ROS and virus titers. Production of ROS determines only late-onset autophagy in infected cells and is not necessary for dengue-induced protection from stressors. Collectively, these results demonstrate that among the multiple autophagy-inducing pathways during infection, ER stress signaling is more important to viral replication and protection of cells than either ATM or ROS-mediated signaling. To limit virus production and survival of dengue-infected cells, one must address the earliest phase of autophagy, induced by ER stress.


Assuntos
Autofagia , Vírus da Dengue/fisiologia , Dengue/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Animais , Cricetinae , Cães , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino
4.
Int J Immunogenet ; 40(4): 299-305, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23350658

RESUMO

In this study we aimed to evaluate the possible association of PTPN22 rs2476601 as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) rs17337023 gene polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a sample of Iranian population. This case-control study was performed on 120 patients with RA and 120 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and PTPN22 rs2476601 and EGFR rs17337023 polymorphisms were determined using tetra amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). The results showed that PTPN22 rs2476601 CT genotype as well as rs2476601 T allele was a risk factor for susceptibility to RA (OR=5.89 95%CI = 1.78-19.48, P = 0.004 and OR = 4.78, 95%CI = 1.59-14.35, P = 0.003, respectively). We also found that EGFR rs17337023 AT and rs17337023 TT genotypes were risk factor for susceptibility to RA (OR = 9.94 95%CI = 3.65-26.73, P < 0.001 and OR = 3.66, 95%CI = 1.46-9.15, P = 0.005, respectively). In addition the EGFR rs17337023 T allele was a risk for predisposition to RA (OR = 1.56, 95%CI=1.06-2.30, P = 0.030). In conclusion, we found an association between PTPN22 rs2476601 and EGFR rs17337023 polymorphisms and the risk of RA in a sample of Iranian population.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Receptores ErbB/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 22/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Artrite Reumatoide/epidemiologia , Sequência de Bases , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Análise de Sequência de DNA
5.
Exp Oncol ; 34(3): 146-52, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23069998

RESUMO

The story of cell death began with the origins of cell biology, including important observations by Elie (Ilya) Metchnikoff, who realized that phagocytes engulfed dying cells. Most of the early studies were observational. By the middle of the 20th C, researchers were beginning to explore how cells died, had recognized that cell death was a physiologically controlled process, that the most common mode of death ("shrinkage necrosis", later apoptosis) was tightly controlled, and were speculating whether lysosomes were "suicide bags". Just prior to 1990 several discoveries led to rapid expansion of interest in the field and elucidation of the mechanisms of apoptosis. Closer to the beginning of the 21st C comprehensive analysis of the molecules that controlled and effected apoptosis led to the conclusion that autophagic processes were linked to apoptosis and could serve to limit or increase cell death. Today, realizing that knowledge of the components of cell death has not yet produced pharmaceuticals of therapeutic value, research is turning to questions of what metabolic or other mechanisms indirectly control the activation or suppression of the cell death positive feedback loop. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later"


Assuntos
Autofagia , Morte Celular/genética , Pesquisa/história , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caspases/genética , Caspases/metabolismo , Caspases/fisiologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais
6.
Iran Red Crescent Med J ; 14(4): 210-7, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22754683

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema treatment is difficult and there is no consensus on the best treatment. This study evaluated the effect of combined decongestive therapy (CDT) and pneumatic compression pump on lymphedema indicators in patients with breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL). METHODS: Twenty one women with BCRL were enrolled. The volume difference of upper limbs, the circumference at 9 areas and shoulder joint range of motion were measured in all patients. CDT was done by an educated nurse in two phases. In first phase, CDT was accompanied by use of a compression pump for 4 weeks, 3 days per week. In second phase, CDT was performed daily without compression pump for 4 weeks by patients at home. At the end of each phase, the same primary measurements were done for patients. RESULTS: The mean volume difference of the upper limbs and mean difference in circumference in all areas at different phases decreased significantly. Mean flexion, extension, abduction and external rotation (in degrees) at different phases increased significantly. CONCLUSION: CDT significantly reduced mean volume and mean circumference of the affected limb, and significantly increased shoulder joint range of motion. The findings support the optimal effects of CDT in the treatment of secondary lymphedema of upper extremity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: 138902212621N8.

8.
Genet Mol Res ; 9(3): 1735-41, 2010 Aug 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20812194

RESUMO

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme that exhibits antioxidant and antiatherogenic activities. We examined a possible association between T172A (L55M) and T(-107)C polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis. These polymorphisms were determined in 88 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 78 healthy subjects, using the tetra-amplification refractory mutation system-PCR method. The prevalence of the PON1 55MM genotype was significantly greater among rheumatoid arthritis patients (17%) when compared to control subjects (5.2%) (odds ratio (OR) = 3.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.87-11.8, P = 0.025). In addition, the M allele was more frequent in rheumatoid arthritis patients (40%) than in healthy subjects (24.7%) (OR = 1.997; 95%CI = 1.243-3.210, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences in the -107C/T polymorphism in the promoter sequence of PON1 between rheumatoid arthritis and normal subjects (chi(2) = 0.861, P = 0.650). In conclusion, the PON1 55MM genotype is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Arildialquilfosfatase/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adulto , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
11.
Curr Pharm Des ; 14(2): 184-96, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18220829

RESUMO

During embryogenesis there is an exquisite orchestration of cellular division, movement, differentiation, and death. Cell death is one of the most important aspects of organization of the developing embryo, as alteration in timing, level, or pattern of cell death can lead to developmental anomalies. Cell death shapes the embryo and defines the eventual functions of the organs. Cells die using different paths; understanding which path a dying cell takes helps us define the signals that regulate the fate of the cell. Our understanding of cell death in development stems from a number of observations indicating genetic regulation of the death process. With today's increased knowledge of the pathways of cell death and the identification of the genes whose products regulate the pathways we know that, although elimination of some of these gene products has no developmental phenotype, alteration of several others has profound effects. In this review we discuss the types and distributions of cell death seen in developing mammalian embryos as well as the gene products that may regulate the process.


Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Autofagia/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/fisiologia , Mamíferos/embriologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/genética , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/genética , Morte Celular , Anormalidades Congênitas/etiologia , Anormalidades Congênitas/patologia , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Teratogênicos/toxicidade
12.
Curr Pharm Des ; 14(3): 198-220, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18220831

RESUMO

Elucidation of the mechanisms behind cell death has brought with it an appreciation for viral strategies that target these pathways as a means to promote viral propagation while avoiding or slowing the host immune response. Several redundant anti-viral pathways have evolved in eukaryotic cells that are designed to minimize the damage due to viral infection while quickly clearing the invading pathogen. Cell death is a commonly employed immune defense against viral infection, and many viruses potently induce or suppress cell death during infection. The past decade has seen an incredible increase in our understanding of how cell death assists in host immune response, as well as how viruses have evolved to hijack or disengage these systems. By targeting components of host cell death pathways, viruses have developed the ability to control host survival and death, ensuring efficient propagation while inactivating or avoiding the immune system consequences of infection. This review focuses on the most recent and important advances in our understanding of how a wide range of viruses manipulate the survival and death of their hosts.


Assuntos
Morte Celular/fisiologia , Vírus de DNA/fisiologia , Vírus de RNA/fisiologia , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Apoptose/fisiologia , Vírus de DNA/patogenicidade , Humanos , Vírus de RNA/patogenicidade , Viroses/fisiopatologia
13.
Cell Death Differ ; 13(1): 141-50, 2006 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16021178

RESUMO

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase family that is mostly seen in neurons, does not vary with cell cycle, and is activated in many neurodegenerative disorders and other non-neuronal pathologies, but its relationship to non-neuronal apoptosis is not understood, nor is the control of the activation of Cdk5 by its activators. The most widely studied activator of Cdk5, p35, is cleaved to p25 by calpain, an event that has been linked with activation of Cdk5 and neuronal death. Here we report that calpain-mediated Cdk5/p25 activation accompanies non-neuronal as well as neuronal cell death, suggesting that the p35/calpain/p25/Cdk5 activation sequence is a general feature of cell death. We further demonstrate that Cdk5 can be activated in the absence of p53, Apaf-1, caspase-9, and -3 during cell death, indicating that its activation relates more to cell death than to a specific pathway of apoptosis.


Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Caspases/metabolismo , Quinase 5 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Fator Apoptótico 1 Ativador de Proteases , Sequência de Bases , Caspase 3 , Caspase 9 , Caspases/genética , Linhagem Celular Transformada , DNA/genética , Ativação Enzimática , Feminino , Genes p53 , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Gravidez , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética
14.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci ; 70(3): 189-92, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16637176

RESUMO

Charcoal rot caused by Tiarosporella phaseolina (Tassi) Van der Aa is an important disease of soybean in Gorgan province of Iran. Experiments were carried out with 95 bactenal isolates that were collected from the rhizosphere of soybean plant. Among these bacteria only 50 isolates showed antagonistic effect on Tiarosporella phaseolina using dual culture test. Six highly effective bacteria were selected for subsequent studies. Based on biochemical physiological and morphological tests, isolates Pf-12 and Pf-63 were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolates B-13, B-42,B-126 and B-84 as Bacillus subtilis. The isolates of P. fluorescens produced antibiotics as well as volatile metabolites that inhibited mycelial growth of fungus. Bacillus subtilis isolates inhibited the fungal growth through volatile and non-volatile metabolites production. Only P. fluorescens isolates produced hydrogen cyanide. In greenhouse studies, the isolates B-13 and B-126 reduced 59% and 66% the intensity of charcoal rot of soybean respectively. The combinations of isolates B-13 and B-126 were also effective on reducing the intensity of disease.


Assuntos
Antifúngicos/biossíntese , Bacillus subtilis/fisiologia , Glycine max/microbiologia , Fungos Mitospóricos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pseudomonas fluorescens/fisiologia , Antibiose , Fungos Mitospóricos/patogenicidade , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas fluorescens/metabolismo , Microbiologia do Solo
15.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci ; 70(3): 319-22, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16637194

RESUMO

Iran is considered a major genetic for medicinal plant in the world. Because of this significant diversity and historical background in identification and utilization to remedy human and animal diseases, export of medicinal plant can help to strengthen local as well as natural economy. Buglosse (Fig. 1) is one of the most important and common medicinal plants in Iran and exist as Echium amoneum and Borago officinalis. This work was conducted in order to identify the causal agent(s) of damping off disease in buglosse. Plant disease samples were taken from Esfahan and Tehran provinces. Symptoms on original plant including root, crown rot, dark tissue, pith and hallow root were collected in order to isolate disease agent(s). Symptomatic root and crown tissues after surface sterilization with 96% ethanol were transferred on to PDA and WA media and also on moist filter paper in petri dishes. Two fungal colonies grew from tissue segments and spore culture was subsequently purified. The fungal isolate identified as Rhizoctonia solani based on the following test. Hyphal tip was removed from colony margin placed on PDA and PSA media and incubated in dark. Colony diameter of one hundred hyphae measured and nucleus was stained according to Bandoni (1979), Kronland and Stanghellini (1988). It was observed that in each cell of hyphae there are more than two nuclei. Single spore culture were obtained from macroconidia of Fusarium isolate. After 24 hr of incubation, growing single spore were transferred to KCL medium to detect spore chains. Fungal isolates transferred to PSA and PDA media for sporulation. After 7 days colonies appeared as white cream to pinkish on top and cream to dark pink at the bottom of petri dish with abundant micro and macro conidia. Colonies were snow white, felting shape, with ample causal hyphae on PSA medium. On KCL medium, fungal growth was superficial and colonies were colorless with long macroconidia and individual sausage-shape macroconidia being thinner one side and having maximum four septa. Microconidia were long double compartment round on both side, straight to slightly curved. Base on morphology and dimension of conidia and production of chlamidospore the funguses identify as Fusarium solani.


Assuntos
Borago/microbiologia , Echium/microbiologia , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Irã (Geográfico) , Filogenia , Rhizoctonia/classificação , Rhizoctonia/isolamento & purificação , Especificidade da Espécie
16.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci ; 69(4): 649-51, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15756852

RESUMO

In this survey, Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from roots infected plants and was shown to be pathogenic. Experiment were carried out with seven antagonistic bacteria. Based on biochemical, Physiological and morphological tests, isolates B-120, B-32, B-28 and B-22 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and isolates Pf-100, Pf-10 and CHAO as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In greenhouse studies, only isolate B-120 (Less than benomyl) reduced Fusarium wilt of chickpea in both seed and soil treatments. The application of antagonistic bacteria had no different effects on plant growth factors. Soil treatment of bacteria had a better effects on plant growth than that of bacterial seed treatment. The use of antagonists (B-120, B-28, B-120 and CHAO) in combination had no significant effect on plant growth factors and reduction wilt disease than that each isolate was applied individually.


Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Pseudomonas fluorescens/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo
17.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci ; 68(4 Pt B): 533-5, 2003.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15151286

RESUMO

In this study, imported wheat varieties used for cookies and bread making were evaluated for the presence of fungal diseases in the silos. Grain samples were taken and cultured on nutrient agar medium and sterile papers impregnated with nutrient. The results showed the presence of pathogenic fungi such as Ulocladium sp., Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium sp. and Trichothecium sp. in varieties from Australian, Mucor sp., R. nigricans, Fusarium sp., A. triticum, Helminthosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. from Argentina, Alternaria sp., Ulocladium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor mucedo, R. nigricans, Fusorium sp., Curvularia triticola, U. clamydosporium and C. tritici from Kazakistan varieties stored in Karaj silos or unloading trains. It is noteworthy to mention that Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., Alternaria sp., A. tritici, A. triticola and U. clamydosporium are phytopathogenic fungi that often cause serious diseases on crops, produce lots of spores that are widely disseminated across the field and grow and reproduce in plant residues and diseased or wounded plant tissues and mature grains particularly under moist conditions. If in case, farmers try to use contaminated wheat grains that are distributed among them for flour, for cultivation purposes, it is highly probable that new fungal strains and species will be introduced in the areas where wheat production has never been threatened before. Fungal disease such as Indian smut or rusts is not native to Iran but are considered quarantine diseases. In addition, high incidence of contamination due to the presence of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. in foreign wheat cultivars, could result in serious toxicity and illness in humans and birds.


Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Triticum/microbiologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Irã (Geográfico) , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia
18.
Cell Death Differ ; 9(4): 421-30, 2002 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11965495

RESUMO

Activation or inactivation of members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family is important during cell cycle progression. However, Cdk5, a member of this family that was originally identified because of its high structural homology to Cdc2, is activated during cell differentiation and cell death but not during cell cycle progression. We previously demonstrated a correlation between the up-regulation of Cdk5 protein and kinase activity and cell death during development and pathogenesis. We report here that cyclophosphamide (CP) induces massive apoptotic cell death in mouse embryos and that Cdk5 is expressed in apoptotic cells displaying fragmented DNA. During CP-induced cell death, Cdk5 protein expression is substantially increased as detected by immunohistochemistry but not by Western blot, while its mRNA level remains the same as control, and its kinase activity is markedly elevated. The up-regulation of Cdk5 during CP-induced cell death is not due to de novo protein synthesis. We also examined p35, a regulatory protein of Cdk5 in neuronal differentiation. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we isolated p35, a neuronal differentiation specific protein, as a protein that interacts with Cdk5 in CP-treated embryos. p35 mRNA level does not change, but the protein expression of p25, a truncated form of p35, is elevated during cell death in vivo, as established here, as well as during cell death in vitro. Our results suggest a role for Cdk5 and its regulatory proteins during CP induced cell death. These results further support the view that Cdk5 and its regulation may be key players in the execution of cell death regardless of how the cell dies, whether through biological mechanisms, disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, or induction by CP.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Quinase 5 Dependente de Ciclina , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/análise , Desenvolvimento Embrionário e Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Histocitoquímica/métodos , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sequência de Proteína
20.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol ; 2(7): 545-50, 2001 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11433369

RESUMO

Interest in the study of apoptosis grew with the recognition that it is a highly regulated process. Such a change in attitude allowed the intellectual and technical breakthroughs that led to the explosive development of this subject.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Animais , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Metamorfose Biológica , Morfogênese
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