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This study underscores the significance of precisely manipulating the morphology of the active layer in organic solar cells (OSCs). By blending polymer donors of D18 with varying molecular weights, a multiscale interpenetrating fiber network structure within the active layer is successfully created. The introduction of 10% low molecular weight D18 (LW-D18) into high molecular weight D18 (HW-D18) produces MIX-D18, which exhibits an extended exciton diffusion distance and orderly molecular stacking. Devices utilizing MIX-D18 demonstrate superior electron and hole transport, improves exciton dissociation, enhances charge collection efficiency, and reduces trap-assisted recombination compared to the other two materials. Through the use of the nonfullerene acceptor L8-BO, a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.0% is achieved. This methodology, which integrates the favorable attributes of high and low molecular weight polymers, opens a new avenue for enhancing the performance of OSCs.
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The ternary strategy proves effective for breakthroughs in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Elevating three photovoltaic parameters synergistically, especially the proportion-insensitive third component, is crucial for efficient ternary devices. This work introduces a molecular design strategy by comprehensively analyzing asymmetric end groups, side-chain engineering, and halogenation to explore the outstanding optoelectronic properties of the proportion-insensitive third component in efficient ternary systems. Three asymmetric non-fullerene acceptors (BTP-SA1, BTP-SA2, and BTP-SA3) are synthesized based on the Y6 framework and incorporated as the third component into the D18:Y6 binary system. BTP-SA3, featuring asymmetric terminal (difluoro-indone and dichloride-cyanoindone terminal), with branched alkyl side chains, exhibited high open-circuit voltage (VOC), balanced crystallinity and compatibility, achieving synergistic enhancements in VOC (0.862 V), short circuit-current density (JSC, 27.52 mA cm-2), fill fact (FF, 81.01%), and power convert efficiency (PCE, 19.19%). Device based on D18/Y6:BTP-SA3 (layer-by-layer processed) reached a high efficiency of 19.36%, demonstrating a high tolerance for BTP-SA3 (10-50%). This work provides novel insights into optimizing OPVs performances in multi-component systems and designing components with enhanced tolerance.
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To date, land use structure information has been employed extensively for ecological risk assessment (ERA) purpose in regional/landscape scales; in contrast, land use function (LUF) information-based ERA research is still scarce. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out more ERA case studies in macroscale with the help of pertinent LUF indicators. As an important way to construct production-living-ecology LUF indexes, this study employs the weighted stacking method and related economic statistical data for regional ecological risk assessment (RERA) purpose within Yellow River Delta High-efficiency Eco-economic Zone (YRDHEZ), China. This YRDHEZ-RERA research pointed out that (1) it was rational to use a series of economic statistical data to more comprehensively and precisely characterize regional production and living function grades in YRDHEZ. (2) The Yellow River Delta had lower agriculture and non-agriculture production functions, whereas the rest of the zone had higher production functions. (3) Most people lived in the south part, whereas north coastal zone had very low population density; the east part had higher per capita disposable income of urban/rural households than that of west. (4) The south part of the zone had higher production/living functions and integrated ecological risk source intensity than those of north coastal zone, whereas the coastal zone had higher ecology function, eco-environmental vulnerability, and final integrated ecological risk than those of inland region. As for regional ecological risk management, establishing nature reserve with strict spatial governance for coastal/estuarine wetlands and coordinating production/ecology functions of coastal salterns/breeding ponds are relevant feasible measures.
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Ecologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Medição de Risco , China , Ecossistema , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , AgriculturaRESUMO
Obtaining water and renewable energy from the atmosphere provides a potential solution to the growing energy shortage. Leveraging the synergistic inspiration from desert beetles, cactus spines, and rice leaves, here, a multibioinspired hybrid wetting rod (HWR) is prepared through simple solution immersion and laser etching, which endows an efficient water collection from the atmosphere. Importantly, benefiting from the bionic asymmetric pattern design and the three-dimensional structure, the HWR possesses an omnidirectional fog collection with a rate of up to 23 g cm-2 h-1. We further show that the HWR could be combined with a droplet-based electricity generator to convert kinetic energy from falling droplets into electrical energy with a maximum output voltage of 200 V and a current of 2.47 µA to light up 28 LEDs. Collectively, this research provides a strategy for synchronous fog collection and power generation, which is promising for environmentally friendly energy production.
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Single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs), with covalently linked donor and acceptor, attract considerable attention for their improved thermodynamic stability over traditional bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. Despite the significant potential of SCOSCs, their efficiency has consistently trailed behind that of their BHJ counterparts for years, primarily due to challenges including rapid charge recombination, intricate phase separation, and substantial energy loss. Herein, this work represents a significant milestone in the advancement of SCOSCs based on a single component of PBDB-T-b-PYT, achieving both high efficiency (14.64%) and low energy loss (0.563 eV) through the combined use of thermal and solvent annealing. Optimized devices exhibit not only higher charge carrier mobilities but also a more balanced distribution, facilitating efficient transport and collection of photogenerated charge carriers by individual electrodes, while also demonstrating lower nonradiative recombination losses, thus contributing to superior optoelectronic performance and stability.
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Solar-driven water-electricity cogeneration is a promising strategy for tackling water scarcity and power shortages. However, comprehensive reviews on performance, scalability, commercialization, and power density are lacking. This Perspective presents an overview of recent developments and insights into the challenges and future outlooks for practical applications in this area. We summarize recent advances in high-efficiency water production, focusing on rapid evaporation and condensation. Then we categorize power-water cogeneration systems by power generation mechanisms like steam, evaporation, salinity gradient, photovoltaics, and temperature gradient, providing a comprehensive summary of the performance and applicability of these systems in different scenarios. Finally, we highlight challenges in current systems, considering nanoscale mechanisms and large-scale manufacturing, while also exploring potential trends for future practical applications.
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Strong electron-phonon coupling can hinder exciton transport and induce undesirable non-radiative recombination, resulting in a shortened exciton diffusion distance and constrained exciton dissociation in organic solar cells (OSCs). Therefore, suppressing electron-phonon coupling is crucially important for achieve high-performance OSCs. Here, we employ the solid additive to regulating electron-phonon coupling in OSCs. The planar configuration of SA1 confers a significant advantage in suppressing lattice vibrations in the active layers, reducing the scattering of excitons by phonons caused by lattice vibrations. Consequently, a slow but sustained hole transfer process is identified in the SA1-assisted film, indicating an enhancement in hole transfer efficiency. Prolonged exciton diffusion length and exciton lifetime are achieved in the blend film processed with SA1, attributed to a low non-radiative recombination rate and low energetic disorder for charge carrier transport. As a result, a high efficiency of 20% was achieved for ternary device with a remarkable short-circuit current. This work highlights the important role of suppressing electron-phonon coupling in improving the photovoltaic performance of OSCs.
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Various isomers have been developed to regulate the morphology and reduce defects in state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells. To insight the structure-function-effect correlations for the isomerization of thiourea derivatives on the performance of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs), we developed two thiourea derivatives [(3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino]thiourea (AT) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (HB). Supported by experimental and calculated results, it was found that AT can bind with undercoordinated Pb2+ defect through synergistic interaction between N1 and C=S group with a defect formation energy of 1.818 eV, which is much higher than that from the synergistic interaction between two -NH- groups in HB and perovskite (1.015 eV). Moreover, the stronger interaction between AT and Pb2+ regulates the crystallization process of perovskite film to obtain a high-quality perovskite film with high crystallinity, large grain size, and low defect density. Consequently, the AT-treated FACsPbI3 device engenders an efficiency of 25.71% (certified as 24.66%), which is greatly higher than control (23.74%) and HB-treated FACsPbI3 devices (25.05%). The resultant device exhibits a remarkable stability for maintaining 91.0% and 95.2% of its initial efficiency after aging 2000 h in air condition or tracking at maximum power point for 1000 h, respectively.
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Benzovindiflupyr (BEN) has emerged as one of the fastest-growing SDHI fungicides in recent years, but it is considered "very highly toxic" to aquatic fish, invertebrates and crustaceans (EC50 or LC50, 0.0035-0.056â¯mg/L, acute toxicity). The comprehensive study on bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation behaviors of BEN at the enantiomeric level would facilitate the development of a high-efficiency and low-risk application method. The bioactivities of 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN against five target pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Phoma multirostrata, Selerotium rolfsii, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Rhizoctonia solani) (EC50, 0.00562-0.329â¯mg/L, high-efficiency) were 6.7-1029 times higher than 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN, demonstrating significant enantioselectivity. For Danio rerio, 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN (LC50, 0.0360â¯mg/L, "very highly toxic") exhibited higher toxicity than 1â¯R, 4S-(+)-BEN, but the toxic interaction was concentration addition (TUrac, 0.94), indicating an enhanced toxicity in the presence of 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN. Molecular docking was employed to offer insights at the molecular level and elucidate the factors influencing enantioselectivity. The stronger binding affinity of 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN with SDH was in line with the quantitative experimental findings. The degradation of two BEN enantiomers in four different fruits followed the first-order degradation kinetics equation, and displayed enantioselectivity. The preferential degradation of 1R, 4S-(+)-BEN was found in pears and grapes, while varying enantioselectivity was found at different stages in tomatoes and watermelons. The residual concentrations of BEN in grapes were higher than the EU's MRL, which in the other three fruits were below the MRLs during the sampling. In conclusion, 1S, 4R-(-)-BEN proved to be the more effective monomer. Utilizing the pure monomer could not only reduce the dosage of racemate by about 44-59â¯%, but also mitigate the risk of introducing inefficient monomer into the environment (especially for fish).
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Fungicidas Industriais , Fungicidas Industriais/toxicidade , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Animais , Estereoisomerismo , Peixe-Zebra , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Simulação de Acoplamento MolecularRESUMO
The decay of radon gas in soil and buildings produces alpha radiation, which is the second leading cause of lung cancer in humans. Therefore, by conveniently detecting radon gas in the environment, potential sources of danger can be identified early, and necessary measures can be taken to protect human health. Solid-state nuclear track detectors prepared from polyallyl diglycol carbonate (PADC) resin are the most sensitive detectors for alpha radiation released by radon gas. The traditional method of preparing PADC resin involves free radical thermal polymerization, which suffers from issues such as low polymerization efficiency, long processing time, and the occurrence of defects in the product. In this study, PADC resin was efficiently prepared using a UV initiator. Starting from the polymerization mechanism, experiments were designed using a controlled variable approach, and a rational polymerization apparatus was devised. By comparing the double bond conversion rate, transparency, hardness, and yellowness index of the polymers, the optimal initiator for PADC resin, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (1173), was selected. The influence of irradiation intensity, irradiation time, and UV initiator dosage was investigated. The performance of the polymers, including double bond conversion rate, optical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, etching rate, and track detection efficiency, was analyzed. The experimental conditions for preparing PADC resin were optimized: irradiation intensity of 12 mW/cm2, irradiation time of 25 min, and UV initiator dosage of 5 parts. The resulting resin polymer had a double bond conversion rate of 93.2% and a track detection efficiency of 0.714.
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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded those of conventional thin-film solar cell technologies, and the speed at which this increase has been achieved is unprecedented in the history of photovoltaics. Despite the significant progress achieved by PSCs at the laboratory level, their commercial prospects still face two significant challenges: scaling up in size and ensuring long-term stability. Small-area devices (~1 cm2) are typically fabricated using spin-coating. However, this approach may not be suitable for preparing the large-area (>100 cm2) substrates required for commercialization. Thus, new materials and methods must be developed to facilitate the coating of large-area PSCs. This review will discuss the development of scaling up organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs and the challenges of increasing the device area. Furthermore, it will provide an overview of the methodologies for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar modules.
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Quasi-2D perovskites exhibit impressive optoelectronic properties and hold significant promise for future light-emitting devices. However, the efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is seriously limited by defect-induced nonradiative recombination and imbalanced charge injection. Here, the defect states are passivated and charge injection balance is effectively improved by introducing the additive cyclohexanemethylammonium (CHMA) to bromide-based Dion-Jacobson (D-J) structure quasi-2D perovskite emission layer. CHMA participates in the crystallization of perovskite, leading to high quality film composed of compact and well-contacted grains with enhanced hole transportation and less defects. As a result, the corresponding PeLEDs exhibit stable pure blue emission at 466 nm with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.22%. According to current knowledge, this represents the highest EQE reported for pure-blue PeLEDs based on quasi-2D bromide perovskite thin films. These findings underscore the potential of quasi-2D perovskites for advanced light-emitting devices and pave the way for further advancements in PeLEDs.
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With the rapid advancement of electronic technology, traditional textiles are challenged to keep up with the demands of wearable electronics. It is anticipated that multifunctional textile-based electronics incorporating energy storage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and photothermal conversion are expected to alleviate this problem. Herein, a multifunctional cotton fabric with hierarchical array structure (PPy/NiCoAl-LDH/Cotton) is fabricated by the introduction of NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide (NiCoAl-LDH) nanosheet arrays on cotton fibers, followed by polymerization and growth of continuous dense polypyrrole (PPy) conductive layers. The multifunctional cotton fabric shows a high specific areal capacitance of 754.72 mF cm-2 at 5 mA cm-2 and maintains a long cycling life (80.95% retention after 1000 cycles). The symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with this fabric achieves an energy density of 20.83 Wh cm-2 and a power density of 0.23 mWcm-2. Moreover, the excellent electromagnetic interference shielding (38.83 dB), photothermal conversion (70.2 °C at 1000 mW cm-2), flexibility and durability are also possess by the multifunctional cotton fabric. Such a multifunctional cotton fabric has great potential for using in new energy, smart electronics, and thermal management applications.
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Naphthalene diimides (NDI) are widely serving as the skeleton to construct electron transport materials (ETMs) for optoelectronic devices. However, most of the reported NDI-based ETMs suffer from poor interfaces with the perovskite which deteriorates the carrier extraction and device stability. Here, a representative design concept for editing the peripheral groups of NDI molecules to achieve multifunctional properties is introduced. The resulting molecule 2,7-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl)benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H,7H)-tetraone (NDI-C4F) incorporated with hydrophobic fluorine units contributes to the prevention of excessive molecular aggregation, the improvement of surface wettability and the formation of strong chemical coordination with perovskite precursors. All these features favor retarding the perovskite crystallization and achieving superior buried interfaces, which subsequently promote charge collection and improve the structural compatibility between perovskite and ETMs. The corresponding PSCs based on low-temperature processed NDI-C4F yield a record efficiency of 23.21%, which is the highest reported value for organic ETMs in n-i-p PSCs. More encouragingly, the unencapsulated devices with NDI-C4F demonstrate extraordinary stability by retaining over 90% of their initial PCEs after 2600 h in air. This work provides an alternative molecular strategy to engineer the buried interfaces and can trigger further development of organic ETMs toward reliable PSCs.
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The perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell represents one of the most promising avenues for exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit for single-junction solar cells at a reasonable cost. Remarkably, its efficiency has rapidly increased from 13.7% in 2015 to 34.6% in 2024. Despite the significant research efforts dedicated to this topic, the "secret" to achieving high-performance perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells seems to be confined to a few research groups. Additionally, the discrepancies in preparation and characterization between single-junction and tandem solar cells continue to impede the transition from efficient single-junction to efficient tandem solar cells. This review first revisits the key milestones in the development of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells over the past decade. Then, a comprehensive analysis of the background, advancements, and challenges in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is provided, following the sequence of the tandem fabrication process. The progress and limitations of the prevalent stability measurements for tandem devices are also discussed. Finally, a roadmap for designing efficient, scalable, and stable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells is outlined. This review takes the growth history into consideration while charting the future course of perovskite/silicon tandem research.
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Fertilizers with enhanced efficiency or high-efficiency fertilizers increase the nutrient availability, minimize losses, and reduce costs, thereby increasing crop yields and food production while mitigating environmental impacts. This research evaluates the synthesis of biodegradable hydrogels from cassava starch and citric acid for agrochemical applications. Hydrogels were synthesized using water as the solvent and applied for the controlled release of macronutrients (N and K). Four concentrations of nutrient-containing salts were tested (0.5 to 10.0% w/w). Materials were analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and swelling studies. The presence of nutrients reduced both the crosslinking efficacy and the water absorption capacity, with the latter dropping from 183.4 ± 0.6% to 117.9 ± 3.7% and 157.4 ± 25.0% for hydrogels loaded with NH4Cl and KCl, respectively. The cumulative release of K and N from the hydrogel was monitored for 144 h and examined using kinetics models, revealing that the releases follow Fickian's diffusion and anomalous diffusion, respectively. Additionally, the material was formed using cassava with peel previously milled to reduce the production costs, and its potential for nutrient-controlled delivery was evaluated, with the finding that this hydrogel decreases the release rate of nitrogen. The results suggest that these biomaterials may have promising applications in the agrochemical industry in the making of high-efficiency fertilizers.
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Graphene has tremendous potential in future electronics due to its superior force, electrical, and thermal properties. However, the development of graphene devices is limited by its complex, high-cost, and low-efficiency preparation process. This study proposes a novel laser bidirectional graphene printing (LBGP) process for the large-scale preparation of patterned graphene films. In LBGP, a sandwich sample composed of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) substrate, carbon precursor powder, and a glass cover is irradiated by a nanosecond pulsed laser. The laser photothermal effect converts the carbon precursor into graphene, with partial graphene sheets deposited directly on the TPE substrate and the remaining transferred to the glass cover via a laser-induced plasma plume. This method simultaneously prepares two face-to-face graphene films in a single laser irradiation, integrating synthesis, transfer, and patterning. The resulting graphene patterns demonstrate good performance in flexible pressure sensing and Joule heating, showcasing high sensitivity (7.7 kPa-1), fast response (37 ms), and good cycling stability (2000 cycles) for sensors, and high heating rate (1 °C s-1) and long-term stability (3000 s) for heaters. It is believed that the simple, low-cost, and efficient LBGP process can promote the development of graphene electronics and laser manufacturing processes.
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Semiconducting materials show high potential for solar energy harvesting due to their suitable bandgaps, which allow the efficient utilization of light energy larger than their bandgaps. However, the photon energy smaller than their bandgap is almost unused, which significantly limits their efficient applications. Herein, plasmonic Pd/SnS2 microcubes with abundant Pd nanoparticles attached to the SnS2 nanosheets are fabricated by an in situ photoreduction method. The as-prepared Pd/SnS2 microcubes extend the light-harvesting ability of SnS2 beyond its cutoff wavelength, which is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of the Pd nanoparticles and the 3D structure of the SnS2 microcubes. Pd nanoparticles can also enhance the light absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles and NiPS3 nanosheets beyond their cutoff wavelengths, revealing the universality for promoting absorption above the cutoff wavelength of the semiconductors. When the plasmonic Pd/SnS2 microcubes are integrated into a hydrophilic sponge acting as the solar evaporator, a solar-to-vapor efficiency of up to 89.2% can be achieved under one sun. The high solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency and the broad applicability of extending the light absorption far beyond the cutoff wavelength of the semiconductor comprise the potential of innovative plasmonic nanoparticle/semiconductor composites for solar desalination.
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Large amounts of wastewater containing low-concentration (<10 ppm) rare-earth ions (REIs) are discharged annually in China's rare-earth mining and processing industry, resulting in severe environmental pollution and economic losses. Hence, achieving efficient selective recovery of low-concentration REIs from REIs-containing wastewater is essential for environmental protection and resource recovery. In this study, a pseudocapacitance system was designed for highly efficient capacitive selective recovery of REIs from wastewater using the titanium dioxide/P/C (TiO2/P/C) composite electrode, which exhibited over 99% recovery efficiency for REIs, such as Eu3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, and Lu3+ in mixed solution. This system maintained high efficiency and more than 90 times the enrichment concentration of REIs even after 100 cycles. Ti4+ of TiO2 was reduced to Ti3+ of Ti3O5 under forward voltage in the system, which trapped the electrons of phosphorus site and caused it to be oxidized to phosphate with a strong affinity for REIs, thus improving the selectivity of REIs. Under reverse voltage, Ti3O5 was oxidized to TiO2, which transferred electrons to phosphate and transformed to the phosphorus site, resulting in the desorption and enrichment of REIs and the regeneration of the electrode. This study provides a promising method for the efficient recovery of REIs from wastewater.
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Eletrodos , Metais Terras Raras , Fósforo , Titânio , Águas Residuárias , Águas Residuárias/química , Metais Terras Raras/química , Fósforo/química , Adsorção , Titânio/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , ÍonsRESUMO
Extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) waves adeptly propagate in harsh cross-medium environments, overcoming rapid decay that hinders high-frequency counterparts. Traditional antennas, however, encounter challenges concerning size, efficiency, and power. Here, drawing inspiration from nature, we present a groundbreaking piezo-actuated, bionic flapping-wing magnetic-dipole resonator (BFW-MDR), operating in the electro-mechano-magnetic coupling mechanism, designed for efficient ELF EM wave transmission. The unique rigid-flexible hybrid flapping-wing structure magnifies rotation angles of anti-phase magnetic dipoles by tenfold, leading to constructive superposition of emitted magnetic fields. Consequently, the BFW-MDR exhibits a remarkable quality factor of 288 and an enhanced magnetic field emission of 514 fT at 100 meters with only 6.9 mW power consumption, surpassing traditional coil antennas by three orders of magnitude. The communication rate is doubled by the ASK+PSK modulation method. Its robust performance in cross-medium communication, even amidst various interferences, underscores its potential as a highly efficient antenna for underwater and underground applications.