Interdisciplinary Delphi study by PROSEC North America: Recommendations on single indirect restorations made from ceramic and nonmetallic biomaterials for posterior teeth.

OBJECTIVE: This article puts forward consensus recommendations from PROSEC North America regarding single indirect restorations made from ceramic and nonmetallic biomaterials in posterior teeth. OVERVIEW: The consensus process involved a multidisciplinary panel and three consensus workshops. A systematic literature review was conducted across five databases to gather evidence. The recommendations, informed by findings from systematic reviews and formulated based on a two-phase e-Delphi survey, emphasize a comprehensive treatment strategy that includes noninvasive measures alongside restorative interventions for managing dental caries and tooth wear. The recommendations advocate for selecting between direct and indirect restorations on a case-by-case basis, favoring inlays and onlays over crowns to align with minimally invasive dentistry principles. The recommendations highlight the critical role of selecting restorative biomaterials based on clinical performance, esthetic properties, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines. They emphasize the importance of precision in restorative procedures, including tooth preparation, impression taking, contamination control, and luting. Regular follow-up and maintenance tailored to individual patient needs are crucial for the longevity of ceramic and nonmetallic restorations. CONCLUSIONS: These PROSEC recommendations provide a framework for dental practitioners to deliver high-quality restorative care, advocating for personalized treatment planning and minimally invasive approaches to optimize oral health outcomes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The PROSEC North America recommendations highlight the importance of minimally invasive techniques in posterior tooth restorations using ceramic and non-metallic biomaterials. These principles prioritize tooth structure conservation and personalized treatment planning, essential for enhancing clinical outcomes and long-term oral health.

Do all ceramic and composite CAD-CAM materials exhibit equal bonding properties to implant Ti-base materials? An Interfacial Fracture Toughness Study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) with or without aging, of four different classes of CAD-CAM ceramic and composite materials bonded with self-adhesive resin cement to titanium alloy characteristic of implant abutments. METHODS: High translucent zirconia (Katana; KAT), lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic (IPS. emax.CAD; EMX), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PICN) (Vita Enamic; ENA), and dispersed filler composite (Cerasmart 270; CER) were cut into equilateral triangular prisms and bonded to titanium prisms with identical dimensions using Panavia SA Cement Universal. The surfaces were pretreated following the manufacturers' recommendations and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of the pretreated surfaces was measured. IFT was determined using the Notchless Triangular Prism test in a water bath at 36 °C before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles) (n = 40 samples/material). RESULTS: IFT of the materials ranged from 0.80 ± 0.25 to 1.10 ± 0.21 MPa.m1/2 before thermocycling and from 0.71 ± 0.24 to 1.02 ± 0.25 MPa.m1/2 after thermocycling. There was a statistical difference between IFT of CER and the two top performers in each scenario: KAT and EMX before aging, and KAT and ENA after aging. Thermocycling significantly decreased IFT of EMX. The Weibull modulus of IFT was similar for all materials and remained so after thermocycling. Sdr measurements revealed that ENA (7.60)>Ti (4.97)>CER (2.85)>KAT (1.09)=EMX (0.96). SIGNIFICANCE: Dispersed filler CAD-CAM composite showed lower performance than the other materials. Aging only affected IFT of Li-Si glass-ceramic, whereas zirconia and PICN performed equally well, probably due to their chemical bonding potential and surface roughness respectively.

Emerging nanozyme therapy incorporated into dental materials for diverse oral pathologies.

OBJECTIVE: Nanozyme materials combine the advantages of natural enzymes and artificial catalysis, and have been widely applied in new technologies for dental materials and oral disease treatment. Based on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress pathways in the occurrence and therapy of oral diseases, a comprehensive review was conducted on the methods and mechanisms of nanozymes and their dental materials in treating different oral diseases. METHODS: This review is based on literature surveys from PubMed and Web of Science databases, as well as reviews of relevant researches and publications on nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases and oral tumors in international peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS: Given the unique function of nanozymes in the generation and elimination of ROS, they play an important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of different oral diseases. The application of nanozymes in dental materials and oral disease treatment was introduced, including the latest advances in their use for dental caries, pulpitis, jaw osteomyelitis, periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases, temporomandibular joint disorders, and oral tumors. Future approaches were also summarized and proposed based on the characteristics of these diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: This review will guide biomedical researchers and oral clinicians to understand the mechanisms and applications of nanozymes in the therapy of oral diseases, promoting further development in the field of dental materials within the oral medication. It is anticipated that more suitable therapeutic agents or dental materials encapsulating nanozymes, specifically designed for the oral environment and simpler for clinical utilization, will emerge in the forthcoming future.

Developing an optimised method for accurate wear testing of dental materials using the 'Rub&Roll' device.

Dental materials are challenged by wear processes in the oral environment and should be evaluated in laboratory tests prior to clinical use. Many laboratory wear-testing devices are high-cost investments and not available for cross-centre comparisons. The 'Rub&Roll' wear machine enables controlled application of force, chemical and mechanical loading, but the initial design was not able to test against rigid antagonist materials. The current study aimed to probe the sensitivity of a new 'Rub&Roll' set-up by evaluating the effect of force and test solution parameters (deionized water; water + abrasive medium; acid + abrasive medium) on the wear behaviour of direct and indirect dental resin-based composites (RBCs) compared with human molars against 3D-printed rod antagonists. Molars exhibited greater height loss than RBCs in all test groups, with the largest differences recorded with acidic solutions. Direct RBCs showed significantly greater wear than indirect RBCs in the groups containing abrasive media. The acidic + abrasive medium did not result in increased wear of RBC materials. The developed method using the 'Rub&Roll' wear machine in the current investigation has provided a sensitive wear test method to allow initial screening of resin-based composite materials compared with extracted human molars under the influence of different mechanical and erosive challenges.

Effect of adding ytterbium trifluoride filler particles on the mechanical, physicochemical and biological properties of methacrylate-based experimental resins for 3D printing.

OBJECTIVE: To formulate an experimental methacrylate-based photo-polymerizable resin for 3D printing with ytterbium trifluoride as filler and to evaluate the mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties. METHODS: Resin matrix was formulated with 60 wt% UDMA, 40 wt% TEGDMA, 1 wt% TPO, and 0.01 wt% BHT. Ytterbium Trifluoride was added in concentrations of 1 (G1 %), 2 (G2 %), 3 (G3 %), 4 (G4 %), and 5 (G5 %) wt%. One group remained without filler addition as control (GC). The samples were designed in 3D builder software and printed using a UV-DLP 3D printer. The samples were ultrasonicated with isopropanol and UV cured for 60 min. The resins were tested for degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength, Knoop microhardness, softening in solvent, radiopacity, colorimetric analysis, and cytotoxicity (MTT and SRB). RESULTS: Post-polymerization increased the degree of conversion of all groups (p < 0.05). G2 % showed the highest DC after post-polymerization. G2 % showed no differences in flexural strength from the G1 % and GC (p > 0.05). All groups showed a hardness reduction after solvent immersion. No statistical difference was found in radiopacity, softening in solvent (ΔKHN%), colorimetric spectrophotometry, and cytotoxicity (MTT) (p > 0.05). G1 % showed reduced cell viability for SRB assay (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: It was possible to produce an experimental photo-polymerizable 3D printable resin with the addition of 2 % ytterbium trifluoride as filler without compromising the mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties, comparable to the current provisional materials.

Micromechanical modelling for bending behaviour of novel bioinspired alumina-based dental composites.

The clinical failure mode of dental crown ceramics involves radial cracking at the interface, driven by the surface tension generated from the flexure of the ceramic layer on the subsurface. This results in a reduced lifespan for most all-ceramic dental crowns. Therefore, investigating optimal material combinations to reduce stress concentration in dental crown materials has become crucial for future successful clinical applications. The anisotropic complex structures of natural materials, such as nacre, could potentially create suitable strong and damage-resistant materials. Their imitation of natural structural optimisation and mechanical functionality at both the macro- and micro-levels minimises weaknesses in dental crowns. This research aims to optimise cost-effective, freeze-casted bioinspired composites for the manufacture of novel, strong, and tough ceramic-based dental crowns. To this end, multilayer alumina (Al2O3) composites with four different polymer phases were tested to evaluate their bending behaviour and determine their flexural strength. A computational model was developed and validated against the experimental results. This model includes Al2O3 layers that undergo gentle compression and distribute stress, while the polymer layers act as stress relievers, undergoing plastic deformation to reduce stress concentration. Based on the experimental data and numerical modelling, it was concluded that these composites exhibit variability in mechanical properties, primarily due to differences in microstructures and their flexural strength. Furthermore, the findings suggest that bioinspired Al2O3-based composites demonstrate promising deformation and strengthening behaviour, indicating potential for application in the dental field.

Spot-etch technique and other adhesive strategies for provisional veneers.

AIM: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different adhesive strategies regarding shear bond strength (SBS) of provisional resin--based materials bonded to the enamel surface as well as on the enamel surface roughness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10) according to the adhesive strategy used: BRControl (bis-acrylic resin); Spot-etch+BR (spot-etch + bis-acrylic resin); Spot--etchSB2+BR (spot-etch + adhesive + bis-acrylic resin); Spot-etchZ350Flow+BR (spot-etch + flowable composite resin + bis-acrylic resin); SBU+BR (universal adhesive + bis-acrylic resin); Spot-etchSBMP+Z350 (spot-etch + adhesive + composite resin). The enamel surface roughness was determined by a surface profil-ometer. An SBS test was performed in a universal testing machine, and failure modes were classified under magnification. The SBS data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A paired t test was used for enamel surface roughness intragroup comparisons, and the Friedman one-way repeated meas-ures analysis of variance by ranks was used for differences in enamel surface roughness between groups, with the Tukey post hoc test (a = 0.05). RESULTS: BRControl had the lowest SBS values (MPa), with a significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) from the other groups. Spot-etch+BR had the highest SBS values but with no significant differences from the other groups in which the spot-etch technique was also used. Adhesive failure mode was predominant for all groups. BRControl had the lowest surface roughness difference, significantly different (P = 0.001) from all the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Spot-etch and other adhesive strategies could be applied to increase the SBS values of provisional restorations to enamel compared with no surface pretreatment. However, the adhesive strategy may change the enamel surface roughness, revealing the importance of cleaning the tooth surface.

Exploring the effectiveness of doxycycline in restorative dentistry: a systematic review of in vitro studies.

This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of doxycycline in MMP inhibition, its antibacterial action, and other properties relevant to dental materials testing. The study protocol was registered at the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZVK2T ). Reporting was based on PRISMA statement. The search was carried out in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Lilacs, and Google Scholar. Articles were restricted to Portuguese, English, and Spanish, with no date limit. In vitro studies were selected based on the following outcomes: DOX antibacterial and anti-metalloproteinase activity and its influence in physico-chemical properties. Two researchers independently selected the articles and collected the data. Of 1507 documents, 82 were fully evaluated and 21 were included. Different forms of doxycycline incorporation were found, both as free form and incorporated into carrier agents. The drug was tested as primers, incorporated in adhesive or glass ionomer cement. No studies were found that evaluated its incorporation in resin composite or resin cement. The results confirmed the therapeutic properties of the medication, with more significant results when incorporated in an adhesive. However, although promising, the use of this substance requires standardization in application methods and adopted concentrations, allowing for more direct comparisons between studies. Furthermore, long-term studies are interesting to conduct, ensuring biocompatibility and complete understanding of long-term effects on dental materials.

Clinical outcome of non-surgical root canal treatment using different sealers and techniques of obturation in 237 patients: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical results of two root canal sealers and three obturation techniques used for non-surgical root canal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of two hundred eighty-three root canal treated teeth in two hundred thirty-seven patients with minimum a 6-month follow-up was included for this study. The canals were filled with three different modes: 1) cold lateral condensation (CLC) and AH Plus Sealer; 2) continuous wave condensation technique (CWC) and AH Plus Sealer, and 3) sealer-based obturation technique (SBO) and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. The treatment outcome was analysed based on clinical signs and symptoms, and periapical radiograph (periapical index, PAI). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in treatment outcome between various sealers and filling techniques applied. The sealer extrusion was found most frequently in the CWC group (60.67%), followed by SBO (59.21%) and CLC (21.19%) with statistically significant differences (p < .05). The initial diagnosis, previous treatment and sealer extrusion (p < .05) were prognostic factors that affected treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this study, neither the sealer type nor the filling technique affected the treatment success while preoperative diagnosis, previous treatment and sealer extrusion had significant effect on the outcome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A bioceramic sealant applied along with the single-cone technique might be considered as an alternative method in root canal obturation.

Color Stability of Single-Shade Resin Composites in Direct Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The objective was to compare the color match and color stability behavior of single- and multi-shade resin-based composites (RBCs) used for direct restorations. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Randomized clinical trials evaluating the shade performance of single-shade RBCs in direct restorations were included. A search of the scientific literature was performed in five databases (April 2024). The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4, calculating the risk difference (RD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the dichotomous outcome using a random effects model. Bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADEpro tool. Four studies were selected, with 263 restorations analyzed. The results showed comparable performance between single-shade RBCs and multi-shade RBCs in terms of color match and color stability over 12 months. Three studies had a low risk of bias with all expected results, and one study had some concerns. The certainty of evidence for color stability was considered low for all follow-up periods due to the small number of events and sample size. According to the United States Public Health Service Evaluation (USPHS) and the World Dental Federation (FDI), there is comparable clinical color performance between single-shade and multi-shade RBCs over 12 months.

Sensitivity analysis and quality indicators for an in vitro oral irritation assay.

Biocompatibility testing using in vivo tests is often one of the final evaluations of new dental materials. To reduce the likelihood of failure at this late stage, predictive biocompatibility testing using in vitro methods is needed. In this study, we describe a sensitivity analysis of an oral irritation test by evaluating changes in the viability, using the MTT assay, of 3-D models with EpiOral constructs as a case study. Experiments that tested sources of variability in the assay led to recommendations regarding the storage of the constructs after arrival, pipetting procedure, use of MTT reagents from different vendors, use of transepithelial electrical resistance measurements, and statistical analyses. A statistical model was proposed to evaluate whether test substances yield a positive or negative result and the associated statistical confidence. Testing several test compounds such as the Y-4 polymer, that contains a known irritant, and dentally relevant substances such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at varying concentrations revealed statistically significant results as expected. Lastly, a software app was designed to support a multiwell culture plate layout design. Overall, the findings and suggestions documented here will support the further development and potential standardization of this assay system and may be useful for the development of other assays using 3-D constructs.

New in vitro methods can support the development of novel dental materials by yielding information about their biocompatibility. In this study, an in vitro oral irritation assay was investigated to better understand what aspects of the method contribute to its variability. There is a potential that such a method could yield similar information to in vivo experiments and reduce animal testing.

Load-bearing capacity, internal accuracy and time-efficiency of heat-pressed, milled and 3D-printed lithium disilicate ultra-thin occlusal veneers.

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this in vitro study was to compare the load-bearing capacity of lithium disilicate occlusal veneers, fabricated via different manufacturing processes. Secondary objectives included assessing internal accuracy and production time-efficiency. METHODS: Four fabrication methods for ultra-thin lithium disilicate occlusal veneers on extracted human molars with simulated erosive defects were compared (n = 20/group): CAM: milled lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD); HPR: heat-pressed lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press) out of a milled PMMA template (Ddpmma CAST); 3DP: 3D-printed lithium disilicate (experimental lithium disilicate); PTE: heat-pressed lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press) out of a 3D-printed template (SilaPrint cast). Internal accuracy was measured prior to thermo-mechanical aging, followed by static loading to measure the load-bearing capacity (Fmax). Fabrication time (time-efficiency) was also recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in median load-bearing capacities (Fmax) between the groups (KW p = 0.5902): CAM 1821 N, HPR 1896 N, 3DP 2003 N, PTE 1687 N. Significant differences were found in internal accuracy between the groups that employed printing processes (3DP, PTE) and all other groups in margins (p < 0.001), cusps (p < 0.0018), and fossae (p < 0.0346). The time-efficiency measurements indicated an increase in fabrication time, starting from CAM 67.2 ± 5.8 min, followed by HPR 200.8 ± 33.0 min, PTE 289.2 ± 38.7 min, and peaking with the highest duration observed for 3DP 701.6 ± 8.1 min. SIGNIFICANCE: The fabrication method of ultra-thin lithium disilicate occlusal veneers does not significantly impact their load-bearing capacity, but affects the clinical fit and adaptation of the veneers.

Advances in biomaterials for oral-maxillofacial bone regeneration: spotlight on periodontal and alveolar bone strategies.

The intricate nature of oral-maxillofacial structure and function, coupled with the dynamic oral bacterial environment, presents formidable obstacles in addressing the repair and regeneration of oral-maxillofacial bone defects. Numerous characteristics should be noticed in oral-maxillofacial bone repair, such as irregular morphology of bone defects, homeostasis between hosts and microorganisms in the oral cavity and complex periodontal structures that facilitate epithelial ingrowth. Therefore, oral-maxillofacial bone repair necessitates restoration materials that adhere to stringent and specific demands. This review starts with exploring these particular requirements by introducing the particular characteristics of oral-maxillofacial bones and then summarizes the classifications of current bone repair materials in respect of composition and structure. Additionally, we discuss the modifications in current bone repair materials including improving mechanical properties, optimizing surface topography and pore structure and adding bioactive components such as elements, compounds, cells and their derivatives. Ultimately, we organize a range of potential optimization strategies and future perspectives for enhancing oral-maxillofacial bone repair materials, including physical environment manipulation, oral microbial homeostasis modulation, osteo-immune regulation, smart stimuli-responsive strategies and multifaceted approach for poly-pathic treatment, in the hope of providing some insights for researchers in this field. In summary, this review analyzes the complex demands of oral-maxillofacial bone repair, especially for periodontal and alveolar bone, concludes multifaceted strategies for corresponding biomaterials and aims to inspire future research in the pursuit of more effective treatment outcomes.

Revolutionizing CAD/CAM-based restorative dental processes and materials with artificial intelligence: a concise narrative review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly prevalent in biomedical and industrial development, capturing the interest of dental professionals and patients. Its potential to improve the accuracy and speed of dental procedures is set to revolutionize dental care. The use of AI in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) within the restorative dental and material science fields offers numerous benefits, providing a new dimension to these practices. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the implementation of AI-powered technologies in CAD/CAM restorative dental procedures and materials. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords from 2000 to 2023 to obtain pertinent information. This method was implemented to guarantee a thorough investigation of the subject matter. Keywords included; "Artificial Intelligence", "Machine Learning", "Neural Networks", "Virtual Reality", "Digital Dentistry", "CAD/CAM", and "Restorative Dentistry". Artificial intelligence in digital restorative dentistry has proven to be highly beneficial in various dental CAD/CAM applications. It helps in automating and incorporating esthetic factors, occlusal schemes, and previous practitioners' CAD choices in fabricating dental restorations. AI can also predict the debonding risk of CAD/CAM restorations and the compositional effects on the mechanical properties of its materials. Continuous enhancements are being made to overcome its limitations and open new possibilities for future developments in this field.

Characteristics of dental materials in the oral cavities of Asian individuals between their 20s and early 40s living temporarily in Japan based on 38 case studies.

Characterization of materials used in dental restorations and fixed prostheses is useful for personal identification. This study investigated the dental treatment trends and use of metal materials among non-Japanese Asian temporary residents and Japanese individuals aged from 20 to 40 years living in a city in Japan. Analysis of 38 participants from different Asian countries showed prominent use of resin fillings, with metal element analysis revealing nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) or cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys. Among five Japanese participants of the same age with dental metal treatment scars, resin fillings and silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) or silver-indium (Ag-In) alloys were observed. This study suggested some regional differences in dental material choices in Asia.

Effect of hydrofluoric acid and self-etch ceramic primers on the flexural strength and fatigue resistance of glass ceramics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies.

This systematic review evaluated the effect of different hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching regimens and a self-etch ceramic primer (SECP) on the flexural strength (FS) and fatigue failure load (FFL) of glass-ceramic materials.The identification of relevant studies was conducted by two authors in five databases: PubMED, Scopus, Web Of Science, LILACS and Virtual Health Library (BVS) until July 2022 with no year limit. The analysis was conducted in RevMan 5.4.1 Software (Cochrane Collaboration) using Random effect model at 5 %. The risk of bias of the included studies were assessed. From the 5349 articles identified, 34 were included for quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis showed that for predominantly glassy ceramics, etching with HF 5 % had no significant impact on FS, however, HF acid etching with concentrations greater than 5 % negatively impacted FS. For lithium disilicate glass-ceramics (LDGC) HF acid etching, negatively influenced FS, while increasing the FFL. HF etching negatively affected FS of hybrid ceramics. The self-etch ceramic primer and HF acid etching showed a similar impact on FFL and FS. This meta-analysis indicates that the impact of SECP and HF acid etching on the mechanical behavior of glass ceramics is material-dependent.

The Influence of Cement Thickness within the Cap on Stress Distribution for Dental Implants.

The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) was to evaluate the stress distribution within the prosthetic components and bone in relation to varying cement thicknesses (from 20 to 60 µm) utilized to attach a zirconia crown on a conometric cap. The study focused on two types of implants (Cyroth and TAC, AoN Implants, Grisignano di Zocco, Italy) featuring a Morse cone connection. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) models were developed to represent the bone structure (cortical and trabecular) and the prosthetic components, including the crown, cement, cap, abutment, and the implant. Both implants were placed 1.5 mm subcrestally and subjected to a 200 N load at a 45° inclination on the crown. The results indicated that an increase in cement thickness led to a reduction in von Mises stress on the cortical bone for both Cyroth and TAC implants, while the decrease in stress on the trabecular bone (apical zone) was relatively less pronounced. However, the TAC implant exhibited a higher stress field in the apical area compared to the Cyroth implant. In summary, this study investigated the influence of cement thickness on stress transmission across prosthetic components and peri-implant tissues through FEA analysis, emphasizing that the 60 µm cement layer demonstrated higher stress values approaching the material strength limit.

Properties of a Dental Adhesive Containing Graphene and DOPA-Modified Graphene.

Graphene is a promising biomaterial. However, its dispersion in aqueous medium is challenging. This study aimed to modify graphene nanoparticles with L-dopa to improve the properties of experimental dental adhesives. Adhesives were formulated with 0% (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% of graphene, modified or not. Particle modification and dispersion were microscopically assessed. Degree of conversion was tested by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were evaluated by a 3-point flexural test. Bond strength was tested by shear. To test water sorption/solubility, samples were weighed during hydration and dehydration. Antibacterial activity was tested by Streptococcus mutans colony-forming units quantification. Cytotoxicity on fibroblasts was evaluated through a dentin barrier test. The modification of graphene improved the particle dispersion. Control presented the highest degree of conversion, flexural strength, and bond strength. In degree of conversion, 0.25% of groups were similar to control. In bond strength, groups of graphene modified by L-dopa were similar to Control. The modulus of elasticity was similar between groups. Cytotoxicity and water sorption/solubility decreased as particles increased. Compared to graphene, less graphene modified by L-dopa was needed to promote antibacterial activity. By modifying graphene with L-dopa, the properties of graphene and, therefore, the adhesives incorporated by it were enhanced.

Determination of the Color Change of Various Esthetic Monolithic Monochromatic Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Materials.

Dental technology has developed materials for prosthetics that are very similar to natural teeth and offer a good balance between durability and esthetics; however, some of these materials are not very color-stable under the influence of external factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine and compare the color change (∆E00) of different esthetic monolithic monochromatic CAD/CAM materials after they have been thermocycled and treated with staining solutions. The color parameters were determined using a spectrophotometer on a white and black background. Five CAD/CAM materials were used for this study-CAD/CAM nanoceramic (GC Cerasmart270), CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD), CAD/CAM polymer (Telio CAD), CAD/CAM composite (Tetric CAD) and CAD/CAM polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic). The test specimens produced were divided into groups and were thermocycled in distilled water. They were then stored for four weeks at 37 °C in either distilled water as a control liquid, black tea, instant coffee or red wine. The aim is also to evaluate the color changes as a function of the exposure time of the staining solutions. The results obtained were analyzed statistically. All CAD/CAM materials tend to discolor to varying degrees. Among the factors contributing to discoloration, red wine proved to be the most significant influencing factor. The conclusion from the results is that the color change is influenced by the type of material, the staining solution, the sample thickness, the color background and the aging time.

In-Vitro Comparison of Titanium Disc Surface Roughness and Bacterial Colonization after Ultrasonic Instrumentation with Three Different Tips.

During implant maintenance, preserving a smooth surface on the machined trans-mucosa abutment is critical to reduce biofilm attachment and colonization. The present study compare the surface roughness and bacterial colonization of machined titanium surfaces after instrumentation with various materials. Forty-four machined Grade 23 titanium discs were instrumented with a round Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) tip, a plastic curette tip, or a pure titanium curette tip with piezoelectric devices. Before and after instrumentation, the surface roughness (Ra and Rz) values were analyzed with a profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Streptococcus sanguinis was cultured and incubated for 24 hours on the instrumented discs, and colony-forming units (CFU)/mL were obtained for each group. Samples instrumented with the metal ultrasonic tip significantly increased surface roughness compared to the other groups. Thisresulted in greater colonization by S. sanguinis than surfaces instrumented with PEEK tips or the negative control. Samples instrumented with PEEK and plastic tips did not exhibit any statistically significant increase in surface roughness. SEM analysis revealed a significantly rougher surface of discs instrumented with metal compared to discs instrumented with plastic or PEEK tip, despite the possibility of debris from tip dissolution. Our results suggested that instrumentation with metal ultrasonic tips with piezoelectric devices significantly increase machined titanium's surface roughness and elicited higher biofilm formation in vitro. Meanwhile, instrumentation of machined titanium with PEEK or plastic ultrasonic tips did not affect the surface roughness or bacterial adhesion.