MUSIG: An Example Highlighting the Value of Student Led POCUS Education, Influenced by the COVID-19 Pandemic.

There has been a recent push for more formal ultrasound teaching in medical school curricula. Faculty availability, however, presents a significant barrier to its implementation. Medical student interest groups such as the McGill Ultrasound Interest Group (MUSIG), aimed to address this barrier by using near-peer instruction (NPI) to teach ultrasound to other students. MUSIG has helped teach hundreds of students about the fundamentals of ultrasound and its applicability in clinical practice by creating ultrasound conferences, friendly ultrasound competitions, virtual lectures, and educational resources. This paper aims to use MUSIG as an example to highlight the important role students can play in changing the landscape of medical education.

Facilitating Active Collaborative Learning in Medical Education; a Literature Review of Peer Instruction Method.

The call for educational reform by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching marked a pivotal juncture in the trajectory of medical education in the United States. The call underscored the imperative for educational restructuring to equip forthcoming physicians with the requisite skills to engage in lifelong learning. Among the several active teaching methods is the Peer Instruction (PI), a brainchild of Eric Mazur, empowering students to steer their own education and wield knowledge adeptly into real-world scenarios. In this review paper, we delve into the core elements of PI which involves the combination of four dynamic pedagogical approaches which are: Just-in-Time Teaching, ConcepTest, Audience Response System, and Think-Pair-Share technique. PIs effectiveness notwithstanding, it is not exempt from limitations such as its flexible implementation, lengthy time, the level of expertise required for instructional design, among others. While Peer Instruction has become increasingly popular among educators across other disciplines, with proven educational benefits with positive outcomes, PIs footprint in gradate and postgraduate medical education remains inchoate, evidenced by a paucity of scholarly references. This underscores a crucial gap - despite its proven potency in fueling engagement and learning, PI still lacks formal recognition and acknowledgement as a distinct instructional method in medical education. Within these boundaries, the promise of heightened education and amplified engagement beckons further exploration of PI as a medical educational model, warranting more consideration and research.

Peer Instruction as an Alternative Active Learning Pedagogy Across the Pharmacy Curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if peer instruction (PI) is a useful active learning pedagogy to increase correct responses to pharmacotherapy concepts throughout didactic education in a Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum. METHODS: Peer instruction was implemented into 3 pharmacy practice courses spanning 3 years of didactic pharmacy education at Cedarville University: Introduction to Self-Care (PHAR 6112) in the first professional year, Respiratory Module (PHAR 6261) in the second professional year, and Special Populations Module (PHAR 7343) in the third professional year. ConcepTests, which are multiple-choice questions written to help students apply previous knowledge to new scenarios, were re-polled based on a PI algorithm after peer discussion. Changes in students paired before and after peer discussion ConcepTest responses were analyzed using a McNemar test and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 52 first-year students, 43 second-year students, and 49 third-year students participated in each respective course. Across all courses, an increase in the percentage of correct responses to ConceptTests after peer discussion was observed from the first polling (51.2%) to the second polling (90.4%). This increase in the percentage of correct responses was observed across all years of the curriculum, with greater increases in cohorts with previous participation in PI-based sessions. CONCLUSION: The use of PI fostered improvement in the percentage of correct responses to ConcepTests focused on pharmacotherapy concepts throughout the first 3 years of didactic education. This pedagogy may be an effective and useful active learning strategy in pharmacy education that does not require significant classroom infrastructure changes.

Influence of psychological autonomy support of peer instruction: A novel interactive approach using Instagram in language learning.

This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by investigating the impact of Just-in-Time (JiT) teaching and peer instruction (PI) strategies on the promotion of students' achievement, interaction, and motivation in English language learning. Students were recruited from an undergraduate TESOL program in the first semester of 2019 at a University in Saudi Arabia. A multiple method research design was used to address the research questions robustly and rigorously. First, a two-group quasi-experimental design was implemented. In the first group, a lecture-based strategy was used (n = 28), while in the second group, JiT and PI strategies were used (n = 27) in English language lessons. An innovative research method was used in this study: a private Instagram account was created, serving as a platform through which teacher and students could communicate using interactive posts and comments. Second, students filled out a survey reflecting on this medium of language teaching and learning. Finally, focus group interviews were conducted to determine students' views on the use of Instagram as an educational tool in terms of its flexibility and usefulness. The findings of the study suggest that JiT teaching, and PI promoted students' achievement and enhanced students' motivation, particularly in relation to fluency and novelty in the second language. Furthermore, students viewed Instagram as a successful educational tool that significantly facilitated their collaboration. Nevertheless, this study also highlights the challenges of using JiT teaching and PI to facilitate language learning. Suggestions for practitioners are specified; including providing adequate e-learning tools for students to enhance language learning motivation and achievement.

Revisiting Clickers: In-Class Questions Followed by At-Home Reflections Are Associated with Higher Student Performance on Related Exam Questions.

Clicker questions are a commonly used active learning technique that stimulates student interactions to help advance understanding of key concepts. Clicker questions are often administered with an initial vote, peer discussion, and a second vote, followed by broader classroom explanation. While clickers can promote learning, some studies have questioned whether students maintain this performance on later exams, highlighting the need to further understand how student answer patterns relate to their understanding of the material and to identify ways for clickers to benefit a broader range of students. Systematic requizzing of concepts during at-home assignments represents a promising mechanism to improve student learning. Thus, we paired clicker questions with at-home follow-up reflections to help students articulate and synthesize their understandings. This pairing of clickers with homework allowed us to decipher how student answer patterns related to their underlying conceptions and to determine if revisiting concepts provided additional benefits. We found that students answering both clicker votes correctly performed better on isomorphic exam questions and that students who corrected their answers after the first vote did not show better homework or exam performance than students who maintained an incorrect answer across both votes. Furthermore, completing the follow-up homework assignment modestly boosted exam question performance. Our data suggest that longer-term benefits of clickers and associated homework may stem from students having repeated opportunities to retrieve, refine, and reinforce emerging conceptions.

Made for students, by students: Integrating former-student voices into a de-densified biochemistry laboratory.

The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the importance of peer communication networks for student outcomes. Herein, we describe the use of supplemental instructional videos created by former students and integrated into electronic lab notebooks, to restore the lost community-learning component using student voices in a de-densified upper-division biochemistry laboratory.

The Effect of Peer Instruction Lectures on Learning Attitudes in Epidemiology Education.

Research suggests that the fundamental concepts of epidemiology cannot be sufficiently learned in traditional lectures, and interactive learning is necessary. However, few studies have investigated interactive epidemiology education in general, or peer instruction (PI) in particular. This study investigated the effect of PI. Study par-ticipants were fourth-year medical students. The attitude of participants in regard to PI learning was examined in a non-PI and a PI group. The Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS) (containing six sub-categories) was conducted as a learning-attitudes index. The pre- and post-lecture scores were compared between the non-PI and PI groups using double robust (DR) estimation. The non-PI and PI groups consisted of 20 and 121 student participants, respectively. In DR estimation, affect exhibited the lowest SATS score changes, at -0.51 (95% confidence interval -0.78 to -0.24; p-value < 0.001), whereas effort exhibited the highest score changes of 0.01 (95% confidence interval -0.30 to 0.32; p-value = 0.952). The epidemiology lecture with PI did not increase the SATS scores. This might be due to issues related to the experimental design. Further research investigating the effects of interactive epidemiology education, it will be necessary to develop tools for assessing the learning of epidemiological concepts and to improve the research design.

Yoga therapy knowledge in third-year pharmacy students: An education intervention.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The omission of yoga education in health professions curricula limits health professionals from understanding how to support patient well-being in an integrated manner. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a yoga therapy-based educational intervention in increasing yoga knowledge of third-year pharmacy students. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Students in the Pharmacognosy and Complementary and Alternative Medicine course received a three-hour educational intervention over two class meetings on yoga therapy during fall 2019. The pedagogical method of peer instruction was used, and pre- and post-questionnaires were administered online prior to and after the intervention. The instrument contained eight demographic, six yoga knowledge and participation, 10 yoga therapy, and 15 referral behavior questions. FINDINGS: A statistically significant increase in yoga knowledge scores from 1.43 ± 0.9 before the education intervention to 5.69 ± 1.65 after the intervention occurred (P < .01) was found. A majority believed that yoga therapy should be included in the curriculum. SUMMARY: Increases in post-questionnaire knowledge scores suggested that the educational intervention increased pharmacy students' knowledge of yoga therapy in our sample. Studies specific to yoga education in health professional students, especially in the United States, are scarce. Additionally, the impact of an educational intervention on yoga knowledge in pharmacy students has not been studied. Including yoga therapy in pharmacy curricula should be explored as greater integration of yoga in healthcare is likely to occur due to its effectiveness as an adjunct and widespread use.

Effect of peer instruction pedagogy on concept mastery in a first professional year pharmacy self-care course.

INTRODUCTION: As active learning is being encouraged in pharmacy education, valid active learning pedagogies should be investigated. Peer instruction pedagogy has yet to be explored in the pharmacy education setting. Peer instruction assesses student understanding of a topic through multiple choice questions called ConcepTests. When the class scores below a threshold, students are given time to discuss the ConcepTest. They are then given an opportunity to repeat the same ConcepTest. METHODS: Peer instruction pedagogy was implemented in the 2017 fall semester of PHAR 6112: Introduction to Self-Care. Changes in student responses were recorded via Turning Technologies software to identify if peer instruction increased the number of students who answered ConcepTests correctly. Changes in responses were analyzed via a paired t-test and McNemar test. Students were also surveyed on their perceptions of the pedagogy. RESULTS: A total of 51 questions proceeded through the entirety of the peer instruction algorithm. Peer instruction was associated with an increase in correct response (P < .001). Students' total number of correct responses to ConcepTest questions increased by an average of 16.1 (31.5%) following peer instruction (P<.001). Over 86% of students would recommend that other instructors use ConcepTests. CONCLUSIONS: Peer instruction resulted in an increase in correct responses to session ConcepTests. This pedagogy has potential as an active learning method to deliver pharmacy material.

Comparison of flipped learning and traditional lecture method for teaching digestive system diseases in undergraduate medicine: A prospective non-randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study examined the effects of a large-scale flipped learning (FL) approach in an undergraduate course of Digestive System Diseases. METHODS: This prospective non-randomized trial recruited 404 students over three academic years. In 2016, the course was taught entirely in a Traditional Lecture (TL) style, in 2017 half of the course (Medical topics) was replaced by FL while the remaining half (Surgical topics) was taught by TL and in 2018, the whole course was taught entirely by FL. Academic performance, class attendance and student's satisfaction surveys were compared between cohorts. RESULTS: Test scores were higher in the FL module (Medical) than in the TL module (Surgical) in the 2017 cohort but were not different when both components were taught entirely by TL (2016) or by FL (2018). Also, FL increased the probability of reaching superior grades (scores >7.0) and improved class attendance and students' satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The holistic FL model is more effective for teaching undergraduate clinical gastroenterology compared to traditional teaching methods and has a positive impact on classroom attendances.

Students engage in primary literature in molecular biology techniques using an online journal club format.

Campus closures in Spring 2020 required rapid transition to online course delivery. Fall 2020 has similar needs and expectations. The Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology Techniques course, designed for upper division undergraduate and graduate students, uses a "journal club" format. The journal club format includes practice-based learning and provides student choice. Examples from graduate students effectively model the expectations using near-peer instruction. Teaching in the time of COVID-19 requires openness to new ideas and modifications to previous approaches. We were able to move the course online with little interruption.

Why does peer instruction benefit student learning?

In peer instruction, instructors pose a challenging question to students, students answer the question individually, students work with a partner in the class to discuss their answers, and finally students answer the question again. A large body of evidence shows that peer instruction benefits student learning. To determine the mechanism for these benefits, we collected semester-long data from six classes, involving a total of 208 undergraduate students being asked a total of 86 different questions related to their course content. For each question, students chose their answer individually, reported their confidence, discussed their answers with their partner, and then indicated their possibly revised answer and confidence again. Overall, students were more accurate and confident after discussion than before. Initially correct students were more likely to keep their answers than initially incorrect students, and this tendency was partially but not completely attributable to differences in confidence. We discuss the benefits of peer instruction in terms of differences in the coherence of explanations, social learning, and the contextual factors that influence confidence and accuracy.

Peer Instruction-Based Feedback Sessions Improve the Retention of Knowledge in Medical Students / Feedback Baseado em "Peer Instruction" Melhora a Retenção de Conhecimento em Estudantes de Medicina

ABSTRACT Peer Instruction (PI) is an interactive teaching-learning process between colleagues and has been applied in various universities throughout the world. This active teaching methodology improves students' performance and their capacity to resolve problems when they perform activities with their study colleagues. There are no systematic studies about the use of PI in assessment feedback. The aim of our study is to identify whether the use of PI on assessment feedback improves the retention of basic concepts in medical programs. For this study 226 undergraduate students (Y2 = 115, Y3 = 111) enrolled in a Brazilian medical school were invited to participate. After taking the regular exam (RE), the students of the control group (125) could individually receive feedback (review of the exam) from the professor according to the course routine, and the students in the study group (101) were invited to participate in an immediate intervention after the RE with a feedback developed session using the peer instruction teaching method. At the conclusion of the feedback session, the students again answered the post-feedback exam (PFE) so that we could identify any changes in the answers compared with the regular exam taken before feedback and 6 months later, we applied a diagnostic exam (DE) of identify whether the students retained the concepts covered in the previous exams. The control and study groups are statistically significantly different in the RE (p = 0.0014) and DE (p < 0.000). The study group demonstrated better performance in both exams than the control group. When we gave feedback, using PI immediately after the exam, retention of basic science knowledge jumped to 39%, increasing by 15%. The students that had assessment feedback had the opportunity to discuss their misconceptions. These students had the highest number of correct answers with assimilate knowledge and fewer assimilation of wrong answers, therefore, students who received immediate feedback had less tendency to make the same conceptual errors. PI in the feedback was effective in improving retention of basic science knowledge.

RESUMO Instrução de pares (PI) é um processo interativo de ensino-aprendizagem entre os estudantes e tem sido aplicado em várias universidades em todo o mundo. Essa metodologia de ensino ativa melhora o desempenho dos alunos e sua capacidade de resolver problemas quando realizam atividades com seus colegas. Não há estudos sistemáticos sobre o uso de PI no feedback da avaliação. O objetivo do nosso estudo é identificar se o uso do PI no feedback da avaliação melhora a retenção de conceitos básicos em educação médica. Foram convidados a participar deste estudo 226 estudantes de graduação (segundo ano = 115, terceiro ano = 111) matriculados em uma escola de Medicina no Brasil. Após o exame regular (ER), os alunos do grupo controle (125) poderiam solicitar a revisão de prova de acordo com a rotina do curso, e os alunos do grupo de estudo (101) foram convidados a participar de uma intervenção imediata após o ER com uma sessão de feedback usando-se o método de ensino por instrução de pares. No final do feedback, os alunos responderam novamente ao exame pós-feedback (PFE) para que pudéssemos identificar quaisquer alterações nas respostas em comparação ao exame regular feito antes do feedback. Após seis meses, aplicamos um exame de diagnóstico (DE) para identificar se os alunos mantiveram os conceitos abordados nos exames anteriores. O desempenho dos estudantes dos grupos controle e estudo são estatisticamente diferentes no RE (p = 0,0014) e no DE (p < 0,000). O grupo de estudo demonstrou melhor desempenho em ambos os exames do que o grupo controle. Com a sessão de feedback, usando-se PI imediatamente após o exame, a retenção do conhecimento básico foi de 39%, aumentando em 15%. Os alunos que tiveram feedback de avaliação tiveram a oportunidade de discutir suas dificuldades. Esses alunos apresentaram o maior número de respostas corretas assimiladas e menor assimilação de respostas erradas. Portanto, os alunos que receberam feedback imediato apresentaram menor tendência a cometer os mesmos erros conceituais da primeira avaliação. PI no feedback foi eficaz em melhorar a retenção de conhecimentos básicos em estudantes de Medicina.

Peer instruction improves comprehension and transfer of physiological concepts: a randomized comparison with self-explanation.

Comprehension of physiology is essential for development of clinical reasoning. However, medical students often struggle to understand physiological concepts. Interactive learning through Peer instruction (PI) is known to stimulate students' comprehension, but its relative efficacy and working mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated if and how PI could optimize comprehension of physiological concepts and transfer relative to Self-explanation (SE) which is considered a lower-order type of overt learning. First-year medical students (n = 317) were randomly assigned to either PI or SE in a pre-post test design, followed by a set of near and far transfer questions. In both PI and SE groups post-test scores were significantly improved (p < 0.0001) with PI outperforming SE (+ 35% vs. + 23%, p = 0.006). Interestingly, a substantial number of students with initial incorrect answers even had enhanced scores after discussion with an incorrect peer. Both methods showed higher transfer scores than control (p = 0.006), with a tendency for higher near transfer scores for PI. These findings support PI as a valuable method to enhance comprehension of physiological concepts. Moreover, by comparing the effects of interactive PI with constructive SE we have established new insights that complement educational theories on overt learning activities.

Utilizing Peers to Support Academic Learning for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder in academic settings is becoming more common. However, most practices focus on increasing social skills even though students also struggle in academic areas. There is a need for strategies that address both social and academic skill deficits, are evidence based, and are easy to implement in the classroom. Peer-mediated interventions have evidence supporting their use in promoting social and academic behavior change and are socially valid and cost-effective. The purpose of this paper is to present examples of how to implement 2 common peer-tutoring strategies: Classwide Peer Tutoring and Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies. Examples for implementing both strategies are provided using a hypothetical student in a general education setting, followed by a brief summary of evidence supporting the peer-mediated academic instruction.

Medical students create multiple-choice questions for learning in pathology education: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Medical students facing high-stakes exams want study resources that have a direct relationship with their assessments. At the same time, they need to develop the skills to think analytically about complex clinical problems. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in medical education and can promote surface learning strategies, but creating MCQs requires both in-depth content knowledge and sophisticated analytical thinking. Therefore, we piloted an MCQ-writing task in which students developed MCQs for their peers to answer. METHODS: Students in a fourth-year anatomic pathology course (N = 106) were required to write MCQs using the PeerWise platform. Students created two MCQs for each of four topic areas and the MCQs were answered, rated and commented on by their classmates. Questions were rated for cognitive complexity and a paper-based survey was administered to investigate whether this activity was acceptable, feasible, and whether it promoted desirable learning behaviours in students. RESULTS: Students were able to create cognitively challenging MCQs: 313/421 (74%) of the MCQs which we rated required the respondent to apply or analyse pathology knowledge. However, students who responded to the end-of-course questionnaire (N = 62) saw the task as having little educational value. Students found PeerWise easy to use, and indicated that they read widely to prepare questions and monitored the quality of their questions. They did not, however, engage in extensive peer feedback via PeerWise. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the MCQ writing task was feasible and engaged students in self-evaluation and synthesising information from a range of sources, but it was not well accepted and did not strongly engage students in peer-learning. Although students were able to create complex MCQs, they found some aspects of the writing process burdensome and tended not to trust the quality of each other's MCQs. Because of the evidence this task did promote deep learning, it is worth continuing this mode of teaching if the task can be made more acceptable to students.

Peer instruction in a physiology laboratory course in China.

Peer instruction has been used extensively in lecture courses; however, there is little evidence of its use in laboratory courses. The purpose of the present study was to describe the implementation of the peer instruction method in a physiology laboratory course in China. Second-year medical students attended a 6-wk physiology laboratory course in the fall semester of the 2016-2017 school year. In the six new physiology laboratory classes, peer instruction strategies were used to substitute for the traditional short, didactic lectures. The effects of peer instruction were measured by in-class quizzes and confidence levels. The students' evaluations of peer instruction were measured by a Likert scale questionnaire. Peer instruction significantly improved the mean score on quizzes (0.53 ± 0.50 vs. 0.68 ± 0.47, P < 0.001) and confidence levels (2.36 ± 0.66 vs. 2.80 ± 0.45, P < 0.001). Furthermore, for individual incorrect answers, 39.07% changed to correct answers after peer instruction, whereas, for correct answers, 6.61% were changed to an incorrect response. Overall, significantly more students changed their answers from incorrect to correct than from correct to incorrect [χ2: 333.11; degrees of freedom (df): 1; P < 0.001]. Therefore, the positive effects of peer instruction were higher than the negative effects (χ2: 244.55; df: 1; P < 0.001). Moreover, student evaluations of peer instruction were highly positive. In conclusion, the implementation of peer instruction to the physiology laboratory course is an effective strategy to enhance students' performance on in-class quizzes and confidence levels. In addition, the attitude of students toward peer instruction was favorable.

Collaborative-group testing improves learning and knowledge retention of human physiology topics in second-year medical students.

The present study examined the relationship between second-year medical students' group performance and individual performance in a collaborative-learning environment. In recent decades, university professors in the scientific and humanistic disciplines have successfully put into practice different modalities of collaborative approaches to teaching. Essentially, collaborative approach refers to a variety of techniques that involves the joint intellectual effort of a small group of students, which encourages interaction and discussion among students and professors. The present results show the efficacy of collaborative learning, which, furthermore, allowed students to participate actively in the physiology class. Average student's grades were significantly higher when they engaged in single-best-response, multiple-choice tests as a student team, compared with taking the same examinations individually. The method improved notably knowledge retention, as learning is more effective when performed in the context of collaborative partnership. A selected subset of questions answered wrongly in an initial test, both individually and collectively, was used on a second test to examine student retention of studied material. Grade averages were significantly improved, both individually and groupwise, when students responded to the subset of questions a second time, 1, 2, or 3 wk after the first attempt. These results suggest that the collaborative approach to teaching allowed a more effective understanding of course content, which meant an improved capacity for retention of human physiology knowledge.

Instrucción entre pares como metodología a utilizar en enfermería / Peer instruction as a methodology to be used in nursing

Este trabajo presenta resultados de una revisión de la literatura acerca de la implementación de la metodología interactiva de enseñanza Peer Instruction (PI). Se pretende con esta búsqueda responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿En qué contextos de enseñanza se ha investigado el Peer Instruction (PI)? ¿Qué impactos ha producido el PI en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes? ¿Cuáles son los resultados de la implementación del PI en relación a las actitudes de los estudiantes y profesores frente al uso de la metodología? Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO y Google Scholar. Los resultados de la literatura apuntan que gran parte de las publicaciones fueron conducidas en universidades norteamericanas, mayoritariamente enfocadas a la disciplina de Física11,16-18 , pero también las ciencias médicas3-6,10 y matemáticas7-9 . La adopción del PI presenta impactos positivos en el aprendizaje conceptual de los estudiantes, en la capacidad de resolución de problemas y en el desempeño académico. Desarrolla sentimientos positivos relacionados con el aprendizaje de los contenidos y la metodología. Los profesores realizan modificaciones al implementar el PI integrándolo con otras metodologías, demostrando su flexibilidad. En enfermería se ha utilizado escasamente el PI, siendo mezclado con otras metodologías en donde el estudiante es centro del aprendizaje; peer teaching and peer learning, por ejemplo; con buenos resultados en el logro de los resultados de aprendizajes de los estudiantes, dando un puntapié inicial a seguir aplicando e investigando el impacto de esta metodología en los estudiantes de enfermería.

This paper presents the results of a review of the literature about the implementation of the Peer Instruction interactive teaching methodology (PI). The aim of this search is to answer the following questions: In what teaching contexts has Peer Instruction (PI) been investigated? What impacts has IP produced on student learning? What are the results of the implementation of the IP in relation to the attitudes of the students and professors in front of the use of the methodology? The search was performed in Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCO and Google Scholar databases. The results of the literature indicate that a large part of the publications were conducted in North American universities, mostly focused on the discipline of Physics, but also the medical sciences,and mathematics. The adoption of the PI has positive impacts on students' conceptual learning, problem-solving ability and academic performance. Develop positive feelings related to the learning of content and methodology. The professors make modifications when implementing the PI integrating it with other methodologies, demonstrating their flexibility. In nursing, the PI has been used sparingly, being mixed with other methodologies where the student is the center of learning; peer teaching and peer learning, for example; with good results in the achievement of student learning outcomes, giving an initial kick to continue applying and investigating the impact of this methodology on nursing students.

Student-led co-curricular medical Spanish training in a pharmacy professional program.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This paper describes a student-led co-curricular training program to increase pharmacy student proficiency with medical Spanish terminology. Western University of Health Sciences (WesternU) pharmacy students frequently can interact with Spanish-speaking patients in experiential rotations. Moreover, the clear majority of program graduates remain in California, a state with a high Spanish-speaking population. Developing foundational knowledge of medical Spanish terminology can enhance communication with Spanish-speaking patients, who may have limited English proficiency and experience a lack of language concordance when interacting with the healthcare system. Providing training in medical terminology in another language is important because communication barriers have been associated with adverse medical outcomes, such as poor medication adherence. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: The development of the training logistics and materials are described for replication of the process, whether with medical Spanish or other languages. Students in the pharmacy program developed the medical Spanish training that is now a robust co-curricular activity with over 100 students participating in the training each semester. An important aspect of the WesternU co-curricular activity is that students develop materials, create learning activities, and facilitate training.