RESUMO
Cephalexin, a first-generation cephalosporin, is the first-line oral therapy for children with musculoskeletal infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Cefadroxil, a similar first-generation cephalosporin, is an attractive alternative to cephalexin given its longer half-life. In this study, we describe the comparative pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of cephalexin and cefadroxil in children with musculoskeletal infections. Children aged 6 months to 18 years with a musculoskeletal infection were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, crossover PK study and given single oral doses of cefadroxil (50-75 mg/kg up to 2,000 mg) and cephalexin (50 mg/kg up to 1,375 mg). Population PK models were developed and used for dosing simulations. Our primary PD target was the achievement of free antibiotic concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT >MIC) for 40% of the day for MICs ≤ 4 mg/L. PK of cephalexin (n = 15) and cefadroxil (n = 14) were best described using a one-compartment, first-order absorption model, with a lag time component for cefadroxil. PK parameters were notable for cefadroxil's longer half-life (1.61 h) than cephalexin's (1.10 h). For pediatric weight bands, our primary PD target was achieved by cephalexin 25 mg/kg/dose, maximum 750 mg/dose, administered three times daily and cefadroxil 40 mg/kg/dose, maximum 1,500 mg/dose, administered twice daily. More aggressive dosing was required to achieve higher PD targets. Among children with musculoskeletal infections, oral cephalexin and cefadroxil achieved PD targets for efficacy against MSSA. Given less frequent dosing, twice-daily cefadroxil should be further considered as an alternative to cephalexin for oral step-down therapy for serious infections due to MSSA.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Cefadroxila , Cefalexina , Estudos Cross-Over , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Cefalexina/farmacocinética , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Criança , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cefadroxila/farmacocinética , Cefadroxila/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Lactente , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Cefdinir and cephalexin are cephalosporin antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Their efficacy depends on achieving sufficient time with concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Despite being frequently prescribed for UTIs, cefdinir has markedly lower urine penetration compared to cephalexin. It is possible that differences in pharmacokinetics could result in dissimilar efficacy between these agents; however, comparative studies of cephalosporins in UTIs are lacking. METHODS: This was a retrospective comparative study of patients discharged from emergency departments within a community health system with a diagnosis of acute cystitis who were prescribed cefdinir or cephalexin. Treatment failure rates at 7 and 14 days were compared between the 2 agents using a χ2 or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. RESULTS: There were no differences in overall treatment failure between the cefdinir and cephalexin groups. Treatment failure at 7 days occurred in 11.6% (n = 14) of patients in the cefdinir group and 8.3% (n = 10) of patients in the cephalexin group (P = 0.389). Treatment failure at 14 days was higher for cefdinir at 20.7% (n = 25) than for cephalexin at 11.8% (n = 14), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.053). There were no differences in the rate of treatment failure in subgroup analyses of uncomplicated or complicated UTIs. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that cefdinir and cephalexin have comparable efficacy for the treatment of lower UTIs. While there was a numerically higher rate of treatment failure with cefdinir, there were no significant differences in treatment failure between the agents.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Cefdinir , Cefalexina , Infecções Urinárias , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Feminino , Infecções Urinárias/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Idoso , Adulto , Falha de Tratamento , Cefalosporinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Gut microorganism (GM) is an integral component of the host microbiome and health system. Abuse of antibiotics disrupts the equilibrium of the microbiome, affecting environmental pathogens and host-associated bacteria alike. However, relatively little research on Bacillus licheniformis alleviates the adverse effects of antibiotics. To test the effect of B. licheniformis as a probiotic supplement against the effects of antibiotics, cefalexin was applied, and the recovery from cefalexin-induced jejunal community disorder and intestinal barrier damage was investigated by pathology, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The result showed that A group (antibiotic treatment) significantly reduced body weight and decreased the length of jejunal intestinal villi and the villi to crypt (V/C) value, which also caused structural damage to the jejunal mucosa. Meanwhile, antibiotic treatment suppressed the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, claudin, occludin, and Ki67 and elevated MUC2 expression more than the other Groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). However, T group (B. licheniformis supplements after antibiotic treatment) restored the expression of the above genes, and there was no statistically significant difference compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Moreover, the antibiotic treatment increased the relative abundance of 4 bacterial phyla affiliated with 16 bacterial genera in the jejunum community, including the dominant Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria in the jejunum. B. licheniformis supplements after antibiotic treatment reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Epsilonbacteraeota, Lactobacillus, and Candidatus Stoquefichus. This study uses mimic real-world exposure scenarios by considering the concentration and duration of exposure relevant to environmental antibiotic contamination levels. We described the post-antibiotic treatment with B. licheniformis could restore intestinal microbiome disorders and repair the intestinal barrier. KEY POINTS: ⢠B. licheniformis post-antibiotics restore gut balance, repair barrier, and aid health ⢠Antibiotics harm the gut barrier, alter structure, and raise disease risk ⢠Long-term antibiotics affect the gut and increase disease susceptibility.
Assuntos
Bacillus licheniformis , Enteropatias , Probióticos , Animais , Camundongos , Bovinos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Probióticos/farmacologia , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Firmicutes/genética , CefalexinaRESUMO
Among 100 propensity score-matched emergency department patients receiving ≤14 days doxycycline versus cephalexin monotherapy for outpatient treatment of nonpurulent (presumed streptococcal) skin and soft tissue infection, a low rate of 14-day clinical failure was observed [6% each group; odds ratio (OR), 1.34 (0.21-8.69); P = 0.745], defined as hospital admission, i.v. antibiotic therapy, or change in oral antibiotic. Doxycycline may represent a reasonable therapeutic alternative for this indication in regions with low tetracycline resistance.
Assuntos
Infecções dos Tecidos Moles , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Adulto , Humanos , Cefalexina , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles/tratamento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Streptococcus , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The escalating prevalence of cephalosporin antibiotics in wastewater poses a serious threat to public health and environmental balance. Thus, it is crucial to develop effective methods for removing cephalosporin antibiotics from water sources. Herein, we propose the use of AuPtRh trimetallic nanoparticles supported on Ti3C2MXene as a photocatalyst for the degradation of cephalosporin antibiotics. Initially, AuPtRh nanoparticles were uniformly grown onto Ti3C2MXene sheets using one-step reduction technique. The prepared AuPtRh/Ti3C2MXene exhibited a complete degradation of cefixime and ceftriaxone sodium, while an impressive degradation efficiency of 91.58 % for cephalexin was achieved after 60 min of exposure to visible light, surpassing the performance of its individual AuPtRh nanoparticles and Ti3C2MXene. The enhanced photoactivity of AuPtRh/Ti3C2MXene was resulted from improved light absorption capacity and efficient generation, separation, and transfer of charge carriers driven by the formation of heterojunction between AuPtRh and Ti3C2MXene. Electron paramagnetic resonance and radicals trapping experiments results revealed that â¢O2- and h+ are the principal reactive species governing the degradation of cephalosporins. The photocatalyst exhibited excellent stability and could be reused four times without significant loss in efficiency. Our study highlights the potential of MXene composites for environmental remediation, offering insights into designing sustainable AuPtRh/Ti3C2MXene photocatalyst for water pollutant degradation.
Assuntos
Cefalosporinas , Nanopartículas , Nitritos , Elementos de Transição , Titânio , Cefalexina , LuzRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To use Raman Spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of pharmaceutical formulations of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Cephalexin. SIGNIFICANCE: Raman Spectroscopy is a noninvasive, nondestructive, reliable and rapid detection technique used for various pharmaceutical drugs quantification. The present study explores the potential of Raman Spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical drugs. METHOD: For qualitative and quantitative analysis of Cephalexin API, various standard samples containing less and more concentration of API than commercial tablet was prepared. To study spectral differences, the mean plot of all the samples was prepared. For qualitative analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and for quantitative analysis Partial Least Square Regression analysis (PLSR) was used. Both of these are Multivariate data analysis techniques and give reliable results as published in previous literature. RESULTS: PCA model distinguished all the Raman Spectral data related to the various Cephalexin solid dosage formulations whereas the PLSR model was used to calculate the concentration of different unknown formulations. For the PLSR model, RMSEC and RMSEP were determined to be 3.3953 and 3.8972, respectively. The prediction efficiency of this built PLSR model was found to be very good with a goodness of the model value (R2) of 0.98. The PLSR model also predicted the concentrations of Cephalexin formulations in the blind or unknown sample. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the Raman spectroscopy coupled to PLSR analysis could be regarded as a fast and effectively reliable tool for quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical drugs.
Assuntos
Cefalexina , Análise Espectral Raman , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Quimiometria , Composição de Medicamentos , Comprimidos/química , Análise dos Mínimos QuadradosRESUMO
RESUMEN Dentro de los agentes patógenos en los procesos otíticos bacterianos, se destacan microorganismos como Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabi-lis, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp., para los cuales se ha descrito resistencia frente a los antibióticos empleados para combatirlos. En Colombia son pocos los reportes acerca de la resistencia antibiótica de microorganismos causantes de otitis. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los agentes bacterianos más frecuentemente aislados en infecciones otíticas de caninos remitidas a un laboratorio veterinario de Medellín durante el 2019 y su resistencia a antibióticos. Para llevarlo a cabo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo. Se analizaron los resultados de los antibiogramas realizados a partir de cultivos bacterianos en muestras óticas remitidas a un laboratorio de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín. Además, se efectuó un análisis de frecuencias para la muestra total. Se encontró que los principales microorganismos bacterianos aislados fueron Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabili y Staphylococcus aureus. La gentamicina fue el medicamento que mayor porcentaje de resistencia presentó y la cefalexina el que menos resistencia presentó. Se pudo concluir que el Staphylococcus pseudintermedius está presente en más del 60% de los casos de otitis bacteriana. Adicionalmente, se observó una variación de la resistencia presentada por los microorganismos en el tiempo. Estos presentaron mayor resistencia ante los antibióticos aminoglucósidos.
ABSTRACT Among the pathogens in bacterial otic processes, microorganisms such as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Corynebac-terium spp., Enterococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. stand out, for which resistance to antibiotics has been described employed to combat them. In Colombia there are few reports about the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms that cause otitis. For that reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial agents most frequently isolated from canine ear infections and their resistance to antibiotics from samples of ear secretions sent to a veterinary laboratory in Medellín during 2019. In order to do that, an cross-sectional, retrospective descriptive study was done. The results of the antibiograms performed from bacterial cultures obtained from ear samples sent to a reference laboratory in the city of Medellín were analyzed. A frequency analysis was carried out for the total sample. It was found that the main isolated bacterial microorganisms were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomona auriginosa, Proteus mirabili and Staphylococcus aureus. Gentamicin was the drug with the highest percentage of resistance and cephalexin the one with the least resistance. It was possible to conclude that Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is linked in more than 60% of cases of bacterial otitis and the resistance presented by microorganisms varies over time. The group of aminoglycosides antibiotics was the one which microorganisms are manifesting more percentage of resistance.
Assuntos
Bactérias , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Cães , Meato Acústico Externo , Infecção Persistente , Antibacterianos , Fatores R/farmacologia , Gentamicinas , Cefalexina , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN. La apendicitis aguda es una patología pediátrica quirúrgica que en su fase complicada requiere uso de antibióticos en el postoperatorio; encontrar la mejor opción como experiencia local, fue necesario. OBJETIVO. Comparar un esquema de antibioticoterapia triple vs un doble respecto a variables: demográficas, clínicas y de costos en pacientes pediátricos con apendicitis complicada. MATERIALES y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 133 pacientes y una muestra de 93, operados por apendicitis complicada; 58 recibieron ampicilina + metronidazol + gentamicina y 35 ceftriaxona + metronidazol. Se comparó las variables: estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones y costo monetario de cada esquema. Se realizó en la Unidad de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, en el periodo enero de 2017 a octubre de 2018. Los datos fueron analizados con R-Studio 1.8.366 para Windows. RESULTADOS. No hubo diferencia estadística con respecto a: estadía hospitalaria (p=0,261); complicaciones como infección del sitio quirúrgico (p=0,196), re-intervención quirúrgica (p=0,653) y costo (p=0,059). CONCLUSIÓN. Se comparó el esquema de antibioticoterapia triple vs un doble, utilizados en apendicitis complicada en pediatría. No se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en este reporte preliminar, con la diferencia de que con el esquema doble la frecuencia de administración fue menor y se evitó la exposición a los efectos colaterales de los aminoglicósidos.
INTRODUCTION. Acute appendicitis is a pediatric surgical pathology that in its complicated phase requires the use of antibiotics during the postoperative period; finding the best option as local experience was a must. OBJECTIVE. Compare a triple vs a double antibiotic therapy scheme respect demographic, clinical and cost variables in pediatric patients whit complicated apendicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 133 patients and sample of 93, with complicated appendicitis; 58 received ampicillin + metronidazole + gentamicin and 35 ceftriaxone + metronidazole. The following variables were compared; hospital stay, complications and monetary cost of each scheme. It was performed in the Pediatric Surgery Unit of the Hospital of Specialties Carlos Andrade Marin, during january 2017, through october 2018. The data were analyzed with R-Studio 1.8.366 for Windows. RESULTS. There was no statistical difference regarding hospital stay (p=0.261); complications such as surgical site infection (p=0.196), re-surgical intervention (p=0.653); nor cost (p=0.059). CONCLUSION. Triple vs. Double antibiotic therapy scheme used in complicated appendicitis in pediatrics was compared. No statistically significant differences were found in this preliminary report, how ever with the double scheme the frequency of administration was lower and exposure to side effects of aminoglycosides was avoided.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Apendicite/complicações , Gentamicinas , Cefalexina , Ampicilina , Metronidazol , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pediatria , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Cirurgia Geral , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
La dermatosis denominada larva migrans cutánea: (LMC) es una infección cutánea secundaria a infestación parasitaria por la migración de larvas de anquilostomas animales a la epidermis humana, frecuentemente por contacto directo con suelos contaminados, especialmente en zonas tropicales. Se caracteriza por la aparición de lesiones induradas, eritematosas con patrón irregular o serpiginoso acompañado de prurito. Describimos un caso de LMC en una niña, adquirido durante unas vacaciones en Colombia y tratado inicialmente como celulitis con antibióticos (AU)
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is an infection secondary to parasitic infestation due to the migration of animal hookworm larvae into the human skin, frequently by direct contact with contaminated grounds, especially in the tropics. Clinically, it is characterized by the appearance of indurated, erythematous lesions with irregular or "creeping eruption" pattern and pruritus. This article describes a case of CLM infection in a pediatric patient, it was acquired during the holidays in Colombia, diagnosed as cellulitis and treated accordingly with antibiotics without success (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Celulite/diagnóstico , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva Migrans/tratamento farmacológico , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Ibuprofeno/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Celulite/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatoses da Mão/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antiparasitários/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
El síndrome de Mounier-Kuhn o traqueobroncomegalia constituye una rara entidad clínica y radiológica caracterizada por una dilatación de la tráquea y los bronquios principales. Puede asociarse con estructuras saculares en las membranas intercartilaginosas (diverticulosis traqueal), bronquiectasias e infecciones respiratorias a repetición. Las formas de presentación clínica son variables. Tiene una prevalencia entre el 1-4,5 por ciento de la población y se presenta, mayoritariamente, en hombres con un amplio rango etario que oscila entre los 20 y 50 años de edad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 77 años con cuadros de infecciones respiratorias bajas a repetición desde la juventud. Luego de realizarle estudios de imagen y broncoscopia, se llegó al diagnóstico de síndrome de Mounier-Kunh. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico inmediatamente y su evolución fue de manera satisfactoria(AU)
Mounier-Kuhn syndrome or tracheobroncomegaly is a rare clinical and radiological entity characterized by dilatation of the trachea and the main bronchi. It can be associated with saccular structures in the intercartilaginous membranes (tracheal diverticulosis), bronchiectasis, and recurrent respiratory infections. The forms of clinical presentation vary. It has a prevalence between 1-4.5 percent of the population and it occurs mainly in men, widely ranging ages between 20 and 50 years of age. We report the case of a 77-year-old male patient with recurrent lower respiratory infections since his youth. After performing imaging studies and bronchoscopy, he could be diagnosed with Mounier-Kunh syndrome. He immediately underwent antibiotic treatment and his evolution was satisfactory(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Traqueobroncomegalia/epidemiologia , Azitromicina/uso terapêutico , Tomografia Computadorizada Espiral/métodos , Traqueobroncomegalia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The association of natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants with conventional antibiotics, both with similar mechanisms of action, have become a viable alternative strategy to overcome the problem of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of tannic substances present in the bark of Anacardium occidentale and Anadenanthera colubrina against samples of Staphylococcus aureus when in combination with cephalexin. These combinations were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For this purpose, tannins and cephalexin were serially dissolved in distilled water at concentrations ranging from 0.976 mg/mL to 500 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL to 512 mg/mL, respectively. When combined, the compounds inhibited S. aureus growth forming halos ranging from 0.9 to 46 mm with an MIC of 7.8 mg/mL (tannins) and 4 µg/mL (cephalexin). The resulting effect of the combination of natural and synthetic substances with similar mechanisms of action presented better results than when tested alone. Thus, the conclusion is that both the tannins and cephalexin had their antimicrobial action enhanced when used in combination, enabling the use of lower concentrations while maintaining their antibacterial effect against strains of S. aureus.(AU)
A associação de compostos naturais, isolados de plantas medicinais, com antibióticos convencionais, com mecanismos de ação semelhantes, torna-se uma estratégia alternativa e viável para superar o problema da resistência. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de substâncias tânicas presentes na casca de Anacardium occidentale e Anadenanthera colubrina associadas à cefalexina, sobre amostras de Staphylococcus aureus. Avaliamos essa associação por meio da determinação da concentração mínima inibitória. Dessa forma, taninos e a cefalexina foram dissolvidos de forma seriada em água destilada em concentrações variando de 0,976 mg/mL a 500 mg/mL e 2 µg/mL a 512 µg/mL, respectivamente. Quando associados, inibiram o crescimento de S. aureus formando halos que variaram de 0,9 a 46 mm com concentração mínima inibitória de 7,8 mg/mL (taninos)/ 4 µg/mL (cefalexina). O efeito resultante da associação de substâncias, natural e sintética, com mecanismos de ação semelhantes, apresentou resultados superiores aos observados quando testados isoladamente. Podemos concluir que os taninos e a cefalexina tiveram sua ação antimicrobiana potencializada quando utilizados em associação, permitindo o uso de uma menor concentração, mantendo seu efeito antibacteriano sobre cepas de S. aureus.(AU)
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Cefalexina , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureus , Taninos , AnacardiumRESUMO
The purpose of the study is to develop cephalexin controlled-release matrix tablets by using lower proportions of release retardant polymer and to establish their in vitro & in vivo correlation. Tablets were compressed by incorporating polymers in a matrix form along with drug which prolong the drug release. Twelve formulations were prepared by mixing ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (three different viscosity grades) in various proportions. F-1 to F-4 formulations were prepared by incorporating drug, HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose in 100 : 5 : 5, 100 : 10 : 5, 100 : 15 : 5 and 100 : 20 : 5; similarly, F-5 to F-8 were prepared with HPMC K15M; and F-9 to F-12 were prepared with HPMC K100M using a wet granulation process maintained same proportions, along with drug and EC. Tablets were evaluated for their pre-compression and post-compression characteristics and they were found to be in limits. From the dissolution testing, F-4 showed 100.34% medicament release in 12 h. In vivo studies were conducted on rabbit and pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimized formulation were evaluated using HPLC method. It was found that matrix tablets showed increased t1/2 and decreased Kel. The design signified that the drug release rate from tablets was influenced by the small proportion (around 7% of a tablet weight) of polymer mixture and it controlled 100% medicament release upto 12 h effectively with the low grade viscosity of HPMC combination, with good in vitro & in vivo correlation.
Assuntos
Comprimidos/análise , Técnicas In Vitro/instrumentação , Cefalexina/análise , Polímeros , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Composição de MedicamentosRESUMO
Juvenile cellulitis (JC) is an uncommon vesiculopustular disease that affects dogs, especially those under four months of age. The aim of the present study was to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic profile of JC based on clinical records of canine patients treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, between the years 2009 and 2016. A total of five cases were diagnosed. Four dogs presented at an average age of two months and 22 days and were crossbred; the other dog was a rottweiler aged 38 weeks. The average time of evolution of the disease was 16 days, and the main clinical signs were edema, papules, pustules, and bilateral ocular discharge. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology in four animals and by histopathology in only one patient. For all dogs, the treatment was based on cephalexin, administered for 30 days, and prednisolone for three weeks. Otological therapy was included when necessary. Four cases had a favorable outcome. JC is a rare dermatopathy that deserves special attention from veterinary practitioners.(AU)
A celulite juvenil (CJ) é uma doença vesiculopustular incomum que acomete cães principalmente na faixa etária inferior aos quatro meses. Este trabalho analisou o perfil epidemiológico, clínico e terapêutico da CJ em cães a partir da casuística do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, referente aos anos de 2009 a 2016. Cinco casos foram diagnosticados, incluindo quatro cães (80%), sem raça definida e com idade média de dois meses e 22 dias, e um da raça Rottweiler (20%) com 38 meses de idade. O período evolutivo médio das lesões foi de 16 dias e os principais sinais clínicos observados foram edema, pápulas, pústulas e secreção ótica bilateral. O diagnóstico foi confirmado por citologia (80%) e histopatologia (20%). Em todos os animais, o tratamento consistiu de cefalexina, administrada por 30 dias, e prednisolona, por três semanas. A terapia otológica tópica foi incluída quando necessária. Em quatro casos o desfecho clínico foi favorável. A CJ é uma dermatopatia rara que merece atenção especial dos clínicos veterinários.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Celulite/epidemiologia , Celulite/veterinária , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Dermatite/veterinária , Edema/veterinária , Prednisolona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Introducción: La presente investigación tuvo por objeto determinar la eficacia de la cefalexina, la terramicina y del ácido cítrico como bioacondicionadores en los niveles de cobertura radicular y de inserción en pacientes con recesión gingival clase II de Miller intervenidos a colgajo desplazado coronalmente. Materiales y método: Se trata de un ensayo clínico randomizado intergrupo, con pretest y postest múltiple, se conformaron 3 grupos: dos experimentales (1 y 2) que recibieron respectivamente la cefalexina y la terramicina; y un grupo control en el que se le aplicó ácido cítrico, como bioacondicionadores cementarios. Cada grupo estuvo constituido por 20 recesiones gingivales clase II de Miller, con indicación básica de colgajo desplazado coronalmente, los datos se evluaron mediante las pruebas Chi Cuadrado de Pearson y ANOVA. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadística significativa en el efecto de la cefalexina, la terramicina y en el ácido cítrico en el nivel de cobertura radicular a los 30 días. El contraste ANOVA mostró en cambio, a los 60 días una diferencia estadística significativa, en el efecto de dichos bioacondicionadores en la ganancia de inserción. Conclusiones:El uso de bioacondicionares genera resultados significativos en el manejo de recesiones gingivales, siendo más afectivos a largo plazo. (AU)
Introduction: The present study was designed to determine the efficacy of cefalexin, the terramycin and citric acid as bioconditioners in root coverage and levels of insertion in patients with class II Miller gingival recession intervened to displaced face flap. Materials and method: is of a trial clinical randomized Intergroup, with pretest and posttest multiple, is formed 3 groups: two experimental (1 and 2) that received respectively the cephalexin and the terramycin; and a group control in which is it applied acid citric, as bioconditioners inserted. Each group was made up of 20 gingival recessions class Miller II, with basic indication of flap displaced face, the data is evluaron using ANOVA and Pearson Chi square tests. Results: There was No statistical significant difference in the effect of cefalexin, the terramycin and citric acid at the level of root coverage within 30 days. The contrast ANOVA showed instead, to them 60 days a difference statistical significant, in the effect of such bioconditioners in the gain of inclusion. Conclusions: the use of bioconditioners generates results significant at the handling of recessions gingival, being more affec tive to long term. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Oxitetraciclina/uso terapêutico , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Ácido Cítrico/uso terapêutico , Retração Gengival/terapia , Ensaio ClínicoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to assess the bioequivalence of two cephalexin tablet formulations available in the Brazilian market (product A as reference formulation and product B as test formulation). Dissolution efficiency (DE%) was calculated for both formulations to evaluate their
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a bioequivalência de duas formulações de cefalexina disponíveis no mercado brasileiro (produto A como formulação referência e produto B como formulação teste). A eficiência de dissolução (DE%) foi calculada para ambas as formulações para avaliar suas características biofarmacêuticas. O estudo de bioequivalência oral foi realizado em vinte e quatro voluntários sadios utilizando um desenho cruzado. Uma dose oral única (comprimido contendo 500 mg de cefalexina) de cada produto foi administrada com um período de
Assuntos
Humanos , Cefalexina/farmacocinética , Cefalexina/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Equivalência Terapêutica , Urina/químicaRESUMO
Staphylococcus is an important agent of mastitis, especially when biofilm producers are related to a number of mechanisms of resistance to different types of infections. The objective of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolates from cases of bovine mastitis and milking environment under conditions of biofilm, compared to three different concentrations in different antimicrobials. Thirty-two strains used were S. aureus that, due to the inhibition tests, minimal biofilm eradication concentration were tested using cephalexin, amoxicillin and rifampin at concentrations of 30 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL 100 mg/mL for 12 hours, and efficiency of tests evaluated by counting the colony forming units and the microplate test. The results revealed that among the tested antibiotics cephalexin showed the best efficiency at the three concentrations tested, and rifampin and amoxicillin were more efficient at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL. These data demonstrate the importance of targeted antibiotic therapy associated with the correct cleaning of milking equipment, thus, preventing the formation of biofilm, avoiding persistent microbial adhesion in equipment, and the spread of microorganisms by ascending channel teats among herd animals.
Os Staphylococcus, principais agentes causadores da mastite, quando em biofilmes, estão relacionados a uma série de mecanismos de resistência em diferentes tipos de infecções. O presente trabalho avaliou a susceptibilidade e resistência dos Staphylococcus aureus, isolados de casos de mastite bovina e do ambiente de ordenha, em condições de biofilme, frente a três antimicrobianos distintos em diferentes concentrações. Foram utilizadas trinta e duas estirpes de S. aureus testadas frente aos testes de inibição da concentração mínima de erradicação de biofilmes, utilizando cefalexina, amoxicilina e rifampicina, nas concentrações de 30 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL e 100 mg/mL, por doze horas de contato, e a eficiência dos testes avaliada pela contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias e pelo teste de microplacas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre os antimicrobianos testados, a cefalexina foi o que apresentou melhor eficiência nas três concentrações testadas, e a rifampicina e amoxacilina tiveram maior eficiência nas concentrações de 50 e 100 mg/ mL. Esses dados demonstram a importância sobre antibioticoterapia orientada associada com a correta higienização dos equipamentos de ordenha, evitando-se, assim, a formação de biofilmes, a adesão microbiana persistente em equipamentos, e a difusão dos microrganismos pelo canal ascendente dos tetos entre os animais do rebanho.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Amoxicilina , Cefalexina , RifampinaRESUMO
Foram obtidas 154 amostras de lesões cutâneas de cães com pioderma superficial atendidos no Serviço de Dermatologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), com o objetivo de determinar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados de Staphylococcus spp. e avaliar a presença de multirresistência. Após isolamento e identificação, as cepas foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, cujos resultados evidenciaram menores percentuais de resistência à associação amoxicilina e ácido clavulânico (1,9 por cento), cefadroxil (1,9 por cento), cefalexina (1,9 por cento) e vancomicina (0,6 por cento). Os maiores percentuais de resistência foram frente à amoxicilina (60,4 por cento) e penicilina G (60,4 por cento). A multirresistência foi detectada em 23,4 por cento e a resistência à meticilina em 5,8 por cento das amostras. Pode-se concluir que os isolados de Staphylococcus spp. apresentam elevada suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos comumente utilizados no tratamento dos piodermas superficiais em cães atendidos no HVU-UFSM, como a cefalexina e a amoxicilina associada ao ácido clavulânico, confirmando a eleição desses fármacos para o tratamento de cães com esta afecção. A suscetibilidade diminuída das cepas frente às fluoroquinolonas, também recomendadas pela literatura para o tratamento de pioderma, permite sugerir que estes fármacos não devem mais ser considerados na seleção empírica. A identificação de Staphylococcus spp. multirresistentes na população canina estudada justifica análises bacteriológicas periódicas e regionais de lesões cutâneas de cães com pioderma superficial, a fim de minimizar a seleção de bactérias resistentes, possíveis falhas terapêuticas e também motiva a antimicrobianoterapia prudente.
A total of 154 samples of skin lesions were obtained from dogs with superficial pyoderma that were assisted by the Veterinary Dermatology Service at the University Veterinary Hospital (HVU), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), aiming to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. isolates and evaluate the presence of multidrug resistance profile. After bacterial isolation and identification, the strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and the results showed lower percentages of resistance to the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid association (1.9 percent), cefadroxil (1.9 percent), cephalexin (1.9 percent) and vancomycin (0.6 percent). The highest percentages were towards amoxicillin (60.4 percent) and penicillin G (60.4 percent). The multidrug resistance was detected in 23.4 percent and the methicillin resistance in 5.8 percent of the samples. It may be concluded that the Staphylococcus spp. isolates present high susceptibility to key antimicrobials used in the treatment of superficial pyodermas in dogs at the HVU-UFSM, such as cephalexin and the amoxicillin and clavulanic acid association, confirming the preference for these drugs when treating dogs with this disorder. The susceptibility of the strains to fluoroquinolones, also recommended in the literature for the treatment of pyodermas, allows suggesting that such drugs should not be considered in the empirical selection. The identification of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. in the studied canine population justifies periodic and regional bacteriological tests of skin lesions in dogs with superficial pyoderma, possible therapeutic failures and also motivates wise use of antimicrobial therapy.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cães/microbiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Infecções Cutâneas Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Pioderma/veterinária , Staphylococcus , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Cefadroxila , Cefalexina , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio , Penicilina G , VancomicinaRESUMO
Objetivo. Determinar la eficacia de la asociación de cefalexina y ambroxol en el tratamiento de la faringitis bacteriana asociada a producción de de secreciones. Material y Métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado y doble ciego. Se evaluó una población de 72 pacientes de 18 a 65 años que acudieron a la consulta en siete consultorios privados, durante el periodo de mayo 2012 a julio 2013. Los casos fueron pacientes con diagnóstico de faringoamigdalitis por estreptococo β-hemolítico del grupo A establecido con base en criterios clínicos y una prueba rápida para estreptococo del grupo A positiva. El criterio clínico de diagnóstico fue dolor de garganta asociado a dos o más de los siguientes: fiebre mayor de 38 ºC; eritema de la uvula y faringe o amígdalas; edema de la úvula, faringe o amígdalas; exudado en la faringe o amígdalas; linfadenopatías cervicales. Adicionalmente, los pacientes debían presentar producción de secreciones (tos productiva). Resultados. Se encontró mayor mejoría de los síntomas en el segundo control (día 11) en el grupo tratado con ceflexina y ambroxol que en el grupo cefalexina sola (p < 0,05). Conclusion. La asociación cefalexina-ambroxol es más efectiva que el de la cefalexina sola en los pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda estreptocócica que cursa con producción de secreciones.
Objective. To determine the efficacy of the association of cephalexin and ambroxol in the treatment of bacterial pharyngitis associated with production of secretions. Material and MethOds. It was a controlled, double blind, prospective clinical trial. We evaluated a population of 72 patients from 18 to 65 year-old who attended to five private clinics, during the period of May 2012 and July 2013. The cases were patients with diagnosis of sore throat by β-hemolytic Streptococcus Group A based on clinical criteria and a positive rapid test for Streptococcus Group A. The clinical diagnosis was sore throat associated with two or more of the following signs: fever > 38 °C; erythema of the uvula and pharynx, or tonsils; edema of the uvula, pharynx, or tonsils; exudate in the pharynx, or tonsils; and, cervical lymphadenopathy. In addition, patients had to have production of secretions (productive cough). Results. Further improvement of symptoms in the second control (day 11) was found in the group treated with cephalexin and ambroxol than in the group with cephalexin alone (p < 0,05). Conclusion. The association cephalexin-ambroxol is more effective than the single cephalexin in patients with streptococcal acute sore throat with production of secretions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ambroxol/uso terapêutico , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Faringite/terapia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/terapia , Tonsilite/terapiaRESUMO
A severe cutaneous reaction in a female dog after administration of penicillin and cephalexin is described, in which the main signs presented by the patient were fever, lack of appetite, and detachment of epidermis in the dorsal region of body.The established treatment was surgical debridement of the region, topical application of Aloe Vera with sugar, and systemic antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin, resulting in the recovery and wound closure in approximately 45 days.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Cefalexina/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson , beta-Lactamas/efeitos adversos , beta-Lactamas/administração & dosagem , beta-Lactamas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A ocorrência de microrganismos em feridas crônicas varia geograficamente e o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana requer monitoramento para fornecer informações que possam subsidiar opções terapêuticas econdutas no atendimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e identificar microrganismos de úlceras crônicas deperna em pacientes ambulatoriais e verificar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana dos agentes etiológicos. O presenteestudo é de caráter transversal e foi realizado em unidades básicas de saúde de Goiânia, com atendimento de24 horas. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista estruturada e de um check-list contendo sinais e sintomas clínicos indicativos de infecção e amostra por meio de swab e técnica de Levine. A coleta de dados foirealizada no período de junho a julho de 2007. Participaram 46 pacientes que apresentavam 60 feridas. Entre asbactérias gram-positivas predominou, em 65 por cento dos casos, Staphylococcus aureus sensível à maioria dos antibióticos testados. Entre as gram-negativas, as mais frequentes foram: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23,3 por cento), resistente a amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico, cefalexina e cefotaxima; Proteus mirabilis (16,6 por cento) e Proteus vulgaris(15,0 por cento) foram sensíveis à gentamicina, ao aztreonam, ao ciprofloxacino e à amicacina. A caracterização dos isolados evidencia a necessidade de monitoramento dos agentes, em vista da possibilidade de disseminação e ocorrência de surtos e infecções por estas bactérias.
The occurrence of microorganisms in chronic wounds vary geographically and antimicrobial susceptibility requires close monitoring to provide information that may support and offer therapeutic options to assist individuals with chronic injuries. The objective of this study was to isolate and to identify microorganisms from chronic leg ulcers inoutpatients and to verify the antimicrobial susceptibility of etiological agents. This is a cross-sectional studycarried out in Basic Health Units of Goiania, with 24 hours attendance. Data were collected through structured interview and a check-list containing clinical signs and symptoms indicative of infection and sample collected by swab and Levine technique. Data collection was performed from June to July 2007. Took part on the study 46patients totaling 60 wounds. Among the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were predominant, present in 65 percent of cases and were sensitive to most antibiotics tested. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, themost frequent were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.35), resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, cephalexin and cefotaxime; Proteus mirabilis (16.6 percent) and Proteus vulgaris (15.0 percent) all sensitive to gentamicin, aztreonam,ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The characterization of the isolates indicate the need for monitoring of the agents because the possibility of spreading, outbreaks and infections by these bacteria.
La ocurrencia de microorganismos en heridas crónicas varía geográficamente y el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana requiere una estrecha supervisión para ofrecer informaciones que puedan subvencionar opciones terapéuticas y conductas en la atención. El objetivo de este estudio fue aislar e identificar microorganismos de úlceras crónicas de pierna en pacientes ambulatoriales y verificar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de losagentes etiológicos. El presente estudio es de carácter transversal y fue realizado en Unidades Básicas de Saludde Goiania, con atención 24 horas. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevista estructurada y de uncheck-list conteniendo señales y síntomas clínicos indicativos de infección y muestra por medio de swab ytécnica de Levine. La recogida de datos fue realizada de junio a julio de 2007. Participaron 46 pacientes que presentaban 60 heridas. Entre las bacterias gram-positivas predominó, en 65 por ciento de los casos, Staphylococcusaureus sensible a la mayoría de los antibióticos testados. Entre las bacterias gram-negativas, las más frecuentesfueron: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23,3 por ciento), resistentes a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, cefalexina y cefotaxima,Proteus mirabilis (16,6 por ciento) y Proteus vulgaris (15,0 por ciento) sensibles a la gentamicina, aztreonam, ciprofloxacina yamikacina. La caracterización de los aislados indica la necesidad de un control de los agentes, en vista de laposibilidad de diseminación y ocurrencia de surtos e infecciones por estas bacterias.