Incidence of colonoscopy-related perforation and risk factors for poor outcomes: 3-year results from a prospective, multicenter registry (with videos).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perforation is a life-threatening adverse event of colonoscopy that often requires hospitalization and surgery. We aimed to prospectively assess the incidence of colonoscopy-related perforation in a multicenter registry and to analyze the clinical factors associated with poor clinical outcomes. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted at six tertiary referral hospitals between 2017 and 2020, and included patients with colonic perforation after colonoscopy. Poor clinical outcomes were defined as mortality, surgery, and prolonged hospitalization (> 13 days). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with poor clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Among 84,673 patients undergoing colonoscopy, 56 had colon perforation (0.66/1000, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51-0.86). Perforation occurred in 12 of 63,602 diagnostic colonoscopies (0.19/1000, 95% CI 0.11-0.33) and 44 of 21,071 therapeutic colonoscopies (2.09/1000, 95% CI 1.55-2.81). Of these, 15 (26.8%) patients underwent surgery, and 25 (44.6%) patients had a prolonged hospital stay. One patient (1.8%) died after perforation from a diagnostic colonoscopy. In the multivariate analysis, diagnostic colonoscopy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 196.43, p = 0.025) and abdominal rebound tenderness (aOR 17.82, p = 0.012) were independent risk factors for surgical treatment. The location of the sigmoid colon (aOR 18.57, p = 0.048), delayed recognition (aOR 187.71, p = 0.008), and abdominal tenderness (aOR 63.20, p = 0.017) were independent risk factors for prolonged hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated that the incidence of colonoscopy-related perforation was 0.66/1000. The incidence rate was higher in therapeutic colonoscopy, whereas the risk for undergoing surgery was higher in patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy. Colonoscopy indication (diagnostic vs. therapeutic), physical signs, the location of the sigmoid perforation, and delayed recognition were independent risk factors for poor clinical outcomes in colonoscopy-related perforation.

[Factors Associated with the Clinical Outcomes of Iatrogenic Colonic Perforation].

Background/Aims: This study evaluated the incidence of iatrogenic colonic perforation (ICP) in a high-volume center and analyzed the clinical outcomes and associated factors. Methods: As a retrospective study of the electronic medical records, the whole data of patients who underwent colonoscopy from June 2004 to May 2020 were reviewed. Results: During 16 years, 69,458 procedures were performed, of which 60,288 were diagnostic and 9,170 were therapeutic. ICP occurred in 0.027% (16/60,288) for diagnostic colonoscopies and in 0.076% (7/9,170) for therapeutic purposes (p=0.015; hazard ratio 2.878; 95% CI, 1.184-6.997). Fifty-two percent (12 cases) were managed with endoscopic clip closure, and 43.5% (10 cases) required surgery. The reasons for the procedure and the procedure timing appeared to affect the treatment decision. Perforations during therapeutic colonoscopy were treated with surgery more often than those for diagnostic purposes (66.7% [4/6] vs. 37.5% [6/16], p=0.221). Regarding the timing of the procedure, ICP that occurred in the afternoon session was more likely treated surgically (56.3% [9/16] vs. 0/5, p=0.027). Mortality occurred in two patients (2/23, 8.7%). Both were aged (mean age 84.0±1.4 vs. 65.7±10.5, p<0.001) and lately recognized (mean elapsed time [hours], 43.8±52.5 vs. 1.5±3.0, p<0.001) than the surviving patients. Conclusions: ICP occurs in less than 0.1% of cases. The events that occurred during the morning session were more likely managed endoscopically. Age over 80 years and a longer time before perforation recognition were associated with mortality.

Colon Involvement in Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of colon involvement in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. SUMMARY/BACKGROUND DATA: Necrotizing pancreatitis is characterized by a profound inflammatory response with local and systemic implications. Mesocolic involvement can compromise colonic blood supply leading to ischemic complications; however, few data exist regarding this problem. We hypothesized that the development of colon involvement in necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) negatively affects morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Six hundred forty-seven NP patients treated between 2005 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with colon complications, including ischemia, perforation, fistula, stricture/obstruction, and fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Clinical characteristics were analyzed to identify risk factors and effect of colon involvement on morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Colon involvement was seen in 11% (69/647) of NP patients. Ischemia was the most common pathology (n = 29) followed by perforation (n = 18), fistula (n = 12), inflammatory stricture (n = 7), and fulminant C difficile colitis (n = 3). Statistically significant risk factors for developing colon pathology include tobacco use (odds ratio (OR), 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-3.4, P = 0.009), coronary artery disease (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7; P = 0.04), and respiratory failure (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.1-26.3; P = 0.049). When compared with patients without colon involvement, NP patients with colon involvement had significantly increased overall morbidity (86% vs 96%, P = 0.03) and mortality (8% vs 19%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Colon involvement in necrotizing pancreatitis is common; clinical deterioration should prompt its evaluation. Risk factors include tobacco use, coronary artery disease, and respiratory failure. Colon involvement in necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.

Risks associated with colonoscopy in a population-based colon screening program: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The risks associated with colonoscopy performed through the British Columbia Colon Screening Program (BCCSP) are not known. We aimed to determine the rate of colonoscopy-related serious adverse events within this program. METHODS: For this prospective observational study, we used the BCCSP database to identify participants 50 to 74 years of age who had a positive result on fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) between Nov. 15, 2013, and Dec. 31, 2017, followed by colonoscopy. Unplanned medical events were recorded at the time of colonoscopy and 14 days later. We reviewed the unplanned events and defined them as serious adverse events if they resulted in death, hospital admission or intervention; we also classified them as probably, possibly or unlikely related to the colonoscopy. The primary outcome was the overall rate of serious adverse events; the secondary outcomes were 14-day post-colonoscopy rates of perforation, bleeding and death. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 96 192 colonoscopies were performed by 308 physicians at 50 sites. The median age of patients was 62 (10th-90th percentile 52-71) years, and 56% were male. Of these, 78 831 patients were contacted after the colonoscopy. Serious adverse events were deemed to have occurred in 350 colonoscopies (44 per 10 000, 95% confidence interval [CI] 39-50 per 10 000), with a number needed to harm of 225. Of the 332 (94.9%) serious adverse events that were probably or possibly related to colonoscopy, perforation occurred in 6 (95% CI 5-8) per 10 000 colonoscopies, bleeding in 26 (95% CI 22-30) per 10 000 colonoscopies and death in 3 (95% CI 1-10) per 100 000 colonoscopies. INTERPRETATION: The rate of serious adverse events associated with colonoscopy in the BCCSP was in keeping with previous publications and met accepted benchmarks. The findings of this study inform stakeholders of the risks associated with colonoscopy in an FIT-based colon screening program.

Overtreatment in nonmalignant lesions detected in a colorectal cancer screening program: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs reduce CRC incidence and mortality, they are associated with risks in healthy subjects. However, the risk of overtreatment and overdiagnosis has not been determined yet. The aim of this study was to report the surgery rates in patients with nonmalignant lesions detected within the first round of a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) based CRC screening program and the factors associated with it. METHODS: We included in this analysis all patients with nonmalignant lesions detected between May 2013 and June 2019 in the Galician (Spain) CRC screening program. We calculated surgery rate according to demographic variables, the risk classification according to the colonoscopy findings (European guidelines for quality assurance), the endoscopist's adenoma detection rate (ADR) classified into quartiles and the hospital's complexity level. We determined which variables were independently associated with surgery rate and expressed the association as Odds Ratio and its 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: We included 15,707 patients in the analysis with high (19.9%), intermediate (26.9%) low risk (23.3%) adenomas and normal colonoscopy (29.9%) detected in the analyzed period. Colorectal surgery was performed in 162 patients (1.03, 95% CI 0.87-1.19), due to colonoscopy complications (0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.05) and resection of colorectal benign lesions (1.00, 95% CI 0.85-1.16). Median hospital stay was 6 days with 17.3% patients developing minor complications, 7.4% major complications and one death. After discharge, complications developed in 18.4% patients. In benign lesions, an endoscopic resection was performed in 25.4% and a residual premalignant lesion was detected in 89.9%. The variables independently associated with surgery in the multivariable analysis were age (≥60 years = 1.57, 95% CI 1.11-2.23), sex (female = 2.10, 95% CI 1.52-2.91), the European guidelines classification (high risk = 67.94, 95% CI 24.87-185.59; intermediate risk = 5.63, 95% CI 1.89-16.80; low risk = 1.43; 95% CI 0.36-5.75), the endoscopist's ADR (Q4 = 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.68; Q3 = 0.44, 95% CI 0.27-0.71; Q2 = 0.71, 95% CI 0.44-1.14) and the hospital (tertiary = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: In a CRC screening program, the surgery rate and the associated complications in patients with nonmalignant lesions are low, and related to age, sex, endoscopic findings, endoscopist's ADR and the hospital's complexity.

Colonic perforation following major burns: Experience from a burns center and a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Major burns complicated by stress ulceration and perforation of the stomach or duodenum is a recognized clinical phenomenon. Colonic perforation in burns patients is not common, and the overall incidence, diagnosis, intervention undertaken and mortality is incompletely described in the literature. METHOD: We performed a systematic review of the literature on severe burns resulting in colonic perforation during the initial admission period. Relevant studies from January 1975 to June 2020 were retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, total body surface area (TBSA) and anatomical region of burn, site of colonic perforation and management, nutrition, sepsis and microbiology, length of stay and overall outcome were extracted. We present a case series of five burns patients who had colonic perforations in our Specialist Burns Center. RESULTS: We identified 54 studies, of which nine (two case series and seven case reports) met the inclusion criteria. Colonic perforation following burns was most common in middle-aged male patients with a proportion of patients having a history of mental health issues. In most cases, the TBSA associated with a colonic perforation was ≥30% (11/16 patients, 69%). Perforations mainly affected the right side of the colon (12/16 patients, 75%), usually occurring after the second week of admission (13/16 patients, 81%). Right-sided colonic perforations were associated with an increased mortality rate compared to left-sided perforations (42% vs 25%). CONCLUSIONS: The current literature is mainly limited to case series and case reports and confirms that colonic perforations in burns patients are rare. Colonic perforations are related to the systemic effect of burn injuries including sepsis and gastrointestinal stasis. We have identified patients who are at higher risk of developing colonic perforations and have described the common findings in these patients. Through greater awareness early diagnosis and prompt intervention may be achieved to improve outcomes and reduce associated morbidity and mortality.

Colorectal Surgery Surveillance: A Novel Method for Composing an Automated Real-time Prospective Registry.

BACKGROUND: Medical registries have been shown to be an effective way to improve patient care and reduce costs. Constructing such registries entails extraneous effort of either reviewing medical charts or creating tailored case report forms (CRF). While documentation has shifted from handwritten notes into electronic medical records (EMRs), the majority of information is logged as free text, which is difficult to extract. OBJECTIVES: To construct a tool within the EMR to document patient-related data as codified variables to automatically create a prospective database for all patients undergoing colorectal surgery. METHODS: The hospital's EMR was re-designed to include codified variables within the operative report and patient notes that documented pre-operative history, operative details, postoperative complications, and pathology reports. The EMR was programmed to capture all existing data of interest with manual completion of un-coded variables. RESULTS: During a 6-month pilot study, 130 patients underwent colorectal surgery. Of these, 104 (80%) were logged into the registry on the same day of surgery. The median time to log the rest of the 26 cases was 1 day. Forty-two patients had a postoperative complication. The most common cause for severe complications was an anastomotic leak with a cumulative rate of 12.3. CONCLUSIONS: Re-designing the EMR to enable prospective documentation of surgical related data is a valid method to create an on-going, real-time database that is recorded instantaneously with minimal additional effort and minimal cost.

National Landscape of Unplanned 30-Day Readmission Rates for Acute Non-hemorrhagic Diverticulitis: Insight from National Readmission Database.

BACKGROUND: Early readmissions are an important indicator of the quality of care. Limited data exist describing hospital readmissions in acute diverticulitis. The study aimed to describe unplanned, 30-day readmissions among adult acute diverticulitis patients and to assess readmission predictors. METHODS: We analyzed the 2013 and 2014 United States National Readmission Database and identified acute diverticulitis admissions using administrative codes in adult patients older than 18 years of age. Our primary outcome was a 30-day, unplanned readmission rate. We used Chi-square tests, t tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for descriptive analyses and survey logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals for associations with readmissions adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: In the cohort of 364,511 hospitalizations with acute diverticulitis, as the primary diagnosis on index admission, 31,420 (8.6%) had at least one unplanned 30-day readmission. Sixty percent of the readmissions occurred within the first 2 weeks of the index admission. The most common reasons for unplanned 30-day readmission were due to diverticulitis of the colon (41.5%), postoperative infection (4.2%), septicemia (3.6%), intestinal infection due to Clostridium difficile (3%), and other digestive system complications such bleeding or fistula (2.8%). Multivariable analysis showed advance age (> 75 years), discharge against medical advice, comorbidities (renal failure, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, weight loss, chronic lung disease, malignancy), blood transfusion, Medicare and Medicaid insurance, and increased length of stay (> 3 days) were associated with significantly higher odds for readmission. Patients who have undergone abdominal surgery during index admission were 31% less likely to get readmitted. CONCLUSIONS: On a national level, 1 in 11 hospitalizations for acute diverticulitis was followed by unplanned readmission within 30 days with most admissions occurring in the first 2 weeks. Multiple modifiable and non-modifiable factors influencing readmission rates were noted. Further studies should examine if strategies that address these predictors can decrease readmissions.

Effect of the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic on Endoscopy Provision - The Impact of Compliance with National Guidance.

Objective: There are limited data on the impact of the pandemic upon endoscopy service provision and quality indicators.Methods: Analysis of number and type of procedure, in-room time (minutes), key performance indicators, and list utilization was performed over three periods; pre-lockdown, lockdown, and early recovery and compared with the previous year.Results: Endoscopy activity reduced to 13.3% of the same period in 2019 with the largest drops in colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy numbers. In-room time increased significantly for gastroscopy (35 vs. 24, p < 0.0001), flexible sigmoidoscopy (20 vs. 15, p < 0.0001), endoscopic ultrasound (40 vs. 32, p = 0.0009), and ERCP (59 vs. 45, p = 0.0041). There was no increase for colonoscopy (35 vs 35, p = 0.129). There was a significant reduction in in-room time for gastroscopy alone (44.5 vs. 30.0, p = 0.0002) over the study period. There was no significant difference in cecal intubation rate, polyp detection rate, or biliary cannulation rate compared to the previous year.Conclusions: The pandemic has profoundly reduced the number of endoscopies performed with some recovery. In-room time has significantly increased but with the preservation of key performance indicators. List utilization remains a significant problem and resources need to be adequately aligned to improve this.

Therapeutic Opportunities for Intestinal Angioectasia- Targeting PPARγ and Oxidative Stress.

Recurrent and acute bleeding from intestinal tract angioectasia (AEC) presents a major challenge for clinical intervention. Current treatments are empiric, with frequent poor clinical outcomes. Improvements in understanding the pathophysiology of these lesions will help guide treatment. Using data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), we analyzed 12 million patient reports to identify drugs inversely correlated with gastrointestinal bleeding and potentially limiting AEC severity. FAERS analysis revealed that drugs used in patients with diabetes and those targeting PPARγ-related mechanisms were associated with decreased AEC phenotypes (P < 0.0001). Electronic health records (EHRs) at University of Cincinnati Hospital were analyzed to validate FAERS analysis. EHR data showed a 5.6% decrease in risk of AEC and associated phenotypes in patients on PPARγ agonists. Murine knockout models of AEC phenotypes were used to construct a gene-regulatory network of candidate drug targets and pathways, which revealed that wound healing, vasculature development and regulation of oxidative stress were impacted in AEC pathophysiology. Human colonic tissue was examined for expression differences across key pathway proteins, PPARγ, HIF1α, VEGF, and TGFß1. In vitro analysis of human AEC tissues showed lower expression of PPARγ and TGFß1 compared with controls (0.55 ± 0.07 and 0.49 ± 0.05). National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) RNA-Seq data was analyzed to substantiate human tissue findings. This integrative discovery approach showing altered expression of key genes involved in oxidative stress and injury repair mechanisms presents novel insight into AEC etiology, which will improve targeted mechanistic studies and more optimal medical therapy for AEC.

Voiding Dysfunction after Colorectal Surgery for Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical management of deep endometriosis is associated with a high incidence of lower urinary tract dysfunction. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the rates of voiding dysfunction according to colorectal shaving, discoid excision, and segmental resection for deep endometriosis. DATA SOURCES: We performed a systematic review using bibliographic citations from PubMed, Clinical Trials.gov, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Medical Subject Headings terms for colorectal endometriosis and voiding dysfunction were combined and restricted to the French and English languages. The final search was performed on August 28, 2019. The outcome measured was the occurrence of postoperative voiding dysfunction. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Study Quality Assessment Tools were used to assess the quality of included studies. Studies rated as good and fair were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of each included study, discrepancies were discussed; if consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. TABULATION, INTEGRATION AND RESULTS: Out of 201 relevant published reports, 51 studies were ultimately reviewed systematically and 13 were included in the meta-analysis. Rectal shaving was statistically less associated with postoperative voiding dysfunction than segmental colorectal resection (Odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.18-0.63; I2 = 0%; p <.001) or discoid excision (OR 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09-0.51; I2 = 0%; p  <.001). No significant difference was noted when comparing discoid excision and segmental colorectal resection (OR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.32-1.69; I2 = 29%; p = .47). Similarly, rectal shaving was associated with a lower risk of self-catheterization >1 month than segmental colorectal resection (OR 0.3; 95% CI, 0.14-0.66; I2 = 0%; p = .003). This outcome was no longer significant when comparing discoid excision and segmental colorectal resection (OR 0.72; 95% CI, 0.4-1.31; I2 = 63%; p = .28). CONCLUSION: Colorectal surgery for endometriosis has a significant impact on urinary function regardless of the technique. However, rectal shaving causes less postoperative voiding dysfunction than discoid excision or segmental resection.

Long-term bowel dysfunction following low anterior resection.

Study aimed to assess long-term bowel function in patients who underwent low anterior resection for cancer five and more years ago. Patients who underwent low anterior resection for rectal cancer from 2010 to 2015 at National Cancer Institute were prospectively included in our study. They were interviewed using low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score and Wexner questionnaire. We also assessed possible risk factors of postoperative bowel disorder. 150 patients were included in our study. Of them 125 (83.3%) were analysed. The median age at diagnosis was 62 years (40-79), and the average time of follow-up was 7.5 years (5-11). Overall, 58 (46.4%) patients had LARS, of them 33 (26.4%)-major LARS and 25 (20%)-minor LARS and 67 (53.6%) reported no LARS. Wexner score results were: normal in 43 (34.4%) patients, minor faecal incontinence-55 (44%), average faecal incontinence-18 (14.4%), complete faecal incontinence-9 (7.2%). 51 patients (40.8%) had tumour in the upper third rectum, 51 (40.8%)-in the middle and 23 (18.4%)-lower third. Preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy was the only significant risk factors for developing LARS in univariate analysis. Our study showed that only preoperative radiotherapy may be associated with more late problems in defecation after rectal cancer surgery.Trial registration: NCT03920202.

Melanosis coli: A comprehensive review.

Melanosis coli (MC) is a common condition characterized by a black or brown pigment deposited in the colorectal mucosa. It is a reversible condition that is influenced by many factors, such as living habits and bowel function. However, the epidemiology and etiology of MC are still unclear. Most studies show that there is a significant correlation between the use of anthraquinone laxatives and the occurrence of MC. At present, the mechanism of the apoptosis theory is widely recognized as regards the pathogenesis of MC. There is no specific clinical manifestation of MC, and its diagnosis is mainly based on a complimentary examination, such as endoscopic and histopathological tests. General treatment, such as changing living habits, is preferred, and medical or surgical treatment should not be considered in the absence of serious malignancy. The aim of this review is to systematically present and outline the concepts of the epidemiology, etiology, histopathology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of MC, in order to improve the understanding of this condition.

Feasibility, Complications, and Recurrence after Discoid Resection for Colorectal Endometriosis: A Series of 93 Cases.

Laparoscopic discoid colorectal resection is a surgical option for bowel endometriosis, 1 of the most severe forms of endometriosis. However, no study has clearly analyzed the feasibility or the complication and recurrence rates of the procedure in a homogeneous population with specific criteria for discoid resection. The aims of this study were to evaluate the rate of conversion to segmental resection, the need for double discoid resection, and the complication and recurrence rates. We conducted a prospective study of 93 consecutive patients who underwent discoid resection in Tenon University Hospital, Paris, France. The median follow-up was 20 months. We included patients with colorectal endometriosis (≤3 cm long and <90° of bowel circumference) experiencing failure of medical treatment or associated infertility. All the patients underwent a discoid colorectal resection using a transanal circular stapler. The primary end point was the rate of conversion to segmental resection (3.2%). The secondary end point was the rate of double discoid resection (6.5%). The overall complication rate was 24%, and the severe complication rate (i.e., Clavien-Dindo IIIB) was 3% (n = 4). Postoperative voiding dysfunction requiring bladder self-catheterization was observed in 16% (n = 15). The mean duration of bladder self-catherization was 30 days (range, 15-90) including 11 cases (74%) lasting less than 30 days and 4 cases lasting more than 30 days. No patients required bladder self-catheterization over 3 months. No difference in the complication rate or in voiding dysfunction was observed between double and single discoid resection. The low rate of conversion to radical resection confirms the satisfactory preoperative evaluation of bowel endometriosis. Few publications report the rate of conversion to radical surgery. This raises the crucial issue of the right indications for discoid resection. The present study confirms that discoid resection is probably the best option for small lesions because of its high feasibility and low complication rate. Further studies are required to evaluate the technique for larger colorectal endometriotic lesions.

Increased Healthcare Utilization for Medical Comorbidities Prior to Surgery Improves Postoperative Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of optimization of preoperative comorbidities by nonsurgical clinicians on short-term postoperative outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Preoperative comorbidities can have substantial effects on operative risk and outcomes. The modifiability of these comorbidity-associated surgical risks remains poorly understood. METHODS: We identified patients with a major comorbidity (eg, diabetes, heart failure) undergoing an elective colectomy in a multipayer national administrative database (2010-2014). Patients were included if they could be matched to a preoperative surgical clinic visit within 90 days of an operative intervention by the same surgeon. The explanatory variable of interest ("preoperative optimization") was defined by whether the patient was seen by an appropriate nonsurgical clinician between surgical consultation and subsequent surgery. We assessed the impact of an optimization visit on postoperative complications with use of propensity score matching and multilevel, multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 4531 colectomy patients with a major potentially modifiable comorbidity (propensity weighted and matched effective sample size: 6037). After matching, the group without an optimization visit had a higher rate of complications (34.6% versus 29.7%, P = 0.001). An optimization visit conferred a 31% reduction in the odds of a complication (P < 0.001) in an adjusted analysis. Median preoperative costs increased by $684 (P < 0.001) in the optimized group, and a complication increased total costs of care by $14,724 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We demonstrated an association between use of nonsurgical clinician visits by comorbid patients prior to surgery and a significantly lower rate of complications. These findings support the prospective study of preoperative optimization as a potential mechanism for improving postoperative outcomes.

Retrospective study on melanosis coli as risk factor of colorectal neoplasm: a 3-year colonoscopic finding in Zhuhai Hospital, China.

BACKGROUND: Melanosis coli (MC) is a colonoscopic finding in which the colonic mucosa appears darkly pigmented than usual and generally caused by extended anthranoid laxative use. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study at Zhuhai Hospital to investigate the risk of MC for CR neoplasm development. A total of 12,776 patients who underwent colonoscopy from 2013 to 2016 including 250 diagnosed with MC and 500 controls were included in this study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for associations of MC with CR neoplasm detection were estimated using univariate and multivariable multinomial logistic analyses for known risk factors. RESULTS: The presence of MC was associated with a significant increase in the CR neoplasm detection rate compared with controls (OR = 1.701, 95% CI = 1.252-2.31; P = 0.001). The effect was also observed in different tumor sites, age group, gender, and lifestyle. Using univariate multinomial analysis, patients with MC were significantly associated with both hyperplastic polyp (OR = 2.069, 95% CI = 1.253-3.415; P = 0.005) and low-grade (LG) adenoma (OR = 1.585, 95% CI = 1.115-2.254; P = 0.010). However, there was no significant difference with adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.701, 95% CI = 0.990-2.924; P = 0.055). Using multivariate multinomial analysis, MC patients remained associated with increased hyperplastic polyp (OR = 1.870, 95% CI = 1.119-3.125; P = 0.017) and LG adenoma (OR = 1.474, 95% CI = 1.027-2.114; P = 0.035), but not adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.620, 95% CI = 0.914-2.871; P = 0.098). A significant increase in CR neoplasm rate was observed with drinker, smoker, and elderly patients but not with gender. CONCLUSION: Patients with MC were more likely to have both hyperplastic polyp and LG adenoma. If confirmed, such findings could suggest the discontinuation of anthranoid laxative use particularly in the elderly.

Impact of Temporary Protective Ileostomy on Intestinal Function and Quality of Life after a 2-Year Follow-up in Patients Who Underwent Colorectal Segmental Resection for Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare 2-year follow-up intestinal function and quality of life (QoL) between women with temporary protective ileostomy (PI) and recanalization and women without PI after colorectal segmental resection for deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). DESIGN: Prospective observational exploratory study. SETTING: Tertiary level referral center for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection and PI because of DIE between January 2015 and January 2018; an equal number of women without PI were matched according to age and anamnestic findings to serve as controls. INTERVENTIONS: Realization of a PI or immediate recanalization in patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were considered for the analyses: 18 in the PI group and 18 in the non-PI group. Baseline intestinal function and QoL were evaluated using 2 validated questionnaires. The main reasons for ileostomy were colpotomy (66.7%), ultralow bowel anastomosis (27.8%), concomitant ureteroneocystostomy, and positive Michelin test result (5.6%). The mean interval between first and second surgery in the PI group was 3.7 ± 1.7 months. Perioperative severe complications included 1 stenosis of colorectal anastomosis in 1 woman in the PI group and 1 perianastomotic abscess in the non-PI group; overall the complications were comparable between the 2 groups. At the 2-year follow-up from recanalization, bowel function and QoL improved from baseline, with no statistical differences between the groups (Knowles-Eccersley-Scott-Symptom delta: 5.9 ± 9.3 in the PI group vs 7.7 ± 10.2 in the non-PI group, p = .6; Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index delta: 16.0 ± 27.5 vs 19.2 ± 24.7, p = .7). CONCLUSION: Temporary PI after colorectal resection for DIE does not seem to influence patients' bowel function and QoL at a median follow-up from recanalization at 2 years.

Recurrence after Surgery for Colorectal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The recurrence rate after colorectal surgery for endometriosis is up to 50% at 5 years. The aim of the current review and meta-analysis was to assess recurrence associated with shaving, disc excision, and segmental resection for endometriosis with colorectal involvement. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review was performed by searching the PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for publications before February 28, 2019, using the terms "colorectal endometriosis" and "recurrence" in English. The outcome measure was histologically proven recurrence 1 year after the index surgery. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Studies rated as good or fair by a study quality assessment tool were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the studies; discrepancies were discussed, and if a consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of 156 relevant published trials, 41 were systematically reviewed and 4 were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of recurrence was higher after rectal shaving than after both segmental resection (odds ratio [OR], 5.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-13.12; I2 = 0%; p = .001) and disc excision for histologically proven recurrence (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.33-11.05; I2 = 0%; p = .01). This difference was not significant when comparing disc excision with segmental resection (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 0.8-8.65; I2 = 0%; p = .11). CONCLUSION: The current analysis shows that the risk of recurrence is lower when segmental resection or disc excision is performed than when rectal shaving is performed. This finding is important when deciding the most appropriate surgical management.

Magnetic resonance enterography, colonoscopy, and fecal calprotectin correlate in colonic Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Fecal calprotectin (FCP), magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), and colonoscopy are complementary biometric tests that are used to assess patients with Crohn's Disease (CD). While prior studies have evaluated the association between combinations of these tests, no study has established a correlation between all three: FCP, MRE, and colonoscopy. We prospectively investigated if there is correlation between these three tests, which may result in improved clinical outcomes that can then be used to streamline patient monitoring and treatment modification. METHODS: One hundred fifty-six patients with colonic CD were prospectively examined between March 2017 and December 2018. FCP levels, MRE, and colonoscopy were assessed in parallel on all 156 patients. Clinical CD activity was measured with the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). CD activity with FCP was measured with a quantitative immunoassay. CD activity on MRE was measured with the Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA). CD activity on colonoscopy was measured with the Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS). RESULTS: One hundred twelve patients (72%) had active disease (Crohn's Disease Activity Index > 150) and 44 patients (28%) were in clinical remission disease (Crohn's Disease Activity Index < 150). FCP levels, MaRIA, and CDEIS are highly correlated with positive and significant Pearson and Spearman coefficients, respectively (P < 0.0001), in univariate analyses. Regression analysis (multivariate analyses) demonstrates significant, positive correlation between FCP and MaRIA (r = 1.07, P < 0.0001) and between FCP and CDEIS (r = 0.71, P = 0.03), and between. MaRIA and CDEIS (r = 0.63, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: FCP levels significantly correlate with the degree of active inflammation in patients with colonic Crohn's Disease. Improved clinical results may be achieved by using a biometric strategy that incorporates FCP, colonoscopy, and MRE together. This strategy may in-turn be used in the future to streamline monitoring disease activity and adjustment of therapy to improve long term patient outcomes.