Correlation of Quantitated Intravascular Volume with Blood Pressure in Patients with Systemic Hypertension.

Volume management is an essential component of anti-hypertensive therapy. Different volume phenotypes have been proposed. We sought to study the total blood volume (TBV), plasma volume (PV), and red blood cell volume (RBV) in hypertensive patients. We included patients followed in an outpatient cardiology clinic from 1998 to 2003. Blood volume (BV) parameters were measured using radioisotope iodine-131-labeled albumin dilution technique. Values were expressed as percentage (%) deviation from ideal volumes. A total of 95 patients were included. The intravascular volume distribution as percent deviation from normal volume ranged from - 23 to + 28% for TBV, - 22 to + 36% for PV and - 29 to + 37% for RBV. There was no significant correlation between systolic BP and any of the BV parameters (TBV and SBP, r = - 0.03; PV and SBP, r = - 0.12; RBV and SBP, r = - 0.08). Patients with hypertension have a wide variation in BV parameters. BV does not correlate with SBP.

Respuesta parcial a lenvatinib como segunda línea de tratamiento en cáncer diferenciado avanzado de tiroides / Partial response to lenvatinib as a second line of treatment in advanced differentiated cancer of thyroid

RESUMEN Las metástasis a distancia ocurren en alrededor del 10% de los pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT), y cerca de la mitad de estos casos serán refractarios al radioyodo (RAIR). Sorafenib fue el primer inhibidor multicinasa (IMK) aprobado por la FDA para su uso en cáncer diferenciado de tiroides RAIR avanzado y progresivo, y hasta el momento es el único aprobado por la ANMAT en nuestro país para esta indicación. Lenvatinib es el segundo IMK aprobado por la FDA para este grupo de pacientes, y es una alternativa terapéutica que debe ser considerada, debido a su disponibilidad como fármaco de uso compasivo en nuestro país. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con el uso de lenvatinib como segunda línea de tratamiento en una paciente con CDT progresivo previamente tratado con sorafenib.

ABSTRACT Distant metastases occur in around 10% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), and half of these cases will become refractory to radioiodine therapy (RAIR). Sorafenib was the first multikinase inhibitor (MKI) approved by the FDA for patients with differentiated advanced and progressive RAIR thyroid cancer, and it is the only one approved by ANMAT in our country for this indication. Lenvatinib is the second MKI approved by the FDA for this group of patients, and is a therapeutic alternative that should be considered, due to its availability as a compassive use drug in our country. We present our experience with the use of lenvatinib as a second line of treatment in a patient with DTC with advanced and progressive disease under treatment with sorafenib.

Carcinoma papilar de tiroides no captante de radioyodo (I131): a propósito de un caso / Papillary thyroid carcinoma not collecting radioiodine (I131): presentation of a case

RESUMEN El carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT) corresponde a una neoplasia frecuente en el mundo y en nuestro país. Generalmente se asocia a buen pronóstico y altas tasas de sobrevida, gracias a características propias del tumor, precisas herramientas diagnósticas y terapias eficaces. Formas infrecuentes de CPT suelen tener comportamientos más agresivos y respuestas parciales a tratamientos habituales, tales como el CPT no captante de radioyodo (5% de los casos). Poca literatura existe respecto a este último y a su manejo. Diversas opciones de tratamiento han sido propuestas, según si hay evidencia de tejido tumoral, como el uso empírico de I131, cirugía, radioterapia, embolización e inhibidores de tirosina kinasa, sin embargo, sigue habiendo una respuesta incierta.

ABSTRACT Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common cancer in the world and in our country. It is usually associated with good prognosis and high survival rates, due to the tumor's characteristics, precise diagnostic tools and effective therapies. Unusual varieties of PTC have more aggressive behaviors and partial responses to usual treatments, such as negative uptake to radioiodine PTC (5% of cases). There is few literature about this variety and its treatment. Diverse treatment options have been proposed, according to whether there is evidence of tumor tissue, such as the empirical use of I131, surgery, radiotherapy, embolization and inhibitors of thyrosine kinase, however an uncertain response remains.

Pulmonary microvascular dysfunction and pathological changes induced by blast injury in a rabbit model.

BACKGROUND: Vascular leakage has been proven to play a critical role in the incidence and development of explosive pulmonary barotrauma. Quantitatively investigated in the present study was the severity of vascular leakage in a gradient blast injury series, as well as ultrastructural evidence relating to pulmonary vascular leakage. METHODS: One hundred adult male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups according to distance from the detonator (10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and sham control). Value of pulmonary vascular leakage was monitored by a radioactive 125I-albumin labeling method. Pathological changes caused by the blast wave were examined under light and electron microscopes. RESULTS: Transcapillary escape rate of 125I-albumin and residual radioactivity in both lungs increased significantly at the distances of 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm, suggesting increased severity of vascular leakage in these groups. Ultrastructural observation showed swelling of pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and widened gap between endothelial cells in the 10-cm and 15-cm groups. CONCLUSION: Primary blast wave can result in pulmonary capillary blood leakage. Blast wave can cause swelling of pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and widened gap between endothelial cells, which may be responsible for pulmonary vascular leakage.

Calculated plasma volume status and prognosis in chronic heart failure.

AIMS: Plasma volume (PV) expansion hallmarks worsening chronic heart failure (CHF) but no non-invasive means of quantifying volume status exists. Because weight and haematocrit are related to PV, they can be used to calculate relative PV status (PVS). We tested the validity and prognostic utility of calculated PVS in CHF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: First, we evaluated the agreement between calculated actual PV (aPV) and aPV levels measured using (125)Iodine-human serum albumin. Second, we derived PVS as: [(calculated aPV - ideal PV)/ideal PV] × 100%. Third, we assessed the prognostic implications of PVS in 5002 patients from the Valsartan in Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT), and validated this in another 246 routine CHF outpatients. On analysis, calculated and measured aPV values correlated significantly in 119 normal subjects and 30 CHF patients. In the Val-HeFT cohort, mean (+SD) PVS was -9 ± 8% and related to volume biomarkers such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Over 2 years, 977 (20%) patients died. Plasma volume status was associated with death and first morbid events in a 'J-shaped' fashion with the highest risk seen with a PVS > -4%. Stratification into PVS quartiles confirmed that a PVS > -4% was associated with increased mortality (unadjusted hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.44-1.88, χ(2) = 54, P < 0.001) even after adjusting for 22 variables, including brain natriuretic peptide. These results were mirrored in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Relative PVS calculated from simple clinical indices reflects the degree to which patients have deviated from their ideal PV and independently relates to outcomes. The utility of PVS-driven CHF management needs further evaluation.

Albumin adsorption onto surfaces of urine collection and analysis containers.

BACKGROUND: Adsorption of albumin onto urine collection and analysis containers may cause falsely low concentrations. METHODS: We added (125)I-labeled human serum albumin to urine and to phosphate buffered solutions, incubated them with 22 plastic container materials and measured adsorption by liquid scintillation counting. RESULTS: Adsorption of urine albumin (UA) at 5-6 mg/l was <0.9%; and at 90 mg/l was <0.4%. Adsorption was generally less at pH8 than pH5 but only 3 cases had p<0.05. Adsorption from 11 unaltered urine samples with albumin 5-333 mg/l was <0.8%. Albumin adsorption for the material with greatest binding was extrapolated to the surface areas of 100 ml and 2l collection containers, and to instrument sample cups and showed <1% change in concentration at 5 mg/l and <0.5% change at 20 mg/l or higher concentrations. Adsorption of albumin from phosphate buffered solutions (2-28%) was larger than that from urine. CONCLUSIONS: Albumin adsorption differed among urine samples and plastic materials, but the total influence of adsorption was <1% for all materials and urine samples tested. Adsorption of albumin from phosphate buffered solutions was larger than that from urine and could be a limitation for preparations used as calibrators.

Platelet activating factor induces transient blood-brain barrier opening to facilitate edaravone penetration into the brain.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) greatly limits the efficacy of many neuroprotective drugs' delivery to the brain, so improving drug penetration through the BBB has been an important focus of research. Here we report that platelet activating factor (PAF) transiently opened BBB and facilitated neuroprotectant edaravone penetration into the brain. Intravenous infusion with PAF induced a transient BBB opening in rats, reflected by increased Evans blue leakage and mild edema formation, which ceased within 6 h. Furthermore, rat regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) declined acutely during PAF infusion, but recovered slowly. More importantly, this transient BBB opening significantly increased the penetration of edaravone into the brain, evidenced by increased edaravone concentrations in tissue interstitial fluid collected by microdialysis and analyzed by Ultra-performance liquid chromatograph combined with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). Similarly, incubation of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells monolayer with 1 µM PAF for 1 h significantly increased monolayer permeability to (125)I-albumin, which recovered 1 h after PAF elimination. However, PAF incubation with rat brain microvessel endothelial cells for 1 h did not cause detectable cytotoxicity, and did not regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1, matrix-metalloproteinase-9 and P-glycoprotein expression. In conclusion, PAF could induce transient and reversible BBB opening through abrupt rCBF decline, which significantly improved edaravone penetration into the brain. Platelet activating factor (PAF) transiently induces BBB dysfunction and increases BBB permeability, which may be due to vessel contraction and a temporary decline of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) triggered by PAF. More importantly, the PAF induced transient BBB opening facilitates neuroprotectant edaravone penetration into brain. The results of this study may provide a new approach to improve drug delivery into the brain.

(99m) Tc-labelled human serum albumin cannot replace (125) I-labelled human serum albumin to determine plasma volume in patients with liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Determination of plasma volume (PV) is important in several clinical situations. Thus, patients with liver disease often have augmented PV as part of their sodium-water retention. This study was undertaken to compare PV determination by two indicators: technetium-labelled human serum albumin ((99m) Tc-HSA) and iodine-labelled human serum albumin ((125) I-HSA), as the former may have advantages at repeated measurements and the latter is the classical gold standard. STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS: In 88 patients, (64 with liver disease, mainly cirrhosis, and 24 patients without liver disease), simultaneous measurements of PV were taken with (99m) Tc-HSA and (125) I-HSA after 1 h in the supine position. Blood samples were obtained before and 10 min after quantitative injection of the two indicators. In a subset of patients (n = 32), the measurements were repeated within 1 h. RESULTS: In all patients, a close correlation was present between PV determined by the two indicators (r = 0·89, P<0·0001). In all, but twelve patients, a higher PV was obtained with (99m) Tc-HSA compared with (125) I-HSA (P<0·0001). PV determined with (99m) Tc-HSA exceeded PV determined with (125) I-HSA by 367 ml (5·2 ml kg(-1) ) in liver patients as compared to 260 ml (3·5 ml kg(-1) ) in patients without liver disease (P<0·05). The precision of repeated PV determination was 1·75% (coefficient of variation) with (99m) Tc-HSA and 1·71% with (125) I-HSA (ns), and similar values were found in patients with and without liver disease. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that (99m) Tc-HSA has the same precision as that of (125) I-HSA. However, especially in patients with liver disease, (99m) Tc-HSA consistently overestimates the PV, most likely owing to indicator heterogeneity with subsequent fast removal from the circulating medium with a higher volume of distribution as the outcome.

99mTc-albumin can replace 125I-albumin to determine plasma volume repeatedly.

OBJECTIVE: Plasma volume assessment may be of importance in several disorders. The purpose of the present study was to compare the reliability of plasma volume measurements by technetium-labeled human serum albumin ((99m)Tc-HSA) with a simultaneously performed plasma volume determination with iodine-labeled human serum albumin ((125)I-HSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 15 healthy volunteers, simultaneous plasma volume measurements with (99m)Tc-HSA and (125)I-HSA were performed after ½ hour in the supine position. Blood samples were obtained 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after the injection for accurate retropolation from the plasma counts to time zero to correct for leakage of the isotopes from the circulation. RESULTS: The mean difference (bias) between plasma volume measured with (125)I-albumin and (99m)Tc-albumin was 8 ml (0.1 ml/kg) with limits of agreement (bias ±1.96 SD) ranging from -181-196 ml (-2.3-2.5 ml/kg). The tracer disappearance rate was significantly higher with (99m)Tc-albumin (-23.1±7.1%/h) than with (125)I-albumin (-6.7±3.6%/h) (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that (99m)Tc-HSA can replace (125)I-HSA for single measurements of plasma volume in healthy volunteers. It needs to be emphasized however, that repeated blood sampling for 1/2 hour after injection of the tracer is required to correct for the disappearance of (99m)Tc and (99m)Tc-HSA from the circulation.

Assessment of permeability barriers to macromolecules in the rodent endometrium at the onset of implantation.

In rodents, embryo implantation is an invasive process, which begins with its attachment to the uterine wall and culminates in the formation of the definitive placenta several days later. It is critical that the endometrium provide a supportive environment for the implanting embryo during this process, as the placenta is not yet established. The concept of changing permeability barriers to macromolecules between different extracellular compartments in the rodent uterus at the onset of implantation has been established. This chapter provides protocols that can be used to assess this changing permeability barrier and the associated redistribution of macromolecules during the early phases of implantation in rodents. An increased permeability of the endometrial vasculature to plasma proteins occurs in areas adjacent to the implanting blastocyst. In addition, alterations in the extracellular matrix enhance the accumulation of fluid and extravasated macromolecules. We describe several protocols proven to be effective in studying and quantifying early vascular and extravascular responses to natural and artificial "implantation stimuli." The first three protocols represent qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the early endometrial "vascular permeability" response. On the contrary, the fourth protocol addresses the onset of decidualization and the arising permeability barrier, which restricts the movement of macromolecules through the extracellular space. This barrier is believed to provide transient protection for the implanting embryo against potentially harmful maternal serum proteins. This protocol describes assessment of resistance of the primary decidual zone to the movement of macromolecules across the compartments of the extracellular space.

Role of caveolin-1 in the regulation of pulmonary endothelial permeability.

Endothelial permeability measurements of intact vascular beds and monolayer cultures are used to describe transport of small molecules (ions, water, and nutrients), macromolecules and plasma protein across the vascular endothelia. Disruption of the endothelial barrier leads to vascular hyper-permeability and protein-rich edema which is a key hallmark of inflammation. Transport of the most abundant plasma protein, albumin, occurs by means of transcellular and paracellular pathways. In healthy, noninflamed vessels, endothelial cell-cell contacts significantly restrict the paracellular permeability of albumin, whereas its transcellular transport from the blood to the abluminal perivascular interstitium occurs via caveolae. Thus, caveolae-mediated transport is a primary determinant of the basal endothelial permeability properties. Increased paracellular permeability induced during inflammation is thought to be due to the opening of interendothelial cell-cell junctions and disruption of endothelial cell-matrix contacts within the vasculature. We recently demonstrated that caveolae-mediated transendothelial transport (transcytosis) of macromolecules through the microvascular endothelial barrier is also an important mechanism responsible for inflammation-evoked pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability and protein-rich edema formation. Moreover, caveolin-1, a structural and scaffolding protein required for caveolae formation and transcellular transport, also plays an important role in oxidant-induced paracellular hyperpermeability. This review highlights the methods used to assess transcellular and paracellular permeability properties of the intact mouse lung and cultured endothelial cell monolayers.

Permeability of endothelial barrier: cell culture and in vivo models.

The methods for assessment of endothelial barrier permeability are vital tools of experimental biology. They allow us to measure permeability of endothelial monolayer in cell culture and in lung vessels or to determine formation of tissue edema resulting from increased permeability of vasculature. This chapter provides an overview of the most common protocols.

A model to measure lymphatic drainage from the eye.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for glaucoma development and progression. Most anti-glaucoma treatments aim to lower IOP by enhancing aqueous humor drainage from the eye. Aqueous humor drainage occurs via well-characterized trabecular meshwork (TM) and uveoscleral (UVS) pathways, and recently described ciliary body lymphatics. The relative contribution of the lymphatic pathway to aqueous drainage is not known. We developed a sheep model to quantitatively assess lymphatic drainage along with TM and UVS outflows. This study describes that model and presents our initial findings. Following intracameral injection of (125)I-bovine serum albumin (BSA), lymph was continuously collected via cannulated cervical lymphatic vessels and the thoracic lymphatic duct over either a 3-h or 5-h time period. In the same animals, blood samples were collected from the right jugular vein every 15 min. Lymphatic and TM drainage were quantitatively assessed by measuring (125)I-BSA in lymph and plasma, respectively. Radioactive tracer levels were also measured in UVS and "other" ocular tissue, as well as periocular tissue harvested 3 and 5 h post-injection. Tracer recovered from UVS tissue was used to estimate UVS drainage. The amount of (125)I-BSA recovered from different fluid and tissue compartments was expressed as a percentage of total recovered tracer. Three hours after tracer injection, percentage of tracer recovered in lymph and plasma was 1.64% ± 0.89% and 68.86% ± 9.27%, respectively (n = 8). The percentage of tracer in UVS, other ocular and periocular tissues was 19.87% ± 5.59%, 4.30% ± 3.31% and 5.32% ± 2.46%, respectively. At 5 h (n = 2), lymphatic drainage was increased (6.40% and 4.96% vs. 1.64%). On the other hand, the percentage of tracer recovered from UVS and other ocular tissue had decreased, and the percentage from periocular tissue showed no change. Lymphatic drainage increased steadily over the 3 h post-injection period, while TM drainage increased rapidly - reaching a plateau at 30 min. This quantitative sheep model enables assessment of relative contributions of lymphatic drainage, TM and UVS outflows, and may help to better understand the effects of glaucoma agents on outflow pathways.

Lower vascular tone and larger plasma volume in Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension.

The pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease (PD) is incompletely understood. The primary focus has thus far been on failure of the baroreflex, a central mediated vasoconstrictor mechanism. Here, we test the role of two other possible factors: 1) a reduced peripheral vasoconstriction (which may contribute because PD includes a generalized sympathetic denervation); and 2) an inadequate plasma volume (which may explain why plasma volume expansion can manage orthostatic hypotension in PD). We included 11 PD patients with orthostatic hypotension (PD + OH), 14 PD patients without orthostatic hypotension (PD - OH), and 15 age-matched healthy controls. Leg blood flow was examined using duplex ultrasound during 60° head-up tilt. Leg vascular resistance was calculated as the arterial-venous pressure gradient divided by blood flow. In a subset of 9 PD + OH, 9 PD - OH, and 8 controls, plasma volume was determined by indicator dilution method with radiolabeled albumin ((125)I-HSA). The basal leg vascular resistance was significantly lower in PD + OH (0.7 ± 0.3 mmHg·ml(-1)·min) compared with PD - OH (1.3 ± 0.6 mmHg·ml(-1)·min, P < 0.01) and controls (1.3 ± 0.5 mmHg·ml(-1)·min, P < 0.01). Leg vascular resistance increased significantly during 60° head-up tilt with no significant difference between the groups. Plasma volume was significantly larger in PD + OH (3,869 ± 265 ml) compared with PD - OH (3,123 ± 377 ml, P < 0.01) and controls (3,204 ± 537 ml, P < 0.01). These results indicate that PD + OH have a lower basal leg vascular resistance in combination with a larger plasma volume compared with PD - OH and controls. Despite the increase in leg vascular resistance during 60° head-up tilt, PD + OH are unable to maintain their blood pressure.

The concordance of MRI and quantitative autoradiography estimates of the transvascular transfer rate constant of albumin in a rat brain tumor model.

The apparent forward transfer constant, K transa, for albumin was measured in 9L cerebral tumors in 15 rats. An MRI study using gadolinium-labeled bovine serum albumin was followed by terminal quantitative autoradiography (QAR) using radioiodinated serum albumin. Look-Locker MRI estimates of T(1) followed gadolinium-labeled bovine serum albumin blood and tissue concentration. QAR and MRI maps of K transa were coregistered, a region of interest (ROI) that included the tumor and its surround was selected, and the two estimates of K transa from the ROI on QAR and MRI maps were compared by either mean per animal ROI or on pixel-by-pixel data using a generalized estimating equation. An ROI analysis showed a moderate correlation between the two measures (r = 0.57, P = 0.026); pixel-by-pixel generalized estimating equation analysis concurred (r = 0.54, P < 0.0001). The estimates of QAR with MRI of last time points (e.g., 25 min) showed a moderate correlation (ROI r = 0.55, P < 0.035; generalized estimating equation r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Differences between the QAR and MRI estimates of K transa did not differ from zero, but the MRI 25-min estimate was significantly lower than the QAR estimate. Thus, noninvasive MRI estimates of vascular permeability can serve as a surrogate for QAR measures.

Cytokine and chemokine responses in serum and brain after single and repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide: multiplex quantification with path analysis.

Administration of the proinflammatory molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alters transport rates for many peptides across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We and others have previously shown that effects of LPS on BBB transport are highly dependent on the injection paradigm used, and timing of the study. Cytokine expression in both brain and serum compartments influences the BBB response to an inflammatory stimulus, and mediates changes in BBB transport. Here, we used multianalyte technology to simultaneously determine the responses of 13 cytokines and chemokines (G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES, and TNF-α) in brain and blood to single and repeated injections of LPS and path analysis to determine the major relations among these analytes. Major findings are: (1) in comparison to measurements taken from a time course after a single injection of LPS, the three injection regimen of LPS produced significantly higher levels in brain for G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNF and in serum for G-CSF, IL-6, and GM-CSF and (2) path analysis distinguished direct from indirect correlations between analyte pairs, with MCP-1, IL-6, G-CSF, and KC mediating relations among these cytokines both within and between serum and brain compartments. These results suggest that potentiation of cytokine levels in brain and serum compartments could play important roles in the regulation of BBB transport, and that our novel application of an established statistical method can be used to assess direct correlations within multiplexed datasets.

Colocalization of gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid with high-molecular-weight molecules after intracerebral convection-enhanced delivery in humans.

BACKGROUND: Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) permits site-specific therapeutic drug delivery within interstitial spaces at increased dosages through circumvention of the blood-brain barrier. CED is currently limited by suboptimal methodologies for monitoring the delivery of therapeutic agents that would permit technical optimization and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a readily available small-molecule MRI contrast agent, gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), could effectively track the distribution of larger therapeutic agents. METHODS: Gd-DTPA was coinfused with the larger molecular tracer, I-labeled human serum albumin (I-HSA), during CED of an EGFRvIII-specific immunotoxin as part of treatment for a patient with glioblastoma. RESULTS: Infusion of both tracers was safe in this patient. Analysis of both Gd-DTPA and I-HSA during and after infusion revealed a high degree of anatomical and volumetric overlap. CONCLUSION: Gd-DTPA may be able to accurately demonstrate the anatomic and volumetric distribution of large molecules used for antitumor therapy with high resolution and in combination with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging, and provide additional information about leaks into cerebrospinal fluid spaces and resection cavities. Similar studies should be performed in additional patients to validate our findings and help refine the methodologies we used.

A model for evaluating the effects of blunt skeletal muscle trauma on microvascular permeability and plasma volume in the rat.

The objective of the present study was to develop an experimental model suitable for studying the effects of a nonhemorrhagic soft tissue trauma on plasma volume (PV) and microvascular permeability. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a sham procedure or a laparotomy followed by a standardized trauma to the abdominal rectus muscle. We evaluated the effects of trauma on transcapillary escape rate and on PV (3 h after trauma) using 125I-albumin as tracer and on edema formation in the traumatized muscle with a wet- versus dry-weight method. The effects of the trauma on the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were investigated 1 and 3 h after trauma in a separate group. Transcapillary escape rate was 13.9% per hour in the sham animals compared with 18.5% per hour in the traumatized animals (P < 0.05). Because arterial and venous blood pressures were not altered by the trauma, the change in transcapillary escape rate most likely reflects a change in microvascular permeability. Plasma volume decreased from 42 mL/kg at baseline to 31 mL/kg at the end of the experiments (P < 0.05) in the trauma group, whereas PV remained unchanged in the sham group. Only 15% of the PV loss could be referred to edema in the traumatized muscle. Trauma induced a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-10 after 1 h. We conclude that the present nonhemorrhagic trauma induces an increase in microvascular permeability in the traumatized tissue and in other parts of the body, resulting in hypovolemia. The model may be used for the evaluation of different therapeutic interventions aimed at the correction of hypovolemia.

Elevation of CSF albumin in old sheep: relations to CSF turnover and albumin extraction at blood-CSF barrier.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in both CSF and plasma, and albumin quotient is often used to assess the functions of brain barriers especially that of the blood-CSF barrier [i.e. the choroid plexus (CP) which also secretes CSF]. In this study, we took albumin as a model molecule to investigate ageing-related alterations in the CSF-CP system in sheep. We found significant ageing-related increases in the weight of lateral CP [122.4 +/- 14.0 mg in the young, 198.6 +/- 35.4 mg in the middle aged, 286.1 +/- 25.1 mg in the old (p < 0.05)], in the CSF albumin as well as the albumin quotient. Albumin protein spots in old CSF displayed wider on 2D western immunoblotting images, and had higher densities on images of 2D large gels stained with Pro-Q Emerald 488 compared to the young samples, suggesting ageing-related post-translational modification in the albumin. CSF secretion was reduced with age: 0.148 +/- 0.013 mL/min/g in the young, 0.092 +/- 0.02 mL/min/g in the middle aged, 0.070 +/- 0.013 mL/min/g in the old (p < 0.05). The (125)I-BSA extraction was not different among the sheep groups, nor was altered by temperature reduction, monensin, nocodazole, anti-transforming growth factor beta receptor II antibody, as well as unlabelled albumins. In conclusion, elevation of albumin in old CSF is associated with reduced CSF secretion by the CP, which size increases with age. (125)I-BSA extract, reflecting the extracellular space rather than the active albumin uptake in the CP, is not different between ages. These early changes in health ageing may result in the accumulation and modifications of CSF proteins leading to neurotoxicity.

Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: a diagnostic challenge.

Platypnea-orthodeoxia (P-O) syndrome is an underdiagnosed condition characterized by dyspnea and deoxygenation accompanying a change from a recumbent to an upright position. It is caused by increased right-to-left shunting of blood on assuming an upright position. The diagnosis of this shunt is often challenging. A case where a diagnosis was missed despite performing a tilt transesophageal echocardiogram with bubble study and a technetium labeled macroaggregated albumin scan is presented. However, a large patent foramen ovale (PFO) was found on autopsy. A brief overview of the diagnostic workup and management of this condition along with methods to increase the sensitivity of diagnostic tests is discussed.