RESUMO
Trichomonas vaginalis can host the endosymbiont Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium capable of modulating T. vaginalis pathobiology. Recently, a new noncultivable mycoplasma, "Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii," has been shown to be closely associated with women affected by trichomoniasis, suggesting a biological association. Although several features of "Ca. M. girerdii" have been investigated through genomic analysis, the nature of the potential T. vaginalis-"Ca. M. girerdii" consortium and its impact on the biology and pathogenesis of both microorganisms have not yet been explored. Here, we investigate the association between "Ca. M. girerdii" and T. vaginalis isolated from patients affected by trichomoniasis, demonstrating their intracellular localization. By using an in vitro model system based on single- and double-Mycoplasma infection of Mycoplasma-free isogenic T. vaginalis, we investigated the ability of the protist to establish a relationship with the bacteria and impact T. vaginalis growth. Our data indicate likely competition between M. hominis and "Ca. M. girerdii" while infecting trichomonad cells. Comparative dual-transcriptomics data showed major shifts in parasite gene expression in response to the presence of Mycoplasma, including genes associated with energy metabolism and pathogenesis. Consistent with the transcriptomics data, both parasite-mediated hemolysis and binding to host epithelial cells were significantly upregulated in the presence of either Mycoplasma species. Taken together, these results support a model in which this microbial association could modulate the virulence of T. vaginalis. IMPORTANCE T. vaginalis and M. hominis form a unique case of endosymbiosis that modulates the parasite's pathobiology. Recently, a new nonculturable mycoplasma species ("Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii") has been described as closely associated with the protozoon. Here, we report the characterization of this endosymbiotic relationship. Clinical isolates of the parasite demonstrate that mycoplasmas are common among trichomoniasis patients. The relationships are studied by devising an in vitro system of single and/or double infections in isogenic protozoan recipients. Comparative growth experiments and transcriptomics data demonstrate that the composition of different microbial consortia influences the growth of the parasite and significantly modulates its transcriptomic profile, including metabolic enzymes and virulence genes such as adhesins and pore-forming proteins. The data on modulation from RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) correlated closely with those of the cytopathic effect and adhesion to human target cells. We propose the hypothesis that the presence and the quantitative ratios of endosymbionts may contribute to modulating protozoan virulence. Our data highlight the importance of considering pathogenic entities as microbial ecosystems, reinforcing the importance of the development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
Mycoplasma , Tricomoníase , Trichomonas vaginalis , Ecossistema , Feminino , Humanos , Mycoplasma/genética , Mycoplasma hominis/genética , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Information about the use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of male urethritis is scarce. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of flow cytometry on first-voided urine in males with infectious urethritis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis). METHODS: Male patients of the Andrology Centre (Tartu University Hospital, Estonia) were recruited during the period March 2015 -January 2018. Cases included 306 patients with infectious urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. The control group consisted of 192 patients without uro-genital complaints, negative tests for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis from first-voided urine and no inflammation in first-voided urine, mid-stream urine and urine after prostate massage. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis were detected from first-voided urine using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. First-voided urine was analysed using urine particle analyzer Sysmex UF-500i. RESULTS: The most prevalent infection was chlamydia (64.1%), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (20.9%), gonorrhoea (7.8%) and trichomoniasis (1.6%). Gonorrhoea caused the highest flow-cytometric leucocyte/bacteria count, followed by chlamydia and Mycoplasma genitalium. Trichomonas vaginalis showed nearly absent inflammation in first-voided urine. Using an empiric flow-cytometry diagnostic threshold for urethritis in first-voided urine (leucocytes ≥ 15/µl and bacteria ≥ 20/µl) the total calculated sensitivity was over 90%. However, when applying such criteria for deciding whether to perform first-voided urine PCR for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis or not, we could miss 23 cases with infectious urethritis that makes up 7,5% of all proven cases. CONCLUSIONS: Flow cytometry of first-voided urine can be considered as a rapid and objective screening method in case of suspected male infectious urethritis.
Assuntos
Heterossexualidade , Inflamação/urina , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/urina , Uretrite/urina , Adolescente , Adulto , Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/complicações , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/urina , Chlamydia trachomatis/patogenicidade , Estônia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/complicações , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Gonorreia/urina , Humanos , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Mycoplasma/complicações , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/urina , Mycoplasma genitalium/patogenicidade , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/patogenicidade , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/complicações , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/complicações , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/urina , Trichomonas vaginalis/patogenicidade , Uretrite/etiologia , Uretrite/microbiologia , Uretrite/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Pigeons, as the only altricial birds in poultry, are the primary Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) host. To study the effects of T. gallinae infection on gut microbiota, we compared the microbiota diversity and composition in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of pigeons at the age of 14 and 21 day with different degrees of T. gallinae infection. Thirty-six nestling pigeons were divided into three groups: the healthy group, low-grade and high-grade trichomonosis group. Then, the crop, small intestine and rectum contents were obtained for sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 hypervariable region. The results showed that the microbiota diversity was higher in crop than in small intestine and rectum, and the abundance of Lactobacillus genus was dominant in small intestine and rectum of healthy pigeons at 21 days. T. gallinae infection decreased the microbiota richness in crop at 14 days. The abundance of the Firmicutes phylum and Lactobacillus genus in small intestine of birds at 21 days were decreased by infection, however the abundances of Proteobacteria phylum and Enterococcus, Atopobium, Roseburia, Aeriscardovia and Peptostreptococcus genus increased. The above results indicated that crop had the highest microbiota diversity among GI tract of pigeons, and the gut microbiota diversity and composition of pigeon squabs were altered by T. gallinae infection.
Assuntos
Columbidae/microbiologia , Columbidae/parasitologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Trichomonas/parasitologia , Animais , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Firmicutes/genética , Genótipo , Lactobacillus/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/parasitologiaRESUMO
Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women's well-being.
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/fisiologia , Vaginite/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tricomoníase/tratamento farmacológico , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichomonas vaginalis/microbiologia , Vaginite/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pregnant woman is exposed to many sexual transmitted infections (STI). Many of these infections may produce diseases in the fetus and newborn, and also alteration in the normal course of the pregnancy. AIM: Screening of asymptomatic cervical infection in pregnant woman and its relationship with the vaginal microbiota. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 85 pregnant women without clinical cervicitis who consult in the routine pregnant control (47 patients) and women derived from STI service (38 patients). The samples were obtained from the vaginal fund sac and were analyzed with optic microscopy, cultures and PCR of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis. RESULTS: 12,9% of the enrolled women were positive for C. trachomatis, 2,4% for T. vaginalis. In this study, we did not found N. gonorrhoeae. We observed 23,3% of patients with altered microbiota (bacterial vaginosis and intermediate microbiota) was positive for C. trachomatis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found a high frequency of C. trachomatis infection, that correlates with the presence of altered microbiota. This high frequency would promote preventive strategies in the pregnant women routine controls.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Vagina/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Infecções Assintomáticas , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Microbiota , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricomoníase/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The methods routinely used to detect trichomonads in the lungs are not sensitive enough, and an effective method is urgently needed. METHOD: Primers were first designed to match the conserved area of the 18S rRNA gene of trichomonads. Then, nested PCR was carried out to detect trichomonads in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Finally, all positive specimens were subjected to DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Among 115 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples, ten samples tested positive in nested PCR (10/115), while no samples were positive in wet mount microscopy (0/115) (P < 0.01). Among the ten positive specimens, two were identified as Tetratrichomonas spp. and the other eight as Trichomonas tenax in phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Nested PCR is an effective way to detect trichomonads in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Assuntos
Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Trichomonas/genética , DNA/química , DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Trichomonas/classificação , Trichomonas/isolamento & purificação , Tricomoníase/diagnóstico , Tricomoníase/microbiologiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La mujer embarazada está expuesta anumerosas infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), las que pueden producir aborto, enfermedad en el feto y/o en el recién nacido, además de alteraciones en el curso normal del embarazo. Objetivo: Realizar tamizaje de infección cervical asintomática en mujeres embarazadas y su relación con la microbiota. Pacientes y Métodos: Se enrolaron 85 mujeres embarazadas sin cervicitis clínica que consultaron en control de rutina de embarazo (47 pacientes) o que fueron derivadas a una unidad de ITS (38 pacientes). Se tomaron muestras de fondo de saco vaginal, que fueron analizadas por técnicas clásicas de microscopía y cultivo corriente y reacción de polimerasa en cadena para Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis y Chlamydia trachomatis. Resultados: Se encontró 12,9% de infección por C. trachomatis, 2,4% de T. vaginalis. En este estudio no se encontró N. gonorrhoeae. El 23,3% de pacientes con microbiota alterada (vaginosis bacteriana y microbiota intermedia) fue positiva para C. trachomatis. Conclusión: En este trabajo, encontramos una alta frecuencia de infección por C. trachomatis, que se relaciona en forma significativa con la presencia de microbiota alterada. Esta alta frecuencia debería promover estrategias preventivas en los controles de salud de la mujer embarazada.
Background: Pregnant woman is exposed to many sexual transmitted infections (STI). Many of these infections may produce diseases in the fetus and newborn, and also alteration in the normal course of the pregnancy. Aim: Screening of asymptomatic cervical infection in pregnant woman and its relationship with the vaginal microbiota. Patients and Methods: 85 pregnant women without clinical cervicitis who consult in the routine pregnant control (47 patients) and women derived from STI service (38 patients). The samples were obtained from the vaginal fund sac and were analyzed with optic microscopy, cultures and PCR of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis. Results: 12,9% of the enrolled women were positive for C. trachomatis, 2,4% for T. vaginalis. In this study, we did not found N. gonorrhoeae. We observed 23,3% of patients with altered microbiota (bacterial vaginosis and intermediate microbiota) was positive for C. trachomatis. Conclusions: In this study, we found a high frequency of C. trachomatis infection, that correlates with the presence of altered microbiota. This high frequency would promote preventive strategies in the pregnant women routine controls.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Vagina/microbiologia , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricomoníase/diagnóstico , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento , Distribuição por Idade , Infecções Assintomáticas , MicrobiotaAssuntos
Tricomoníase/diagnóstico , Infecções Urinárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/normas , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , Trichomonas/genética , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/urina , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Screening of curable sexually transmitted infections is frequently oriented towards the diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis, whereas other pathogens, sometimes associated with similar urogenital syndromes, remain undiagnosed and/or untreated. Some of these pathogens are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: In a nested case-control study, vaginal swabs from 79 pregnant women, i.e., 28 T. vaginalis-positive (cases) and 51 T. vaginalis-negative (controls), were screened by quantitative PCR for Adenovirus 1 and 2, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus ducreyi, Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, candidatus M. girerdii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma parvum, U. urealyticum, and Candida albicans. Additionally, we determined whether women with pathogens highly associated with T. vaginalis had distinct clinical signs and symptoms compared to women with T. vaginalis mono-infection. RESULTS: M. hominis was independently associated with T. vaginalis (adjusted odds ratio = 6.8, 95% CI: 2.3-19.8). Moreover, M. genitalium and Ca M. girerdii were exclusively detected in women with T. vaginalis (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001), respectively. Four of the six women co-infected with T. vaginalis and Ca M. girerdii complained of vaginal itching, compared to only 4 out of the 22 women infected with T. vaginalis without Ca M. girerdii (P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: We confirm M. hominis as a correlate of T. vaginalis in our population, and the exclusive association of both M. genitalium and Ca. M. girerdii with T. vaginalis. Screening and treatment of these pathogens should be considered.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Tricomoníase/epidemiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Sistema Urogenital/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Feminino , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Humanos , Quênia/epidemiologia , Mycoplasma genitalium/isolamento & purificação , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolamento & purificação , Gravidez , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Sífilis/microbiologia , Treponema pallidum/isolamento & purificação , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Potato peel, a waste product of the potato processing industry, is high in bioactive compounds. We investigated the in vitro antitrichomonad activity of potato peel powders prepared from commercial Russet, red, purple, and fingerling varieties as well as several known potato components, alkaloids and phenolic compounds, against three pathogenic strains of trichomonads. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes the human disease trichomoniasis. Two distinct strains of the related Tritrichomonas fetus infect cattle and cats. The glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine were highly active against all parasite lines, while their common aglycone solanidine was only mildly inhibitory. α-Solanine was several times more active than α-chaconine. The phenolic compounds caffeic and chlorogenic acids and quercetin were mildly active against the parasites. Most of the potato peel samples were at least somewhat active against all three trichomonad species, but their activities were wide-ranging and did not correspond to their glycoalkaloid and phenolic content determined by HPLC. The two Russet samples were the most active against all three parasites. The purple potato peel sample was highly active against bovine and mostly inactive against feline trichomonads. None of the test substances were inhibitory toward several normal microflora species, suggesting the potential use of the peels for targeted therapeutic treatments against trichomonads.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Fenóis/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Solanum tuberosum/química , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Tubérculos/química , Trichomonas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tricomoníase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Highly sensitive, commercial nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for Trichomonas vaginalis have only recently been recommended for use in the UK. While testing for T. vaginalis is routine in symptomatic women attending genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics, it is rare in asymptomatic women or those attending primary care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the positivity of T. vaginalis using a commercial NAAT, in symptomatic and asymptomatic women undergoing testing for chlamydia and gonorrhoea in GUM and primary care settings. METHODS: Samples from 9186 women undergoing chlamydia and gonorrhoea testing in South West England between May 2013 and Jan 2015 were also tested for T. vaginalis by NAAT alongside existing tests. RESULTS: T. vaginalis positivity using NAAT was as follows: in GUM 4.5% (24/530, symptomatic) and 1.7% (27/1584, asymptomatic); in primary care 2.7% (94/3499, symptomatic) and 1.2% (41/3573, asymptomatic). Multivariable regression found that in GUM older age, black ethnicity and deprivation were independent risk factors for T. vaginalis infection. Older age and deprivation were also risk factors in primary care. Testing women presenting with symptoms in GUM and primary care using TV NAATs is estimated to cost £260 per positive case diagnosed compared with £716 using current microbiological tests. CONCLUSIONS: Aptima TV outperforms existing testing methods used to identify T. vaginalis infection in this population. An NAAT should be used when testing for T. vaginalis in women who present for testing with symptoms in primary care and GUM, based on test performance and cost.
Assuntos
Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/isolamento & purificação , Tricomoníase/diagnóstico , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Estudos Transversais , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Gonorreia/diagnóstico , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/microbiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , Tricomoníase/epidemiologia , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. However, because it is not a reportable disease in the United States, there is limited information on the age of infected individuals and their geographic distribution. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection rates of T vaginalis infection compared with Chlamydia trachomatis by age and state in a commercial laboratory setting. STUDY DESIGN: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to detect the presence of T vaginalis and C trachomatis in cervicovaginal samples that were obtained during gynecologic examinations. A total of 1,554,966 and 1,999,077 samples from females 10-79 years old were analyzed retrospectively for the presence of T vaginalis and C trachomatis, respectively. RESULTS: The highest detection rate of an infection with T vaginalis was ages 47-53 years. For C trachomatis, the highest detection rate was ages 14-20 years. T vaginalis detection rate distribution by age shows a bimodal pattern with first peak at ages 21-22 years (4.0-4.1%) and a higher second peak at ages 48-51 years (5.4-5.8%). C trachomatis prevalence distribution by age shows a maximum peak of 8.6% at age 17 years and a rapid decline thereafter. In general, the detection rates of both pathogens were higher in the southeast and in states along the Mississippi River Valley than in other parts of the country. A nucleotide polymorphism associated with T vaginalis metronidazole resistance (ntr6TVK80STOP) was not associated with age and was found most frequently in specimens from New Mexico and Vermont. CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of T vaginalis does not appear to decrease with age as observed for C trachomatis and reaches maximum rates in women 48-51 years old. The geographic distribution of T vaginalis appears to be broadly similar to that of other sexually transmitted diseases. The ntr6TVK80STOP polymorphism did not have a specific association with age or geography.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis , Tricomoníase/epidemiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Criança , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Metronidazol/farmacologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perimenopausa , Polimorfismo Genético , Pré-Menopausa , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Purulent or exudative genitourinary infections are a frequent cause of consultation in primary and specialized healthcare. The objectives of this study were: to determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and co-infections with Candida spp. and Gardnerella vaginalis in vaginal secretion; and to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to analyse the genetic diversity of T. vaginalis strains. METHODOLOGY: The samples were submitted for analysis (n=5230) to a third-level hospital in Granada (Southern Spain) between 2011 and 2014; eight T. vaginalis strains isolated during 2015 were randomly selected for MLST analysis. Culture and nucleic acid hybridization techniques were used to detect microorganisms in the samples. RESULTS: The prevalence of T. vaginalis was 2.4â% between 2011 and 2014, being higher during the first few months of both 2011 and 2012. Among samples positive for T. vaginalis, co-infection with G. vaginalis was detected in 29 samples and co-infection with Candida spp. in 6, while co-infection with all three pathogens was observed in 3 samples. The only statistically significant between-year difference in co-infection rates was observed for T. vaginalis with G. vaginalis due to an elevated rate in 2011. MLST analysis results demonstrated a high genetic variability among strains circulating in our setting. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the need for the routine application of diagnostic procedures to avoid the spread of this sexually transmitted infection.
Assuntos
Candida/classificação , Candidíase/complicações , Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Variação Genética , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/complicações , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha/epidemiologia , Tricomoníase/complicações , Tricomoníase/epidemiologia , Doenças Vaginais/epidemiologia , Doenças Vaginais/microbiologia , Doenças Vaginais/parasitologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plants produce secondary metabolites that often possess widespread bioactivity, and are then known as phytochemicals. We previously determined that several phytochemical-rich food-derived preparations were active against pathogenic foodborne bacteria. Trichomonads produce disease (trichomoniasis) in humans and in certain animals. Trichomonads are increasingly becoming resistant to conventional modes of treatment. It is of interest to test bioactive, natural compounds for efficacy against these pathogens. METHODS: Using a cell assay, black tea, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and jujube extracts, as well as whole dried jujube were tested against three trichomonads: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3 (found in humans), Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1 (found in cattle), and Tritrichomonas foetus-like organism strain C1 (found in cats). The most effective of the test substances was subsequently tested against two metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains, and on normal mucosal flora. RESULTS: Black tea extract inhibited all the tested trichomonads, but was most effective against the T. vaginalis organisms. Inhibition by black tea was correlated with the total and individual theaflavin content of the two tea extracts determined by HPLC. Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains were also inhibited by the black tea extract. The response of the organisms to the remaining preparations was variable and unique. We observed no effect of the black tea extract on common normal flora bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the black tea, and to a lesser degree green tea, grape seed, and pomegranate extracts might present possible natural alternative therapeutic agents to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections in humans and the related trichomonad infections in animals, without negatively affecting the normal flora.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/veterinária , Trichomonas vaginalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tritrichomonas foetus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Camellia sinensis/química , Gatos , Bovinos , Humanos , Lythraceae/química , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Trichomonas vaginalis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Tritrichomonas foetus/genética , Tritrichomonas foetus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tritrichomonas foetus/isolamento & purificação , Vitis/química , Ziziphus/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Demographic and risky sexual behaviours may increase the risk for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection and, thus, enhance HIV transmission to uninfected partners. We assessed the demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with TV among South African HIV-positive men with genital ulcer disease. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with data from a randomised controlled trial conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The data were obtained from three primary healthcare clinics in South Africa. At baseline (n=387), participants reported on demographics, sexual behaviour, history of sexually transmitted infections and clinical ulcers. The outcome TV was measured using real-time multiplex PCR assays and a Rotor-gene 3000 platform from the first and past urine samples of all participants. Logistic regression model estimated ORs and 95% CIs adjusted for demographics, sexual risk behaviours and ulcer conditions. RESULTS: An estimated 11.4% of TV was detected among the men. The odds of TV infection were significantly associated with high blister counts (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6 to 28, p=0.01), ulcer pain (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7, p=0.003), number of days with ulcers (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8, p=0.006), sought treatment before coming into clinics (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.7, p=0.005) and being unqualified worker (OR 2.5, 95% CI 0.9 to 6.7 p=0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed that increased days with ulcers (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.5, p=0.002) and ulcer pain intensity (OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.007 to 1.1, p=0.05) remained significantly associated with decreased odds of TV infection. Men from the Sotho ethnic group were eight times more likely to have TV infection (OR 8.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 55.7, p<0.02) than men from the other ethnic groups. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive men with severe ulceration should be screened and treated for TV to minimise HIV transmission to uninfected partners.
Assuntos
Genitália/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV , Doenças Urogenitais Masculinas/microbiologia , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Tricomoníase/etiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Demografia , Etnicidade , Genitália/patologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Urogenitais Masculinas/etnologia , Doenças Urogenitais Masculinas/etiologia , Doenças Urogenitais Masculinas/patologia , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , África do Sul , Tricomoníase/etnologia , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/patologia , Úlcera , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Genital mycoplasmas, which can be vertically transmitted, have been implicated in preterm birth, neonatal infections, and chronic lung disease of prematurity. Our prior work uncovered 16S rRNA genes belonging to a novel, as-yet-uncultivated mycoplasma (lineage 'Mnola') in the oral cavity of a premature neonate. Here, we characterize the organism's associated community, growth status, metabolic potential, and population diversity. Sequencing of genomic DNA from the infant's saliva yielded 1.44 Gbp of high-quality, non-human read data, from which we recovered three essentially complete (including 'Mnola') and three partial draft genomes (including Trichomonas vaginalis). The completed 629,409-bp 'Mnola' genome (Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii str. UC-B3) was distinct at the strain level from its closest relative, vaginally-derived Ca. M. girerdii str. VCU-M1, which is also associated with T. vaginalis. Replication rate measurements indicated growth of str. UC-B3 within the infant. Genes encoding surface-associated proteins and restriction-modification systems were especially diverse within and between strains. In UC-B3, the population genetic underpinnings of phase variable expression were evident in vivo. Unique among mycoplasmas, Ca. M. girerdii encodes pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase and may be sensitive to metronidazole. This study reveals a metabolically unique mycoplasma colonizing a premature neonate, and establishes the value of genome-resolved metagenomics in tracking phase variation.
Assuntos
Boca , Infecções por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma , Tricomoníase , Trichomonas vaginalis , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Boca/microbiologia , Boca/patologia , Mycoplasma/genética , Mycoplasma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Mycoplasma/genética , Infecções por Mycoplasma/metabolismo , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/patologia , Tricomoníase/genética , Tricomoníase/metabolismo , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/patologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genética , Trichomonas vaginalis/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis, and trichomoniasis were the three established types of vaginal conditions until aerobic vaginitis (AV) was defined in the early 2000s. We sought to study the prevalence of abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) with inflammation in our hospital and to correlate it with AV. We prospectively collected vaginal smear specimens originated from symptomatic women who were examined at Iaso Obstetrics, Gynecology and Children's Hospital of Athens from April 2014 until September 2015. Amsel's criteria were used for the diagnosis of BV. The presence of leukocytes and lactobacillary grade were evaluated to classify a condition as AVF with inflammation; subsequently, bacterial cultures were performed. A total of 761 women were included. Five hundred and seventy-nine women were diagnosed with candidiasis, BV, trichomoniasis, or other types of vaginitis in which no pathogenic bacterial growth occurred in cultures. One hundred and eighty-two women (23.9 %) were diagnosed with AVF with inflammation (116 non-pregnant, 66 pregnant). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen among these women (non-pregnant: 45.7 %, pregnant: 34.8 %). Other common pathogens were Group-B-Streptococcus (non-pregnant: 20.7 %, pregnant: 22.7 % respectively), Enterococcus faecalis (14.7 %, 18.2 %), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.9 %, 12.1 %). The prevalence of AVF with inflammation may be high. Since inflammation criteria were applied, most cases of BV were eliminated and the majority of cases of AVF are AV. Therefore, clinicians should include AV in the differential diagnosis of vaginitis, while microbiologists should take into account the growth of aerobic bacteria in vaginal cultures originating from women with microscopic findings of AV.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biota , Vagina/microbiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/patologia , Bactérias/classificação , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/complicações , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/microbiologia , Feminino , Grécia , Hospitais , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/patologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Tricomoníase/complicações , Tricomoníase/microbiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging agent of sexually-transmitted infection and is responsible for clinically-significant genital tract disease in both females and males. Similar to scenarios recently experienced with the urogenital flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis, an evolving molecular diagnostic reference standard based on transcription-mediated amplification allows for accurate detection of the organism, plus additional insight into disease epidemiology. Areas covered. The basis for this article includes primary peer-reviewed literature plus compilations of data derived from routine clinical laboratory screening of females and males for agents of sexually-transmitted infection. Introductory laboratory and epidemiologic data related to T. vaginalis provides not only a foreshadowing to the dichotomies inherent to M. genitalium prevalence but also advocacy of a common non-invasive specimen source that could be used to screen females for both agents. This review also documents increased prevalence rates of M. genitalium in both females and males by way of transcription-mediated amplification. Expert commentary. Molecular detection of M. genitalium should be a consideration in the development of comprehensive sexually-transmitted infection screening programs for both females and males. Transcription-mediated amplification has additionally identified novel facets of M. genitalium and T. vaginalis epidemiology that warrant further investigation.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Mycoplasma genitalium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Tricomoníase/epidemiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Mycoplasma genitalium/genética , Prevalência , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/microbiologia , Tricomoníase/microbiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infection (STI) is a major global cause of acute illness, infertility, long-term disability and death, with serious medical and psychological consequences to millions of men, women and infants. Moreover, in Ethiopia, epidemiological studies on STI among STI clinic clients are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of sexually transmitted infection (STI). METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted between April and August 2014 among STI clinic clients in Gondar Town hospitals and health centers. One hundred twenty study participants who fulfill the criteria were included. Different laboratory methods and techniques were applied to identify the possible microorganisms. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for STI and P values < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall laboratory test confirmed that STIs prevalence was 74.1% with 32.5% being Candida spp., 30% T. palladium, 20.8% N. gonorrhoeae and 14.2% T. vaginalis. Two or more organisms were isolated in 20% of the study subjects. Risk factors for STI had knowledge about STI and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum, T. vaginalis, and Candida spp. in the study area was high. It needs health education programs, promotes condom utilization and more comprehensive community based STI studies.