Retinopatia deficiente de taurina em uma gata / Taurine deficiency retinopathy in a cat

Background: Taurine is an essential amino acid for cats and its deficiency causes an ocular disorder called taurine deficiency retinopathy. The retinal lesion is definitive and can be classified into five progression stages. In an advanced stage, it leads to blindness that in most cases is irreversible. This disease is considered rare as taurine is currently supplemented in commercial cat food. The objective of this report is to describe the ophthalmic changes in a cat with advanced taurine deficiency retinopathy, a rare but current disease that is important for differential diagnosis of blindness in cats. Case: We report the case of an adult mixed-breed cat (weighing 3.4 kg), that was attended by the Ophthalmology Service of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (UNESP - Botucatu), which was treated due to complaints of poor visual acuity for about 1 year. The animal, which was previously a stray animal, had been adopted for 2 years and provided premium cat food ad libitum. Ophthalmic examination showed bilateral mydriasis, with negative menace, direct pupillary, and consensual light reflexes. No change was observed in the ocular appendages, cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous humor. The eyes were normotensive and fluorescein test negative. Direct and indirect fundoscopy revealed an area of ellipsoidal hyperreflexia with darkened margins laterally to the optic nerve disk in the tapetal region and intense retinal vascular attenuation in both eyes, with a diagnosis of taurine deficiency retinopathy. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis parameters were within the normal range, including the leukocyte count. The guardian was instructed to continue feeding the cat balanced cat food and received information on the proper care and management of a blind animal. Discussion: Although taurine deficient retinopathy is currently underdiagnosed due to the supplementation of this amino acid in commercial cat food, animals that are not properly fed, such as those receiving dog food or homemade food, may be deficient in this amino acid. Taurine deficiency and in this case, the consequent taurine deficiency retinopathy, was diagnosed by visualizing the lesion characteristic of this amino acid deficit since no other retinal change presents this aspect in cats. Therefore, this lesion is considered pathognomonic of this deficiency. Hyperreflective retinal lesions with darkened margins indicate the slow chronic progression in the already stabilized lesions. The animal in this report presented pigmented lesion margins, indicating the chronicity of these retinal changes. Moreover, lesion signs are visible on fundoscopy only after a period of 2-11 months of nutritional amino acid deficiency, and complete retinal atrophy usually occurs after at least nine months of taurine deficiency. Thus, complete blindness associated with advanced retinal changes reinforced the suspicion that the animal had taurine deficiency for a prolonged period of time prior to its adoption. Its guardian was instructed to provide balanced commercial cat food, because although retinal lesions are irreversible, cardiac changes resulting from taurine deficiency are reversed with dietary supplementation. In addition, taurine deficiency affects other organs and systems, such as the central nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. In conclusion, although taurine deficiency retinopathy is currently rare, this condition should be considered one of the possible differential diagnoses for blindness in feline patients.

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladder’s insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladders insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...(AU)

Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of fourth lumbar vertebral fracture and dorsocranial luxation in puppy

Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...

Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of fourth lumbar vertebral fracture and dorsocranial luxation in puppy

Background: Acute spinal traumas can lead to irreversible damage associated with vascular and inflammatory changes in neural tissue. Since spine and spinal cord traumas have an unfavorable prognosis in small animals, and reports of the use of Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate repair of lumbar vertebra fracture-luxation in puppies are rare in the literature, the present paper aimed to report the surgical treatment of transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment by using Steinmann pins and polymethylmethacrylate in a 7-month-old Labrador Retriever male dog. Case: A 7-month-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.0 kg was attended at School Veterinary Hospital with a history of hit by car and paraplegia of the hind limbs. On neurological examination was observed no proprioception and no deep pain sensitivity on the both pelvic limbs. The lumbar spinal palpation showed intense pain, and the motor function and patellar reflexes were reduced. The values of haematological and biochemical analysis remained within the reference values for the species. Radiographs revealed a transversal fracture through the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, with dorsocranial displacement of the caudal fragment, and was decided to perform a surgical treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The dog was positioned in ventral recumbency for surgery, and a dorsal midline incision was made from the second lumbar vertebra to the sixth lumbar vertebra. Two crossed 1.5 mm Kirschner wires were placed through the caudal articular facets of the fourth lumbar vertebra to provide initial stability...(AU)

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...]

Osteossarcoma axial intratorácico / Osteosarcoma axial intrathoracic

Background: Bone tumors have a challenging diagnosis and treatment. Osteosarcoma is the name given to a heterogeneous group of malignant, agressive and invasive tumors that often determine bone lysis. Almost all of the animals develop lung metastases, progressing to death. Usually affect the appendicular skeleton, but can also occurs in others areas, although these presentations are rare. Prognosis is always poor. The aim of this paper is to report a case of a dog with osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the sternum, which was diagnosed by computed tomography and histopathologic analysis after excisional biopsy.Case: A male Cocker Spaniel dog, weighing 25 kg, elderly, was examined at the Veterinary Hospital. As main complaint was reported soft swelling on the ventral cervical region causing dyspnea. The patient had previously been medicated with dexamethasone with a significant decrease in the swelling, however recurrence was observed with the cessation of the treatment. Due to the presence of heart murmur, patient underwent to chest radiography and eletrocardiography. Images showed a tumor in the sternal lymph node region, displacing the heart caudally, trachea and esophagus dorsally, causing cranial edema due to a compression of the venous return by the cranial vena cava and subsequent dyspnea. Furosemide (Lasix®) was administered during ambulatorial treatment and prescribed to home, with satisfactory results, with decreased edema and consequent improvement of respiratory symptoms. It was decided to perform computed tomography to better design of the chest structure. The structure located in cranial thoracic region measured about 10.5 cm long x 5.8 cm high x 8.4 cm wide. The patient was undergone to sternotomy to remove the mass that was closely adhered to the sternum and pericardium. The pericardectomy and sternum removal were not performed due to animal being old and present metabolic and cardiopulmonary conditions.[...]

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...](AU)

Osteossarcoma axial intratorácico / Osteosarcoma axial intrathoracic

Background: Bone tumors have a challenging diagnosis and treatment. Osteosarcoma is the name given to a heterogeneous group of malignant, agressive and invasive tumors that often determine bone lysis. Almost all of the animals develop lung metastases, progressing to death. Usually affect the appendicular skeleton, but can also occurs in others areas, although these presentations are rare. Prognosis is always poor. The aim of this paper is to report a case of a dog with osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the sternum, which was diagnosed by computed tomography and histopathologic analysis after excisional biopsy.Case: A male Cocker Spaniel dog, weighing 25 kg, elderly, was examined at the Veterinary Hospital. As main complaint was reported soft swelling on the ventral cervical region causing dyspnea. The patient had previously been medicated with dexamethasone with a significant decrease in the swelling, however recurrence was observed with the cessation of the treatment. Due to the presence of heart murmur, patient underwent to chest radiography and eletrocardiography. Images showed a tumor in the sternal lymph node region, displacing the heart caudally, trachea and esophagus dorsally, causing cranial edema due to a compression of the venous return by the cranial vena cava and subsequent dyspnea. Furosemide (Lasix®) was administered during ambulatorial treatment and prescribed to home, with satisfactory results, with decreased edema and consequent improvement of respiratory symptoms. It was decided to perform computed tomography to better design of the chest structure. The structure located in cranial thoracic region measured about 10.5 cm long x 5.8 cm high x 8.4 cm wide. The patient was undergone to sternotomy to remove the mass that was closely adhered to the sternum and pericardium. The pericardectomy and sternum removal were not performed due to animal being old and present metabolic and cardiopulmonary conditions.[...](AU)

Potencial evocado visual em cães e ovinos / Visual evoked potential in dogs and sheep

O potencial evocado visual (PEV) é técnica eletrodiagnóstica que permite avaliação das vias visuais. O PEV de 20 cães e 20 ovinos adultos, de ambos os sexos, foram obtidos para estudo normativo. Foram utilizados eletrodos de agulha monopolar posicionados em O1 e O2 (ativos), em Fpz (referência comum) e em Cz (terra). O estímulo foi na forma de flash a 1Hz. Dezessete cães e 17 ovinos foram incluídos no estudo, pois apresentaram potenciais auditivos com boa qualidade técnica. Os resultados da avaliação dos dois olhos foram agrupados, totalizando 34 exames em cada espécie. O achado mais consistente em todos os exames foi uma deflexão eletropositiva, com latência média de 55,4ms em cães (P55) e 63,75ms em ovinos (P63). Outras duas ondas eletronegativas também foram identificadas: N31 e N75 em cães; e N42 e N86 em ovinos. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu obtenção de potenciais visuais com pequena variabilidade, sendo útil para avaliação de animais com suspeita de alteração nas vias visuais centrais.(AU)

The visual evoked potential (VEP) is an electro-diagnostic technique that allows assessment of visual pathways. The VEP from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult sheep of both gender was obtained for normative study. Monopolar electrode needles were placed in O1 and O2 (active), Fpz (common reference) and Cz (ground). The stimuli were flash at 1Hz. Seventeen dogs and 17 sheep were included in the study because they had auditory potentials with good technical quality. The results from both eyes were grouped, totaling 34 results in each species. The most consistent result in all tests was an electropositive deflection, with a mean latency 55.4ms in dogs (P55) and 63.75ms in sheep (P63). Two negative deflections were also identified: N31 and N75 in dogs, and N42 and N86 in sheep. The methodology used in this study allowed to obtain potential similar to those described in other studies, with little variability, and is useful for evaluation of animals with suspected changes in the central visual pathways.(AU)

Potencial evocado visual em cães e ovinos / Visual evoked potential in dogs and sheep

O potencial evocado visual (PEV) é técnica eletrodiagnóstica que permite avaliação das vias visuais. O PEV de 20 cães e 20 ovinos adultos, de ambos os sexos, foram obtidos para estudo normativo. Foram utilizados eletrodos de agulha monopolar posicionados em O1 e O2 (ativos), em Fpz (referência comum) e em Cz (terra). O estímulo foi na forma de flash a 1Hz. Dezessete cães e 17 ovinos foram incluídos no estudo, pois apresentaram potenciais auditivos com boa qualidade técnica. Os resultados da avaliação dos dois olhos foram agrupados, totalizando 34 exames em cada espécie. O achado mais consistente em todos os exames foi uma deflexão eletropositiva, com latência média de 55,4ms em cães (P55) e 63,75ms em ovinos (P63). Outras duas ondas eletronegativas também foram identificadas: N31 e N75 em cães; e N42 e N86 em ovinos. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu obtenção de potenciais visuais com pequena variabilidade, sendo útil para avaliação de animais com suspeita de alteração nas vias visuais centrais.(AU)

The visual evoked potential (VEP) is an electro-diagnostic technique that allows assessment of visual pathways. The VEP from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult sheep of both gender was obtained for normative study. Monopolar electrode needles were placed in O1 and O2 (active), Fpz (common reference) and Cz (ground). The stimuli were flash at 1Hz. Seventeen dogs and 17 sheep were included in the study because they had auditory potentials with good technical quality. The results from both eyes were grouped, totaling 34 results in each species. The most consistent result in all tests was an electropositive deflection, with a mean latency 55.4ms in dogs (P55) and 63.75ms in sheep (P63). Two negative deflections were also identified: N31 and N75 in dogs, and N42 and N86 in sheep. The methodology used in this study allowed to obtain potential similar to those described in other studies, with little variability, and is useful for evaluation of animals with suspected changes in the central visual pathways.(AU)

Potencial evocado visual em cães e ovinos

ABSTRACT: The visual evoked potential (VEP) is an electro-diagnostic technique that allows assessment of visual pathways. The VEP from 20 adult dogs and 20 adult sheep of both gender was obtained for normative study. Monopolar electrode needles were placed in O1 and O2 (active), Fpz (common reference) and Cz (ground). The stimuli were flash at 1Hz. Seventeen dogs and 17 sheep were included in the study because they had auditory potentials with good technical quality. The results from both eyes were grouped, totaling 34 results in each species. The most consistent result in all tests was an electropositive deflection, with a mean latency 55.4ms in dogs (P55) and 63.75ms in sheep (P63). Two negative deflections were also identified: N31 and N75 in dogs, and N42 and N86 in sheep. The methodology used in this study allowed to obtain potential similar to those described in other studies, with little variability, and is useful for evaluation of animals with suspected changes in the central visual pathways.

RESUMO: O potencial evocado visual (PEV) é técnica eletrodiagnóstica que permite avaliação das vias visuais. O PEV de 20 cães e 20 ovinos adultos, de ambos os sexos, foram obtidos para estudo normativo. Foram utilizados eletrodos de agulha monopolar posicionados em O1 e O2 (ativos), em Fpz (referência comum) e em Cz (terra). O estímulo foi na forma de flash a 1Hz. Dezessete cães e 17 ovinos foram incluídos no estudo, pois apresentaram potenciais auditivos com boa qualidade técnica. Os resultados da avaliação dos dois olhos foram agrupados, totalizando 34 exames em cada espécie. O achado mais consistente em todos os exames foi uma deflexão eletropositiva, com latência média de 55,4ms em cães (P55) e 63,75ms em ovinos (P63). Outras duas ondas eletronegativas também foram identificadas: N31 e N75 em cães; e N42 e N86 em ovinos. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo permitiu obtenção de potenciais visuais com pequena variabilidade, sendo útil para avaliação de animais com suspeita de alteração nas vias visuais centrais.

Leiomiosarcoma de vejiga en perra - reporte de un caso / Bladder leiomyosarcoma in dog - case report / Leiomiossarcoma vesical em cadela - relato de caso

Neoplasias de la vejiga urinaria son poco comunes en los perros, pero son las más frecuentes en el tracto urinario. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una neoplasia mesenquimal maligna en la vejiga urinaria de un perro, hembra, 2 años y 7 meses de edad, que presentaba hematuria y disuria. El paciente fue tratado por cirugía mediante exéresis de la masa neoplásica y presentó una remisión completa de los síntomas clínicos.(AU)

Bladder tumors is uncommon in dogs, however, it is the most diagnosed in the urinary tract. A 31-month-old female mongrel dog was presented with signs of hematuria and dysuria. A bladder neoplasm malignant mesenquimal tumor was diagnosed. The dog was undergone to surgical excision and showed complete remission of signals.(AU)

As neoplasias de vesícula urinária são incomuns nos cães, no entanto, representam as de maior ocorrência no trato urinário. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna na bexiga de um cão fêmea, de 2 anos e 7 meses de idade, que apresentava hematúria e disúria. O paciente foi submetido a exérese da massa neoplásica e, apresentou remissão completa dos sinais clínicos apresentados.(AU)

Leiomiosarcoma de vejiga en perra - reporte de un caso / Bladder leiomyosarcoma in dog - case report / Leiomiossarcoma vesical em cadela - relato de caso

Neoplasias de la vejiga urinaria son poco comunes en los perros, pero son las más frecuentes en el tracto urinario. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir una neoplasia mesenquimal maligna en la vejiga urinaria de un perro, hembra, 2 años y 7 meses de edad, que presentaba hematuria y disuria. El paciente fue tratado por cirugía mediante exéresis de la masa neoplásica y presentó una remisión completa de los síntomas clínicos.

Bladder tumors is uncommon in dogs, however, it is the most diagnosed in the urinary tract. A 31-month-old female mongrel dog was presented with signs of hematuria and dysuria. A bladder neoplasm malignant mesenquimal tumor was diagnosed. The dog was undergone to surgical excision and showed complete remission of signals.

As neoplasias de vesícula urinária são incomuns nos cães, no entanto, representam as de maior ocorrência no trato urinário. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma neoplasia mesenquimal maligna na bexiga de um cão fêmea, de 2 anos e 7 meses de idade, que apresentava hematúria e disúria. O paciente foi submetido a exérese da massa neoplásica e, apresentou remissão completa dos sinais clínicos apresentados.

Cirugías reconstructivas de la vejiga en pequenõs animales: indicaciones y principales técnicas / Reconstructive surgeries of bladder in small animals: indications and main techniques / Cirurgias reconstrutivas da bexiga em pequenos animais: indicações e principais técnicas

Las indicaciones para la cirugía reconstructiva de vejiga son innumeras y abarcan rupturas con laceración tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistitis intersticiales crónicas, disfunciones neurológicas y anormalidades genitourinarias congénitas. La cistotomía se enfoca al tratamiento de varias de esas afecciones. Después de su realización, inicia el proceso de cicatrización tisular en el que se incluye la distención del tejido remanente. El estiramento del tejido vesical ocurre durante algunos meses a partir de la excisión de la pared de la vejiga en hasta un 75% de su extensión. En situaciones en que el área total removida sea super a ese valor se debe recurrir a la recontrucción tisular de la vejiga con el objetivo de garantizar la complacencia vesical. El objetivo de la presente revisión de literatura es describir las principales técnicas para la reconstrucción vesical, ya que su realización es cada vez mas requerida en la rutina clínica y quirúrgica en medicina veterinaria posterior a procedimientos como cistotomia subtotal.(AU)

The indications for repairing surgery of the bladder are numerous and incloses rupture with severe tecidual laceration, neoplasmas, chronic interstitial cystitis, neurological disfunctions and congenital abnormatlities. Cystectomy is used to treat many of these conditions. After its execution, the tecidual cicatrization occurs by the combination of process amongst which, the distension of the remainder tissue. The strechtning of the vesical tissue occurs in several months as long as the excised part does not correspond to more than 75% of its extension. When the removed part is bigger than this, the tecidual reconstruction must be proceeded in order to assure the vesical complacence. The aim of the present work is to describe the main techniques for bladder reconstruction, since its execution its growing frequency in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary medicine after the subtotal cystectomy.(AU)

As indicações para a cirurgia reparadora da bexiga são inúmeras e abrangem ruptura com laceração tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistites intersticiais crônicas, disfunções neurológicas e anormalidades genitourinárias congênitas. A cistectomia destina-se ao tratamento de diversas dessas afecções. Após a sua realização, a cicatrização tecidual ocorre por meio da combinação de processos dentre os quais, a distenção do tecido remanescente. O alongamento do tecido vesical ocorre em alguns meses desde que excisada a parede da bexiga em até 75% da sua extensão. Nas situações em que a área total removida seja superior a esse valor deve-se recorrer à reconstrução tecidual da bexiga a fim de garantir a complacência vesical. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é descrever as principais técnicas para a reconstrução da bexiga, visto sua realização ser cada vez mais requerida na rotina clínica e cirúrgica em Medicina Veterinária após cistectomia subtotal.(AU)

Endoftalmite bacteriana severa bilateral em cão após facectomia intracapsular - relato de caso / Bilateral bacterial endophthalmitis in dog after intracapsular surgery - case report / Endoftalmitis bacteriana grave bilateral en perro tras faquectomía intracapsular - relato do caso

A Endoftalmite é um processo inflamatório grave que acomete o interior do bulbo ocular, podendo levar à cegueira e até mesmo à enucleação. Vários micro-organismos estão envolvidos na sua etiopatogenia, tais como bactérias, vírus, protozoários e outros. Estes podem ser inoculados no olho após cirurgias oftálmicas, traumas não cirúrgicos ou mesmo por via hematógena decorrente de uma infecção sistêmica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso de endoftalmite bacteriana bilateral em um cão, apresentando hipópio severo, secreção purulenta e úlcera em melting. O diagnóstico microbiológico foi realizado por meio da cultura e antibiograma após enucleação bilateral.

Endophthalmitis is a severe inflammatory process that affects the eve, which can lead to blindness and even enucleation. Several microorganisms are involved in their pathogenesis, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and others. It can be inoculated in the eye postoperative following intraocular surgery, nonsurgical trauma or by hematogenous dissemination due to a systemic infection. The aim of this study was to report a case of bilateral bacterial endophthalmitis in a dog, with hypopyon, severe purulent secretion and melting ulcer. The microbiological diagnosis was made by culture and antibiogram after bilateral enucleation.

Endoftalmitis es un proceso inflamatorio grave que afecta el interior del globo ocular, lo que puede conducir a la ceguera y incluso la enucleación. Varios microorganismos están implicados en su patogénesis, tales como bacterias, virus, protozoos y similares. Estos pueden ser inoculados en el ojo después de la cirugía intraocular, del trauma quirúrgico o por vía hematógena debido a una infección sistémica. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de endoftalmitis bacteriana bilateral en un perro, con hipopión severo, secreción purulenta y úlcera en melting. El diagnóstico microbiológico fue hecho por cultivo y antibiograma después de la enucleación bilateral.

Artroplastia total não cimentada da articulação coxofemoral em cães / Cementless total hip arthroplasty in dogs / Artroplastia total coxofemoral no cementada en perros

A artroplastia total da articulação coxofemoral é uma opção amplamente aceita no tratamento cirúrgico para displasia coxofemoral grave e outras causas de dor ou disfunção da articulação coxofemoral em cães. A artroplastia não cimentada foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de eliminar as limitações de durabilidade do sistema cimentado. A técnica baseia-se no conceito de fixação biológica e consiste na substituição da articulação coxofemoral com componentes acetabular e femoral, os quais são inicialmente encaixados por pressão em leitos preparados precisamente, de forma a promover estabilidade até a osteointegração completa do implante. O sucesso do procedimento envolve o paciente, a conformação e qualidade do implante e a precisão da elaborada técnica cirúrgica. Os índices de complicação são baixos, especialmente quando comparados aos do procedimento cimentado. Portanto, uma série de considerações e cuidados deve ser tomada para obterem-se resultados correspondentes com a alta taxa de sucesso da técnica. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho apresentar uma revisão da literatura disponível sobre a utilização das próteses não cimentadas da articulação coxofemoral em cães. Esta técnica mostra-se efetiva no tratamento das disfunções graves da articulação coxofemoral com vantagens significativas quando comparada aos métodos anteriormente descritos.

The total hip replacement is widely accepted for the treatment of severe hip dysplasia and other causes of pain or hip dysfunction in dogs. Cementless arthroplasty was developed in order to remove the durability limitations of the cemented system. The concept of this technique is based on the biological fixation. Acetabular and femoral implants are precisely fitted by pressure in a way to promote stability until the osteointegration has been completed. The success of this procedure involves the patient, the conformation of the hip joint, the precision of the implants and the quality of surgical technique. The complication rate is low, specially when it is compared to cemented procedures. Therefore, a number of considerations and care must be taken to obtain results corresponding with the high success rate of the technique. The goal of this study is to present a review of the available literature about the use of uncemented hip prosthesis in dogs. This technique is shown to be effective in the treatment of serious disorders of the canine hip with significant advantages compared to previously described methods.

La artroplastia total coxofemoral es una opción ampliamente aceptada para el tratamiento quirúrgico de la displasia coxofemoral grave y otras causas de dolor o disfunción de la articulación de la cadera en perros. La artroplastia no cementada fue desarrollada para eliminar las limitaciones de la durabilidad del sistema cementado. La técnica se basa en el concepto de la fijación biológica y consiste en la sustitución de la articulación coxofemoral con los componentes acetabulares y femorales, que inicialmente están equipados por la presión en las camas preparadas precisamente con el fin de promover la estabilidad para completar la osteointegración del implante. El éxito del procedimiento implica en el paciente, la conformación, la calidad del implante y la precisión de la técnica desarrollada. Las tasas de complicaciones son bajas, especialmente en comparación con el procedimiento de cementado. Por lo tanto, se deben tomar una serie de consideraciones y cuidados para obtener los resultados correspondientes, con una alta tasa de éxito de la técnica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una revisión de literatura disponible sobre el uso de prótesis no cementadas de la articulación coxofemoral en perros. Esta técnica ha demostrado ser eficaz en el tratamiento de los trastornos graves de la articulación coxofemoral con ventajas significativas en comparación con los métodos descritos anteriormente.

Estudo retrospectivo de 71 casos de protrusão da glândula da terceira pálpebra (2009-2013) / Retrospective study of 71 cases of prolapsed third eyelid gland (2009-2013) / Análisis retrospectivo de 71 casos de prolapsos de glándula del tercer párpado (2009-2013)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a incidência de protrusão da glândula da terceira pálpebra e correlacionar as características de raça e sexo com a lateralidade da alteração. Para isso, foram analisadas 3.151 fichas clínicas atendidas setor de oftalmologia veterinária da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) no período de 2009 a 2013, avaliando-se dados de incidência e lateralidade da afecção, além de idade, sexo e raça dos animais acometidos. Realizou-se a análise estatística de frequência e calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Foram diagnosticados, no total, 71 casos de protrusão da glândula da terceira pálpebra em cães, correspondendo a 2,43% (71/2.916) da casuística de atendimento oftalmológico nesta espécie, porém não foi observado nenhum caso em gatos. Obteve-se uma maior frequência (58%, 41/71) em cães com idade inferior a 12 meses, sendo as raças mais acometidas: Lhasa Apso (24%, 17/71), Sem Raça Definida (20%, 14/71) e Beagle (14%, 10/71). Em 72% (44/71) dos casos a afecção se manifestou unilateral e 55% (39/71) dos animais eram fêmeas. Não houve correlação entre o sexo e a raça com a lateralidade da protrusão (p > 0,05). Com base no levantamento de dados realizados nesta instituição, conclui-se que a incidência da afecção é baixa em cães e rara em gatos, além de que não há influência do sexo e da raça com relação ao lado acometido pela alteração.(AU)

This paper aims to analyze the incidence of prolapsed third eyelid gland and correlate the breed and gender characteristics to the laterality of the alteration. In order to do this, three thousand one hundred and fifty-one (3151) medical records were analyzed at the Department of veterinary ophthalmology from the State University of São Paulo (UNESP) from 2009 to 2013, considering data such as the incidence and laterality of the disease, as well as age, gender and breed of affected animals. A frequency statistical analysis was performed and the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated by taking the significance level of 5%. The prolapse of the third eyelid gland was diagnosed in 71 cases in dogs, which corresponds to 2.43% (71/2916) of the cases cared for in the ophthalmological assistance in this specie; however, no cases were observed in cats. Dogs younger than 12 months of age presented a higher frequency, (58%, 41/71). The breeds most affected were Lhasa Apso (24%, 17/71); Mongrel (20%, 14/71); and Beagle (14%, 10/71). The prolapse was unilateral in 72% (44/71) of the cases, and 55% (39/71) of the animals were female. There was no significant relation of gender and breed with the laterality of the prolapsed gland (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the incidence of the alteration is low in dogs and rare in cats, as well as no influence being related to gender and breed to the side affected by the alteration.(AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido evaluar la incidencia del prolapso de la glándula del tercer parpado y correlacionar las características de raza y sexo con la lateralidad de la alteración. Para tanto fueron analizadas 3151 fichas clínicas atendidas en el sector de oftalmología veterinaria de la Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP) entre 2009 y 2013, considerando datos de incidencia y lateralidad de la afección, además de edad, sexo y raza de los animales enfermos. Se realizó el análisis estadístico de frecuencia y fue calculado el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, considerando el nível de significancia de 5%. Se ha diagnosticado 71 casos de prolapso de la glándula del tercer parpado en caninos, correspondiendo a 2,43% (71/2916) de la casuística del atendimiento oftalmológico en esta especie, sin embargo no se ha observado ningún caso en gatos. Hubo una frecuencia más grande (58%, 41/71) en perros con edad inferior a 12 meses, teniendo en cuenta que las razas que más presentaron este problema fueron Lhasa Apso (24%, 17/71), Sin raza definida (20%, 14/71) y Beagle (14%, 10/71). En 72% (44/71) de los casos, la afección se manifestó unilateral y 55% (39/71) de los animales eran hembras. No hubo correlación significativa entre el sexo y la raza con la lateralidad del prolapso (p > 0,05). Con base en el alzamiento de datos realizados en esta institución, se ha concluido que la incidencia de la afección es baja en perros y rara en gatos, además de no haber influencia del sexo y de la raza con relación al lado tomado por la alteración.(AU)

Avaliação histológica e morfométrica do retalho axial oris angularis e da terapia por ondas de choque aplicados a defeito palpebral experimental em cães / Histologic and morfometric evaluation of oris angularis axial skin flap and extracorporeal shockwave on experimental eyelids defects in dogs

Os retalhos de padrão axial têm como característica significativa vascularização intrínseca, considerada uma vantagemsobre outras técnicas. Considerando que complicações isquêmicas podem afetar os retalhos cutâneos, técnicas desalvamento são descritas, dentre estas, a terapia por ondas de choque extracorpóreas (TOCE), descrita como capazde modular a vascularização e cicatrização dos retalhos. O presente estudo avaliou histológica e morfometricamente21 amostras de pele; destas, 14 foram submetidas à confecção do retalho axial, sendo sete tratadas também pelaTOCE, obtidas da região distal do retalho axial oris angularis, utilizado para a reconstrução de defeitos palpebraisexperimentais extensos em cães. Foram avaliadas também sete amostras de pele normal da mesma região acimadescrita (grupo controle). Não foram evidenciadas diferenças histológicas significativas no infiltrado inflamatório eatrofia epidérmica microscopicamente. Na análise morfométrica, o número de vasos, a área vascular total e a área médiaforam semelhantes entre os grupos experimentais. O retalho oris angularis associado ou não à TOCE não apresentoucaracterísticas microscópicas de complicações inflamatórias e atróficas significativas. Sinais de integridade tecidual evascularização sanguínea adequados foram observados em ambos os grupos tratados, demonstrando efetividade doretalho oris angularis. A aplicação da TOCE no retalho oris angularis, em dose única de 2500 impulsos a 0,15 mJ/mm2no pós-operatório imediato, não promoveu efeitos colaterais deletérios.(AU)

Considering that the cutaneous flap can be affected by isquemic complications the extra corporeal shock wavetherapy (ESWT) was described as rescue techniques. The present study was developed to analyze histological andwith morfometry, twenty one skin samples treated or not with the shock wave therapy, obtained from flaps distalborder, used in this study to repair eyelids experimental defects in dogs. The flap with or without ESWT did notshow any histological sign of inflammatory or atrophic alterations. Both group treated showed similar morphometricalcharacteristics. The ESWT with the protocol used in this study (2500 impulses at 0,15 mJ/mm2) did not demonstratesignificant clinical outcomes as a rescue technique when applied over the oris angularis flap, however results showed nosignals of collateral deleterious effects.(AU)

Artroplastia total coxofemoral em cães: estudo experimental com prótese nacional / Total hip arthroplasty in dogs. Experimental study using a prosthesis made in Brazil

A prótese total da articulação coxofemoral representa uma das técnicas mais aceitas, nos Estados Unidos e na Europa, para o tratamento cirúrgico da displasia coxofemoral severa em cães. Entretanto, ainda é pouco difundida e estudada no Brasil. No presente trabalho, foi utilizada prótese confeccionada no Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a sua aplicação, evolução pós-operatória e complicações associadas. Foram utilizados dez cães, sadios e adultos. Todos foram submetidos ao procedimento de prótese total cimentada da articulação esquerda utilizando-se um componente femoral de cromo-cobalto, cabeça fixa, e uma cúpula acetabular de polietileno de alta densidade. As avaliações clínicas e radiográficas foram realizadas no pré-operatório e aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a intervenção cirúrgica. A prótese total utilizada proporcionou um bom resultado funcional ao membro operado, em 80 por cento dos animais. As principais complicações relacionadas foram a luxação protética e a soltura do componente acetabular.(AU)

Total hip prosthesis is one of the most accepted methods used in the United States and Europe for the treatment of severe hip dysplasia in dogs. However, there are few studies with the technique and the procedure is still not well established in Brazil. A prosthesis made in Brazil was used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its application and determine the postoperative finds and complications. Ten mature healthy dogs were used. A fixed-head cemented total hip prosthesis was applied on the left leg of the dogs. A chrome-cobalt femoral stem and high density polyetylene acetabular cup was used. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed before surgery and again at 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 days post operation. Proper weight bearing was noticed on the operated limb in the majority of the dogs. The main complications were the dislocation and loosening of the acetabular cup.(AU)