Resumo
The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental effects (calving age, julian date of birth and weaning age) on the adjusted weights to 120 (P120) and 205 (P205) days of crossbred cattle Angus x Nelore. The database was formed with information from 11,271 animals, borned from 1987 to 2004. Maternal heterozygosity proportions were equal to 0.0, 0.375, 0.4688, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0. The weights, P120 and P210, were standardized based on the weight daily gain by interpolation of the weighing close to the standardized age and weight measured previously. The (co) variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by Bayesian inference analyzes performed with three statistical models, differing as to the environmental effects. Breeding values were obtained for three models and were compared by Spearman correlations and by percentage of selected bulls in common. Heritability estimates values obtained in the best model was 0.20 for both traits (P120 and P205). Study of genetic values showed changes in the classification of animals according to models. Inclusion of julian date class of birth, age class of the animal in the measurement and interaction of calving age class and maternal heterozygosity in the selection of parents was important to allow greater precision in genetic evaluation of herd.
O objetivo com este trabalho foi estimar efeitos de ambiente (idade da vaca ao parto, data juliana de nascimento e idade do bezerro à desmama) sobre os pesos ajustados aos 120 (P120) e 205 (P205) dias de idade em bovinos mestiços Angus x Nelore. O banco de dados foi formado com informações de 11.271 animais, nascidos no período de 1987 a 2004. Os animais eram filhos de matrizes com proporções de heterozigoses iguais a 0,0; 0,375; 0,4688; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0. Os pesos, P120 e P210, foram padronizados com base no ganho diário de peso por meio da interpolação da pesagem próxima a idade a ser padronizada e do peso mensurado anteriormente. Para obtenção dos componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos das características, análises sob inferência bayesiana foram realizadas com três modelos estatísticos, diferindo quanto aos efeitos ambientais. Os valores genéticos foram obtidos para os três modelos e foram comparados por correlações de ordem Spearman e pela porcentagem de touros selecionados em comum. Os valores das estimativas de herdabilidade aposterioriobtidos no melhor modelo foi 0,20 para ambas as características (P120 e P205). O estudo dos valores genéticos mostrou alterações na classificação dos animais de acordo com os modelos. A inclusão de classe de data juliana ao nascimento, classe de idade da mensuração e interação da classe de idade da mãe ao parto e da heterozigose materna no momento da escolha dos reprodutores foi importante de modo a permitir maior precisão na avaliação genética e esquemas de seleção mais acurados.
Resumo
The aim of this study was to estimate the environmental effects (calving age, julian date of birth and weaning age) on the adjusted weights to 120 (P120) and 205 (P205) days of crossbred cattle Angus x Nelore. The database was formed with information from 11,271 animals, borned from 1987 to 2004. Maternal heterozygosity proportions were equal to 0.0, 0.375, 0.4688, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0. The weights, P120 and P210, were standardized based on the weight daily gain by interpolation of the weighing close to the standardized age and weight measured previously. The (co) variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by Bayesian inference analyzes performed with three statistical models, differing as to the environmental effects. Breeding values were obtained for three models and were compared by Spearman correlations and by percentage of selected bulls in common. Heritability estimates values obtained in the best model was 0.20 for both traits (P120 and P205). Study of genetic values showed changes in the classification of animals according to models. Inclusion of julian date class of birth, age class of the animal in the measurement and interaction of calving age class and maternal heterozygosity in the selection of parents was important to allow greater precision in genetic evaluation of herd.
O objetivo com este trabalho foi estimar efeitos de ambiente (idade da vaca ao parto, data juliana de nascimento e idade do bezerro à desmama) sobre os pesos ajustados aos 120 (P120) e 205 (P205) dias de idade em bovinos mestiços Angus x Nelore. O banco de dados foi formado com informações de 11.271 animais, nascidos no período de 1987 a 2004. Os animais eram filhos de matrizes com proporções de heterozigoses iguais a 0,0; 0,375; 0,4688; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0. Os pesos, P120 e P210, foram padronizados com base no ganho diário de peso por meio da interpolação da pesagem próxima a idade a ser padronizada e do peso mensurado anteriormente. Para obtenção dos componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos das características, análises sob inferência bayesiana foram realizadas com três modelos estatísticos, diferindo quanto aos efeitos ambientais. Os valores genéticos foram obtidos para os três modelos e foram comparados por correlações de ordem Spearman e pela porcentagem de touros selecionados em comum. Os valores das estimativas de herdabilidade aposterioriobtidos no melhor modelo foi 0,20 para ambas as características (P120 e P205). O estudo dos valores genéticos mostrou alterações na classificação dos animais de acordo com os modelos. A inclusão de classe de data juliana ao nascimento, classe de idade da mensuração e interação da classe de idade da mãe ao parto e da heterozigose materna no momento da escolha dos reprodutores foi importante de modo a permitir maior precisão na avaliação genética e esquemas de seleção mais acurados.
Resumo
The ingestive behavior and performance of female lambs grazing on Marandu pasture submitted to different stocking rates during the rainy and transition season were evaluated. The experimental area with 4.500 m2 was divided into 45 paddocks of 100 m2 each. Twenty-seven Santa Ines female lambs (purebred) 4 months old and 22 kg of initial body weight were distributed in a completely randomized design, with nine replicates. Lambs were divided into 9 groups with the same initial weight and submitted to three stocking rates: 2, 3 and 4 lambs/paddock, which corresponded to 40, 60 and 80 lambs/ha, respectively. Each group of animals had a module of five paddocks, managed on intermittent grazing system, with 7 days of occupation and 28 d of rest. The feeding behavior of animals was assessed one day before the end of each experimental period, from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM, observing the activities of grazing, rumination, rest and water or mineral intake at every 15 minutes. Only activity happening in the moment of observation was considered. The liveweight gain of animals was calculated by the difference between weighing dates. The average daily gain was obtained dividing the WG by the total of the experimental period days. Weight gain per area was calculated by multiplying the number of animals per hectare in each stoking rate and their respective weight gain. Increase on time of grazing and
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The experiment was carried out at the Sheep Experimental Farm of Federal University of Mato Grosso/Brazil, along the months of February to May 2008, during the rainy and the water-dry transition seasons. The area where the experiment were totaled 4500 m2, formed by the Marandu palisadegrass. This area was divided into 45 paddocks of 100 m2. We used 27 lambs Santa Inês (purebred) with 4 months of age and average weight of 22 kg. The lambs were grouped into nine lots of similar weights. The treatments consisted of three stocking rates, 2, 3 and 4 female lambs / paddocks, corresponding respectively to 40, 60 and 80 lambs / ha. Each treatment was represented by 15 repetitions totaling 45 plots, each representing a paddock of 100 m2. The paddocks were managed under the system of intermittent stocking with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. All paddocks had the height measured in 10 points. We used the found height as a criterion for the choice of where to sample the plot residual forage mass. The cutting height was 5 cm in the ground. The samples were weighed and submitted to fractionation: leaf, stem and senescent material. We calculated the leaf: stem ratio, dividing the amount of dry residual amount of green leaves by stem + sheath. The data collected were submitted to variance and regression analysis at 5% significance level. There was a linear decrease as the stocking ra
ês.
Resumo
The ostrich meat has become an interesting source of protein as well as being an alternative to red meat, because of its healthy fatty acid profile, with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low content of intramuscular fat, which arouses the interest of people who want a low animal fat diet. Ostrich meat is also appreciated by the tenderness, since it is one of the larger impact characteristics on the acceptance of a meat product for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tenderness of different ostrich meat commercial cuts and certificate that all studied cuts present tenderness acceptable by consumers. The laboratory tests were performed at the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins (FMVZ), being measured shear force of seven commercial cuts of ostrich meat. The cuts were: internal thigh, external thigh, filet plan, filet out, filet small, rump and filet fan. The samples were boiled in water bath controlled by time and temperature. After chilling, fragments of 1.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 cm were removed from samples. Shear force measurements were performed using a mechanical Warner-Bratzler Shear Force equipment. The shear force means were: internal thigh (3.5 kg), external thigh (2.8 kg), filet plan (2.4 kg), filet out (1.6 kg), filet small (3.5 kg), rump (3.3 kg) and filet fan (2.0 kg). All the commercial cuts evaluated had very low values of shear force, de
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Brazil has the largest commercial herd of beef cattle and is among the major producers of beef. The Brazilian herd consists largely of Nellore cattle, this breed is labeled as a producer of meat without quality, mainly because of the tenderness is the most valued trait in beef. The objective of this study was to evaluate some characteristics related to meat quality in Nellore cattle. The experiment was conducted at the feedlot sector of the Department of Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal (FMVZ). Uncastrated calves of Nellore breed (n = 15), produced as recommended by the Superprecoce young beef cattle system, were utilized. The animals were submitted to feedlot at the 7 months of age and slaughtered between 12 and 15 months. The animals were fed a high-energy diet, having average daily gain of 1.4 kg, to explore the best of the growth phase. The animals were slaughtered with an average of 435 kg (14.5 @), and showed carcass yield of 57.5% and back fat thickness of 3.2 mm. After slaughter, the carcasses were cooled for 24 hours, and samples from Longissimus muscle were removed of the region between the 12th and 13th ribs. One sample was frozen and the other two samples were aged for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The efficiency of the aging process on the beef tenderness was evaluated through the shear force analysis (SF) and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI). Carcass yield wa
ês.
Resumo
This study was carried out in Fazenda Canchim in São Carlos-SP, physical base of Southeast Embrapa Cattle, aiming to select, based on the agronomic characteristics of productivity of dry matter and quality of the forage, the accesses of suitable gender Paspalum for possessing potentiality of use as foraging plants. Were evaluated for 3 years, with 22 forage grasses, being 19 of Paspalum and three more of control species: Brachiaria decumbens, Andropogon gayanus cv. Baetí and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, submitted to two intensification levels: high (fertilizer after each cut and supplemental irrigation) and low (only fertilizer of annual replacement without irrigation). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replications assigned to a split-plot arrangement. Means were compared using the Scott-Knott test. The studied variables were: dry matter production, in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein content. The results indicate that the accesses responded to the intensification level minimizing the negative effect of the seasonal production. Based on the studied variables, the selected accesses were: BRA-011401 (Paspalum glaucescens); BRA-011681 (P. atratum); BRA009661 (P. atratum) and BRA-019186 (P. regnellii).
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate then early weaning and concentrate supplementation effect at pasture characteristics, forage intake and ingestive behavior of lambs grazing Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). A randomized block design was used with four treatments, three replications and five lambs per replicate. A total of 60 Suffolk lambs, that 36 were females and 24 steers. The treatments had corresponded to the combinations between early weaning precocious and concentrate supplementation strategies, that resulted in the following ones finishing systems: 1) lambs kept with mothers without supplementation; 2) lambs kept with mothers supplemented with concentrate in creep feeding at 2% of body weigh (BW) in DM/day; 3) weaned lambs at 45 ± 5 days without supplementation and 4) weaned lambs at 45 ± 5 days and supplemented with concentrate at 2% of BW in DM/day. Grazing utilization method was continuous stocking with adjustment every 21 days, to maintain forage offer at 12% of BW in DM/day. To characterize the pastoral environment was assessed: morphological composition of pasture. There were made four observations the behavioral activities for individually lambs per 24 hours, such as: grazing, ruminating, suckling, supplementation, and others activities. The intake rate was measured using the technique of double sampling and determination of bite rate was made by visual observa
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
This study has evaluated physical (marbling, tenderness, evaporation losses, leak losses and total cooking losses) and chemical (moisture, crude protein, lipids and ash) characteristics of beef heifers from different genetic groups raised in an intensive production system. The diet presented 16% of crude protein and 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter and it was composed by 20% of roughage (Tifton hay and corn silage) and 80% of concentrate (high moisture corn and protein concentrate). There was significant difference (P
Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas (marmorização, maciez, perdas por evaporação, gotejamento e totais na cocção) e químicas (umidade, proteína bruta, lipídeos e cinzas) da carne de novilhas superprecoces de diferentes grupos genéticos, criadas em sistema intensivo de produção. A dieta utilizada continha 16% de proteína bruta e 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável por kg de matéria seca e era composta de 20% de volumoso (feno de Tifton e silagem de milho) e 80% de concentrado (silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e concentrado protéico). Existiu diferença (P
Resumo
The aim of work was to analyze the collagen effect in meat tenderness of animals of different genetic groups produced by very young bullock production system. Male calves Nellore purebred, ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus and ½ Nellore x ½ Simmental crossbred were used. After slaughter and cooling for 24 hours Longissimus dorsi samples were removed, between 11th and 13th ribs, one sample was frozen and the others ageing for 7 and 14 days. There was no difference (p > 0,01) between genetic groups for amount and heat soluble collagen and shear force values. The amount and solubility collagen dont compromised the meat tenderness, indifferent of the genetic group used and postmortem period, becoming the early slaughter an advantageous option for meat production with desirable characteristics.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do colágeno na maciez da carne de animais de diferentes grupos genéticos produzidos no sistema de produção do novilho superprecoce. Foram utilizados bezerros machos inteiros da raça Nelore, mestiços ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus e mestiços ½ Nelore x ½ Simental. Após abate e resfriamento por 24 horas, foram retiradas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi, na região entre a 11a e a 13a costela, sendo que uma amostra foi congelada e as demais maturadas por 7 e 14 dias. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,01) entre os grupos genéticos para a quantidade e a solubilidade de colágeno e a força de cisalhamento. A quantidade e a solubilidade do colágeno não comprometeram a maciez da carne, indiferentemente do grupo genético utilizado e do tempo postmortem, tornando vantajosa a opção de se abaterem animais jovens.
Resumo
The aim of work was to analyze the collagen effect in meat tenderness of animals of different genetic groups produced by very young bullock production system. Male calves Nellore purebred, ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus and ½ Nellore x ½ Simmental crossbred were used. After slaughter and cooling for 24 hours Longissimus dorsi samples were removed, between 11th and 13th ribs, one sample was frozen and the others ageing for 7 and 14 days. There was no difference (p > 0,01) between genetic groups for amount and heat soluble collagen and shear force values. The amount and solubility collagen dont compromised the meat tenderness, indifferent of the genetic group used and postmortem period, becoming the early slaughter an advantageous option for meat production with desirable characteristics.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do colágeno na maciez da carne de animais de diferentes grupos genéticos produzidos no sistema de produção do novilho superprecoce. Foram utilizados bezerros machos inteiros da raça Nelore, mestiços ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus e mestiços ½ Nelore x ½ Simental. Após abate e resfriamento por 24 horas, foram retiradas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi, na região entre a 11a e a 13a costela, sendo que uma amostra foi congelada e as demais maturadas por 7 e 14 dias. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,01) entre os grupos genéticos para a quantidade e a solubilidade de colágeno e a força de cisalhamento. A quantidade e a solubilidade do colágeno não comprometeram a maciez da carne, indiferentemente do grupo genético utilizado e do tempo postmortem, tornando vantajosa a opção de se abaterem animais jovens.
Resumo
The ostrich meat has become an interesting source of protein as well as being an alternative to red meat, because of its healthy fatty acid profile, with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low content of intramuscular fat, which arouses the interest of people who want a low animal fat diet. Ostrich meat is also appreciated by the tenderness, since it is one of the larger impact characteristics on the acceptance of a meat product for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tenderness of different ostrich meat commercial cuts and certificate that all studied cuts present tenderness acceptable by consumers. The laboratory tests were performed at the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins (FMVZ), being measured shear force of seven commercial cuts of ostrich meat. The cuts were: internal thigh, external thigh, filet plan, filet out, filet small, rump and filet fan. The samples were boiled in water bath controlled by time and temperature. After chilling, fragments of 1.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 cm were removed from samples. Shear force measurements were performed using a mechanical Warner-Bratzler Shear Force equipment. The shear force means were: internal thigh (3.5 kg), external thigh (2.8 kg), filet plan (2.4 kg), filet out (1.6 kg), filet small (3.5 kg), rump (3.3 kg) and filet fan (2.0 kg). All the commercial cuts evaluated had very low values of shear force, de
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The experiment was carried out at the Sheep Experimental Farm of Federal University of Mato Grosso/Brazil, along the months of February to May 2008, during the rainy and the water-dry transition seasons. The area where the experiment were totaled 4500 m2, formed by the Marandu palisadegrass. This area was divided into 45 paddocks of 100 m2. We used 27 lambs Santa Inês (purebred) with 4 months of age and average weight of 22 kg. The lambs were grouped into nine lots of similar weights. The treatments consisted of three stocking rates, 2, 3 and 4 female lambs / paddocks, corresponding respectively to 40, 60 and 80 lambs / ha. Each treatment was represented by 15 repetitions totaling 45 plots, each representing a paddock of 100 m2. The paddocks were managed under the system of intermittent stocking with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. All paddocks had the height measured in 10 points. We used the found height as a criterion for the choice of where to sample the plot residual forage mass. The cutting height was 5 cm in the ground. The samples were weighed and submitted to fractionation: leaf, stem and senescent material. We calculated the leaf: stem ratio, dividing the amount of dry residual amount of green leaves by stem + sheath. The data collected were submitted to variance and regression analysis at 5% significance level. There was a linear decrease as the stocking ra
ês.
Resumo
The ingestive behavior and performance of female lambs grazing on Marandu pasture submitted to different stocking rates during the rainy and transition season were evaluated. The experimental area with 4.500 m2 was divided into 45 paddocks of 100 m2 each. Twenty-seven Santa Ines female lambs (purebred) 4 months old and 22 kg of initial body weight were distributed in a completely randomized design, with nine replicates. Lambs were divided into 9 groups with the same initial weight and submitted to three stocking rates: 2, 3 and 4 lambs/paddock, which corresponded to 40, 60 and 80 lambs/ha, respectively. Each group of animals had a module of five paddocks, managed on intermittent grazing system, with 7 days of occupation and 28 d of rest. The feeding behavior of animals was assessed one day before the end of each experimental period, from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM, observing the activities of grazing, rumination, rest and water or mineral intake at every 15 minutes. Only activity happening in the moment of observation was considered. The liveweight gain of animals was calculated by the difference between weighing dates. The average daily gain was obtained dividing the WG by the total of the experimental period days. Weight gain per area was calculated by multiplying the number of animals per hectare in each stoking rate and their respective weight gain. Increase on time of grazing and
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
This study has evaluated physical (marbling, tenderness, evaporation losses, leak losses and total cooking losses) and chemical (moisture, crude protein, lipids and ash) characteristics of beef heifers from different genetic groups raised in an intensive production system. The diet presented 16% of crude protein and 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter and it was composed by 20% of roughage (Tifton hay and corn silage) and 80% of concentrate (high moisture corn and protein concentrate). There was significant difference (P
Objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas (marmorização, maciez, perdas por evaporação, gotejamento e totais na cocção) e químicas (umidade, proteína bruta, lipídeos e cinzas) da carne de novilhas superprecoces de diferentes grupos genéticos, criadas em sistema intensivo de produção. A dieta utilizada continha 16% de proteína bruta e 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável por kg de matéria seca e era composta de 20% de volumoso (feno de Tifton e silagem de milho) e 80% de concentrado (silagem de grãos úmidos de milho e concentrado protéico). Existiu diferença (P
Resumo
This study was carried out in Fazenda Canchim in São Carlos-SP, physical base of Southeast Embrapa Cattle, aiming to select, based on the agronomic characteristics of productivity of dry matter and quality of the forage, the accesses of suitable gender Paspalum for possessing potentiality of use as foraging plants. Were evaluated for 3 years, with 22 forage grasses, being 19 of Paspalum and three more of control species: Brachiaria decumbens, Andropogon gayanus cv. Baetí and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, submitted to two intensification levels: high (fertilizer after each cut and supplemental irrigation) and low (only fertilizer of annual replacement without irrigation). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replications assigned to a split-plot arrangement. Means were compared using the Scott-Knott test. The studied variables were: dry matter production, in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein content. The results indicate that the accesses responded to the intensification level minimizing the negative effect of the seasonal production. Based on the studied variables, the selected accesses were: BRA-011401 (Paspalum glaucescens); BRA-011681 (P. atratum); BRA009661 (P. atratum) and BRA-019186 (P. regnellii).
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Brazil has the largest commercial herd of beef cattle and is among the major producers of beef. The Brazilian herd consists largely of Nellore cattle, this breed is labeled as a producer of meat without quality, mainly because of the tenderness is the most valued trait in beef. The objective of this study was to evaluate some characteristics related to meat quality in Nellore cattle. The experiment was conducted at the feedlot sector of the Department of Melhoramento e Nutrição Animal (FMVZ). Uncastrated calves of Nellore breed (n = 15), produced as recommended by the Superprecoce young beef cattle system, were utilized. The animals were submitted to feedlot at the 7 months of age and slaughtered between 12 and 15 months. The animals were fed a high-energy diet, having average daily gain of 1.4 kg, to explore the best of the growth phase. The animals were slaughtered with an average of 435 kg (14.5 @), and showed carcass yield of 57.5% and back fat thickness of 3.2 mm. After slaughter, the carcasses were cooled for 24 hours, and samples from Longissimus muscle were removed of the region between the 12th and 13th ribs. One sample was frozen and the other two samples were aged for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The efficiency of the aging process on the beef tenderness was evaluated through the shear force analysis (SF) and myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI). Carcass yield wa
ês.
Resumo
The objective of this study was to evaluate then early weaning and concentrate supplementation effect at pasture characteristics, forage intake and ingestive behavior of lambs grazing Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). A randomized block design was used with four treatments, three replications and five lambs per replicate. A total of 60 Suffolk lambs, that 36 were females and 24 steers. The treatments had corresponded to the combinations between early weaning precocious and concentrate supplementation strategies, that resulted in the following ones finishing systems: 1) lambs kept with mothers without supplementation; 2) lambs kept with mothers supplemented with concentrate in creep feeding at 2% of body weigh (BW) in DM/day; 3) weaned lambs at 45 ± 5 days without supplementation and 4) weaned lambs at 45 ± 5 days and supplemented with concentrate at 2% of BW in DM/day. Grazing utilization method was continuous stocking with adjustment every 21 days, to maintain forage offer at 12% of BW in DM/day. To characterize the pastoral environment was assessed: morphological composition of pasture. There were made four observations the behavioral activities for individually lambs per 24 hours, such as: grazing, ruminating, suckling, supplementation, and others activities. The intake rate was measured using the technique of double sampling and determination of bite rate was made by visual observa
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.