Essential fatty acids in farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from the Brazilian Amazon Area

The goal of this study was to determine the essential fatty acids of the total lipids of the fillet, head and orbital cavity tissue from farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fish from a Brazilian Amazon area. The tambaqui were acquired from different fish farms in the Roraima state, located at Western Brazilian Amazon. The meat, the head and the fatty tissue from orbital cavity were dissected for lipid extraction and analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography. The fatty acids were quantified in mg g-1of total lipids using C23:0 as an internal standard. The nutritional quality of the lipids was determined by using the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, and also by the ratio between hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic fatty acids. The orbital cavity tissue had the higher concentration amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acid, whereas the fillet had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration was: 1.28, 0.97, 1.71 mg g-1of total lipids, in the filet, in head, and in orbital cavity tissue,respectively. All essential fatty acids were detected in the three parts analyzed. The nutritional quality of the total lipids from the head and from the orbital cavity tissue was similar to the fillet.(AU)

Genotypic selection of pre-clultivars of carioca and early carioca beans for the Agreste-Sertão of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seleção genotípica de pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e carioca precoce para o Agreste-Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield.

RESUMO: A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos.

Genotypic selection of pre-clultivars of carioca and early carioca beans for the Agreste-Sertão of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seleção genotípica de pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e carioca precoce para o Agreste-Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil

Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield.

A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos

Oral adenocarcinoma observed in Boa constrictor maintained in captivity / Adenocarcinoma papilífero oral em jiboia (Boa constritor) mantida em cativeiro

Information on neoplasms in animals has increased over time, and these studies have helped in the management of reptiles that present tumors. There are similar incidences of neoplasms between homeothermic and ectothermic animals. Furthermore, there are usually more than one type of tumor present. The treatment of wild animals afflicted with cancer usually happens late, contributing to their low life expectancy. Thus, the present work aimed to describe an infrequent case of oral tumor in Boa constrictor. The tumor was observed in an adult female animal, raised in an exhibition area of the Zoo and Botanical Park of the Emílio Goeldi Museum, located in Belém, State of Pará, Brazil. Macroscopically, the mass presented morphologically with an irregular, multilobulated surface, color that varied from white to grey, hemorrhagic areas and its extension was 3.9 x 2.3 cm. The neoplasm was surgically removed, and the histopathological evaluation revealed an adenocarcinoma, with a papillary-like development pattern and a moderate degree of differentiation. The animal died three months after diagnosis due to starvation. The necropsy showed that there was tumor recrudescence and no metastases. Given the impossibility of surgical removal with a greater margin of safety, and adjuvant therapies, this condition favoured the resurgence of the neoplasm. This compromised the animal's ability to feed and consequently lead to death. Malignant neoplasms in reptiles may have an unfavourable clinical evolution for the maintenance of life, requiring specific therapeutic care such as chemotherapy. Scientific contributions on tumors in these animals are essential for the medical treatment of wild animals, and the conservation of wild species.(AU)

Estudos de neoplasias malignas e benignas em animais tem crescido ao longo do tempo, e os seus registros tem auxiliado no manejo de répteis que apresentam tumores. Descreve-se na literatura que há incidências semelhantes de neoplasmas entre animais homeotérmicos e ectotérmicos, e que estes geralmente apresentam mais de um tipo de tumoração. O tratamento de pacientes silvestres oncológicos geralmente acontece de forma tardia contribuindo para sua baixa sobrevida. Deste modo o presente trabalho objetivou descrever um caso infrequente de neoplasia oral em Boa constrictor. A casuística ocorreu num animal adulto, fêmea, criada em recinto de exposição do Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Emílio Goeldi, localizado em Belém, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Macroscopicamente a massa apresentou morfologicamente com superfície irregular, multilobulada, coloração que variou de branca a cinza, áreas hemorrágicas e sua extensão de 3,9 x 2,3cm. A neoplasia foi removida cirurgicamente e a avaliação histopatológica revelou um adenocarcinoma, com padrão de desenvolvimento do tipo papiliforme e grau moderado de diferenciação. O animal foi a óbito três meses pós-diagnóstico por inanição. A necropsia demonstrou que havia recrudescência do neoplasma e ausência de metástases. Diante da impossibilidade da remoção cirúrgica com maior margem de segurança, e terapias adjuvantes, tal condição favoreceu o ressurgimento da neoplasia, comprometendo a alimentação e consequentemente levando ao óbito. Conclui-se que neoplasias malignas em répteis podem ter uma evolução clínica desfavorável a manutenção da sua vida necessitando de cuidados terapêuticos específicos como quimioterapia. As contribuições cientificas sobre processos neoplásicos nesses animais são fundamentais para a clínica médica de animais silvestres além de contribuir para a conservação de espécies silvestres.(AU)

Thermal environment characterization of laying hen-housing systems

This study systematically collected data on variables that influence the thermal environment characteristics in poultry houses. Laying poultry farming is a relevant economic activity in Brazilian agriculture and has been expressively growing mainly regarding genetics and nutrition. Thermal comfort in poultry houses is needed to achieve poultry's maximum productive potential. Therefore, laying aviaries previously naturally ventilated (positive pressure) are starting to be equipped with cage batteries and designed with lateral closures, using negative pressure ventilation and in some cases associated with adiabatic cooling. However, negative pressure ventilation systems' thermal efficiency in tunnel mode and its distribution in different cage levels is still slightly known. Consequently, this system's thermal efficiency needs to be investigated to ensure adequate climate indices recommendations and avoid costs and losses due to inadequate handling and facilities.

Mapeamento do mercado pet e insumos veterinários na região do Cariri / Pet and input market mapping veterinary in the Cariri region

Agronegócio é um conjunto de operações da cadeia produtiva, do trabalho agropecuário até a comercialização, que possui uma grande importância para o Brasil e demais países que têm uma economia fundamentada na agropecuária. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar a situação mercadológica da região do Cariri, enfatizando a importância da caracterização e da análise da estrutura dos estabelecimentos que englobam o agronegócio. A pesquisa foi realizada com a aplicação de dois questionários técnicos, com visitas em clínicas veterinárias, pet shops e casas agropecuárias, dos municípios cearenses de Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte e Crato. Os resultados revelaram a diversidade de estabelecimentos comerciais com predominância nas casas agropecuárias(46,0%), pet shops (23,0%) e clínicas veterinárias (8%). Destaca-se, principalmente, a atuação do médico veterinário, com a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos, vacinação, atendimento clínico e a campo. Além disso, aponta-se a prestação de serviços farmácia e hotel pet, comércio de animais, banho e tosa e fisioterápicos, disponibilizados em pet shops e clínicas veterinárias na cidade do Crato e Juazeiro do Norte. Com a realização da pesquisa, foi possível quantificar as espécies animais que abrangem o setor Pet Food na região. Ademais, os dados da pesquisa de campo mostraram que existe uma ampla comercialização de insumos para alimentação animal, disponibilizados, principalmente, nas casas agropecuárias. Com a análise dos dados coletados verifica-se a importância do agronegócio para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região do Cariri, possibilitando a geração de emprego e renda para o homem do campo e para os profissionais prestadores de serviços.

Agribusiness is a set of operations in the production chain, from agricultural work to commercialization, which has great importance to Brazil and other countries that have an economy based on agriculture and livestock. This study aimed to report the market situation in the Cariri Region, emphasizing the importance of characterizing and analyzing the structure of establishments that include agribusiness. The research was carried out with the application of two technical questionnaires on visits to veterinary clinics, pet shops and agricultural houses in the municipalities of Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte and Crato. The results revealed the diversity of commercial establishments with predominance in agricultural houses (46.0%), pet shops (23.0%) and veterinary clinics (8%). The Veterinarian's performance was particularly noteworthy, with surgical procedures, vaccinations, clinical and field care. In addition, the provision of pharmacy and pet hotel services, animal trade, bathing and grooming and physiotherapy, available in pet shops and veterinary clinics in the city of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte. With this work, it was possible to quantify the animal species that comprise the Pet Food sector in the region. In addition, data from the field research showed that there is a wide commercialization of inputs for animal feed, available mainly in agricultural houses. With the analysis of the collected data, it is possible to verify the importance of agribusiness for the sustainable development of the Cariri Region, enabling the generation of employment and income for rural people and professional service providers.

Mapeamento do mercado pet e insumos veterinários na região do Cariri / Pet and input market mapping veterinary in the Cariri region

Agronegócio é um conjunto de operações da cadeia produtiva, do trabalho agropecuário até a comercialização, que possui uma grande importância para o Brasil e demais países que têm uma economia fundamentada na agropecuária. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo relatar a situação mercadológica da região do Cariri, enfatizando a importância da caracterização e da análise da estrutura dos estabelecimentos que englobam o agronegócio. A pesquisa foi realizada com a aplicação de dois questionários técnicos, com visitas em clínicas veterinárias, pet shops e casas agropecuárias, dos municípios cearenses de Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte e Crato. Os resultados revelaram a diversidade de estabelecimentos comerciais com predominância nas casas agropecuárias(46,0%), pet shops (23,0%) e clínicas veterinárias (8%). Destaca-se, principalmente, a atuação do médico veterinário, com a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos, vacinação, atendimento clínico e a campo. Além disso, aponta-se a prestação de serviços farmácia e hotel pet, comércio de animais, banho e tosa e fisioterápicos, disponibilizados em pet shops e clínicas veterinárias na cidade do Crato e Juazeiro do Norte. Com a realização da pesquisa, foi possível quantificar as espécies animais que abrangem o setor Pet Food na região. Ademais, os dados da pesquisa de campo mostraram que existe uma ampla comercialização de insumos para alimentação animal, disponibilizados, principalmente, nas casas agropecuárias. Com a análise dos dados coletados verifica-se a importância do agronegócio para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região do Cariri, possibilitando a geração de emprego e renda para o homem do campo e para os profissionais prestadores de serviços.(AU)

Agribusiness is a set of operations in the production chain, from agricultural work to commercialization, which has great importance to Brazil and other countries that have an economy based on agriculture and livestock. This study aimed to report the market situation in the Cariri Region, emphasizing the importance of characterizing and analyzing the structure of establishments that include agribusiness. The research was carried out with the application of two technical questionnaires on visits to veterinary clinics, pet shops and agricultural houses in the municipalities of Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte and Crato. The results revealed the diversity of commercial establishments with predominance in agricultural houses (46.0%), pet shops (23.0%) and veterinary clinics (8%). The Veterinarian's performance was particularly noteworthy, with surgical procedures, vaccinations, clinical and field care. In addition, the provision of pharmacy and pet hotel services, animal trade, bathing and grooming and physiotherapy, available in pet shops and veterinary clinics in the city of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte. With this work, it was possible to quantify the animal species that comprise the Pet Food sector in the region. In addition, data from the field research showed that there is a wide commercialization of inputs for animal feed, available mainly in agricultural houses. With the analysis of the collected data, it is possible to verify the importance of agribusiness for the sustainable development of the Cariri Region, enabling the generation of employment and income for rural people and professional service providers.(AU)

Modeling boron adsorption on five soils before and after removal of organic matter

Boron- B concentrations that cause deficiency and those that cause toxicity appear to be very similar, compared to other nutrients, which can complicate successful management of this element in soils. In this study, B adsorption onto two Oxisols from Brazil (Rhodic Eutroperox and Anionic Acroperox), two Alfisols (Natric Palexeralf and Aridic Paleustalf) and an Entisol (Xeric Torrifluvent) from the United States of America were evaluated. The samples were treated with sodium hypochlorite in order to remove soil organic matter. Both treated and untreated samples were used to determine B adsorption isotherms using different B concentrations (0-4.630 mmol L–1) and NaNO3 (0.05 M) as background electrolyte solution at pH 7. Boron adsorption envelopes were also measured using 0.463 mmol L–1 B at three ionic strengths (0.05, 0.1 and 1M) and NaNO3 as background electrolyte solutions at different pH values (3-12). The cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, free Al and Fe oxides, organic and inorganic carbon content, mineralogy and particle size distribution of the soils were also determined. The Langmuir isotherm and the constant capacitance model were fit to the B adsorption data and the parameters obtained were related to the chemical attributes by multiple linear regression equations. Boron maximum adsorption capacity (BMAC) and the complexation constant for the SH3BO4– inner-sphere complex (LogKB–) could be predicted under all experimental conditions. The Alc content was the main soil chemical attribute associated with the BMAC under the conditions evaluated and the LogKB–(int) in untreated and treated samples.

Modeling boron adsorption on five soils before and after removal of organic matter

Boron- B concentrations that cause deficiency and those that cause toxicity appear to be very similar, compared to other nutrients, which can complicate successful management of this element in soils. In this study, B adsorption onto two Oxisols from Brazil (Rhodic Eutroperox and Anionic Acroperox), two Alfisols (Natric Palexeralf and Aridic Paleustalf) and an Entisol (Xeric Torrifluvent) from the United States of America were evaluated. The samples were treated with sodium hypochlorite in order to remove soil organic matter. Both treated and untreated samples were used to determine B adsorption isotherms using different B concentrations (0-4.630 mmol L–1) and NaNO3 (0.05 M) as background electrolyte solution at pH 7. Boron adsorption envelopes were also measured using 0.463 mmol L–1 B at three ionic strengths (0.05, 0.1 and 1M) and NaNO3 as background electrolyte solutions at different pH values (3-12). The cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, free Al and Fe oxides, organic and inorganic carbon content, mineralogy and particle size distribution of the soils were also determined. The Langmuir isotherm and the constant capacitance model were fit to the B adsorption data and the parameters obtained were related to the chemical attributes by multiple linear regression equations. Boron maximum adsorption capacity (BMAC) and the complexation constant for the SH3BO4inner-sphere complex (LogKB–) could be predicted under all experimental conditions. The Alc content was the main soil chemical attribute associated with the BMAC under the conditions evaluated and the LogKB–(int) in untreated and treated samples.(AU)

Phytotoxicity in two sugarcane cultivars in the initial development as affected by selectivity to herbicides / Fitotoxidez em dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar no desenvolvimento inicial em função da seletividade a herbicidas

Sugarcane is a crop of great importance for human consumption, either for the production of sucrose or for the production of ethanol fuel. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxicity caused by the herbicides, the agronomic components in two sugarcane cultivars, at five evaluation times, during the 12-month and 18-month cultivation periods. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 10 x 2 factorial scheme, with nine herbicides (tembotrione, mesotrione, clomazone, saflufenacil, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic, fluroxypyr + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone), two sugarcane cultivars (RB006995 and RB036153), and five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application ­ DAA). The most phytotoxic herbicides for the 12-month cultivation period in the cultivars RB036153 and RB006995 were clomazone and sulfentrazone. For 18-month cultivation period, the herbicides isoxaflutole, clomazone and sulfentrazone were the most phytotoxic, mainly for the cultivar RB006995. For most herbicides, phytotoxicity decreased along the days after application. The most selective herbicides for both cultivars and cultivation periods were tembotrione, mesotrione and fluroxypyr + picloram.(AU)

A cana-de-açúcar é uma cultura de grande importância para alimentação humana, tanto para a produção de sacarose quanto para a produção de combustível etanol. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitotoxidade causada pelos herbicidas, nos períodos de cultivo de cana de ano e cana de ano-e-meio durante o estádio de brotação e perfilhamento de dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em um esquema fatorial 10 x 2, sendo os fatores compostos por nove herbicidas (tembotriona, mesotriona, clomazona, saflufenacil, 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético, fluroxipir + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutol, sulfentrazona) mais uma testemunha, dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (RB006995, RB036153) e cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAA). Os herbicidas mais fitotóxicos para a cana de ano nos cultivares RB036153 e RB006995 foram clomazona e sulfentrazona. Para a cana de ano-e-meio, os herbicidas isoxaflutol, clomazona e sulfentrazona foram os mais fitotóxicos, principalmente no cultivar RB006995. Para a maioria dos herbicidas houve decréscimo da fitotoxidez com o passar dos dias após a aplicação. Os herbicidas mais seletivos para ambos os cultivares e períodos de cultivo foram tembotriona, mesotriona e fluroxipir + picloram.(AU)

Phytotoxicity in two sugarcane cultivars in the initial development as affected by selectivity to herbicides / Fitotoxidez em dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar no desenvolvimento inicial em função da seletividade a herbicidas

Sugarcane is a crop of great importance for human consumption, either for the production of sucrose or for the production of ethanol fuel. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxicity caused by the herbicides, the agronomic components in two sugarcane cultivars, at five evaluation times, during the 12-month and 18-month cultivation periods. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 10 x 2 factorial scheme, with nine herbicides (tembotrione, mesotrione, clomazone, saflufenacil, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic, fluroxypyr + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone), two sugarcane cultivars (RB006995 and RB036153), and five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application ­ DAA). The most phytotoxic herbicides for the 12-month cultivation period in the cultivars RB036153 and RB006995 were clomazone and sulfentrazone. For 18-month cultivation period, the herbicides isoxaflutole, clomazone and sulfentrazone were the most phytotoxic, mainly for the cultivar RB006995. For most herbicides, phytotoxicity decreased along the days after application. The most selective herbicides for both cultivars and cultivation periods were tembotrione, mesotrione and fluroxypyr + picloram.(AU)

A cana-de-açúcar é uma cultura de grande importância para alimentação humana, tanto para a produção de sacarose quanto para a produção de combustível etanol. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitotoxidade causada pelos herbicidas, nos períodos de cultivo de cana de ano e cana de ano-e-meio durante o estádio de brotação e perfilhamento de dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em um esquema fatorial 10 x 2, sendo os fatores compostos por nove herbicidas (tembotriona, mesotriona, clomazona, saflufenacil, 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético, fluroxipir + picloram, metribuzin, isoxaflutol, sulfentrazona) mais uma testemunha, dois cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (RB006995, RB036153) e cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAA). Os herbicidas mais fitotóxicos para a cana de ano nos cultivares RB036153 e RB006995 foram clomazona e sulfentrazona. Para a cana de ano-e-meio, os herbicidas isoxaflutol, clomazona e sulfentrazona foram os mais fitotóxicos, principalmente no cultivar RB006995. Para a maioria dos herbicidas houve decréscimo da fitotoxidez com o passar dos dias após a aplicação. Os herbicidas mais seletivos para ambos os cultivares e períodos de cultivo foram tembotriona, mesotriona e fluroxipir + picloram.(AU)

Carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo sob alturas de pastejo da Urochloa ruziziensis em sistema agropastoril / Soil organic carbon and nitrogen under heights of Urochloa ruziziensis grazing in agro-pastoral system

A matéria orgânica do solo é essencial dentro do sistema agrícola e seu acúmulo pode ser favorecido pelo aporte de resíduos vegetais sobre o solo. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da altura de pastejo de Urochloa ruziziensis nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo, em sistema agropastoril, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. Para o estudo foram coletadas amostras de solo entre os anos de 2010 e 2012. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo e cinco tratamentos, constituídos pelas alturas de pastejo: 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm e mais uma área não pastejada de Urochloa ruziziensis, e três repetições. Determinou-se nas camadas do solo (0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade) o teor e estoque de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, teor e estoque de nitrogênio total e o teor de nitrogênio mineral. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ambos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total e suas respectivas frações, os teores de nitrogênio total e mineral do solo, além, dos estoques de nitrogênio total do solo, não foram alterados pelas alturas de pastejo e a área não pastejada. Todavia, na camada 0-10 cm, ocorreu aumento dos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais e redução do carbono orgânico particulado do solo, e, também, aumento dos teores e estoques de nitrogênio total entre o primeiro e o segundo ano de condução, sob plantio direto. Houve aumento dos teores de nitrogênio mineral após a colheita da soja para todas as camadas do solo.

Soil organic matter is essential within the agricultural system and its accumulation can be favored by the contribution of vegetal residues on the soil. The objective is to evaluate the effect of the grazing height of Urochloa ruziziensis in levels and stocks of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, in agro-pastoral system, in Distrophic Red Latosol typically. For this study, soil samples were collected between the years 2010 and 2012. The design was on randomized blocks in split plots of time and five treatments, constituted of grazing heights: 10; 20; 30 and 40 cm and one more area without grazing of Urochloa ruziziensis, and three repetitions. It was determined in soil layers (0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm depth) the level and stock of total organic carbon, particularly carbon, carbon associated with minerals, level and stock of total nitrogen and content of mineral nitrogen. The variables studied were submitted to variance analysis by the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test, both at 5% probability level. The levels and stocks of total organic carbon in soil and their fractions, the levels of total nitrogen and mineral soil beyond stocks of total nitrogen soil, were not changed by the grazing heights and the area grazed. However, in the 0-10 cm layers, there was an increase in the contents and total organic carbon, organic carbon associated with the minerals and the reduction of the particulate organic carbon of the soil, as well as the increase of the total nitrogen contents between the first and second year of driving, under no-tillage. There was an increase of mineral nitrogen after the soybean harvest to all layers of the soil.

Carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo sob alturas de pastejo da Urochloa ruziziensis em sistema agropastoril / Soil organic carbon and nitrogen under heights of Urochloa ruziziensis grazing in agro-pastoral system

A matéria orgânica do solo é essencial dentro do sistema agrícola e seu acúmulo pode ser favorecido pelo aporte de resíduos vegetais sobre o solo. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da altura de pastejo de Urochloa ruziziensis nos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio do solo, em sistema agropastoril, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico. Para o estudo foram coletadas amostras de solo entre os anos de 2010 e 2012. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo e cinco tratamentos, constituídos pelas alturas de pastejo: 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm e mais uma área não pastejada de Urochloa ruziziensis, e três repetições. Determinou-se nas camadas do solo (0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade) o teor e estoque de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico particulado, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais, teor e estoque de nitrogênio total e o teor de nitrogênio mineral. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à análise de variância pelo teste F e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ambos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total e suas respectivas frações, os teores de nitrogênio total e mineral do solo, além, dos estoques de nitrogênio total do solo, não foram alterados pelas alturas de pastejo e a área não pastejada. Todavia, na camada 0-10 cm, ocorreu aumento dos teores e estoques de carbono orgânico total, carbono orgânico associado aos minerais e redução do carbono orgânico particulado do solo, e, também, aumento dos teores e estoques de nitrogênio total entre o primeiro e o segundo ano de condução, sob plantio direto. Houve aumento dos teores de nitrogênio mineral após a colheita da soja para todas as camadas do solo.(AU)

Soil organic matter is essential within the agricultural system and its accumulation can be favored by the contribution of vegetal residues on the soil. The objective is to evaluate the effect of the grazing height of Urochloa ruziziensis in levels and stocks of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, in agro-pastoral system, in Distrophic Red Latosol typically. For this study, soil samples were collected between the years 2010 and 2012. The design was on randomized blocks in split plots of time and five treatments, constituted of grazing heights: 10; 20; 30 and 40 cm and one more area without grazing of Urochloa ruziziensis, and three repetitions. It was determined in soil layers (0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm depth) the level and stock of total organic carbon, particularly carbon, carbon associated with minerals, level and stock of total nitrogen and content of mineral nitrogen. The variables studied were submitted to variance analysis by the F test and the means were compared by the Tukey test, both at 5% probability level. The levels and stocks of total organic carbon in soil and their fractions, the levels of total nitrogen and mineral soil beyond stocks of total nitrogen soil, were not changed by the grazing heights and the area grazed. However, in the 0-10 cm layers, there was an increase in the contents and total organic carbon, organic carbon associated with the minerals and the reduction of the particulate organic carbon of the soil, as well as the increase of the total nitrogen contents between the first and second year of driving, under no-tillage. There was an increase of mineral nitrogen after the soybean harvest to all layers of the soil.(AU)

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several parent materials

Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions.

Mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of Fe-rich Oxisols developed from several parent materials

Fe-rich Oxisols on mafic rocks in Brazil generally have high magnetic susceptibility with high contents of some trace elements. These are taxonomically similar soils; however, differences in magnetic and geochemical properties may affect agricultural or environmental usability and subsequent management. This study investigated the pedogenesis of Fe-rich Oxisols from various parent materials and evaluated the lithogenetic influence on magnetic susceptibility and trace elements contents. Soil samples were collected from Bw horizons in 13 Rhodic Oxisols and a Typic Oxisol developed from several parent materials in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soils were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and magnetometry. Soil chemical analyses consisted of sulfuric and total (tri-acid) digestions and selective Fe oxides dissolutions and statistical correlations were determined. Fe-rich Oxisols presented a typical mineralogical composition of highly weathered soils with structural stability. The results confirm the difficulty to identify accurately magnetic minerals in different grain sizes using XRD. However, coarse fractions still exert dominant influence on the magnetic properties of the Fe-rich Rhodic Oxisols. In addition, coarse fractions probably contribute to the enrichment of superparamagnetic particles for the clay fraction. Although highly weathered, Fe-rich Oxisols may have their geochemical attributes still controlled by the parent material, where trace elements seem to be correlated with the magnetic minerals in the coarse fractions. Thus, the natural replacement of some trace elements from soil-solution equilibrium reactions during plant development could be more effective in soils with higher magnetic particles concentrations in the coarse fractions.(AU)

Thermal conditioning in the broiler production: challenges and possibilities

With the introduction of new technologies that lead to the development of new systems of poultry breeding, have been promoted to the animals better thermal comfort conditions. This lessens the great challenge for industrial poultry, with regard to aviary constructions, resulting in increased productivity. It is known that an animal in heat stress condition presents lower productive performance. A lower feed conversion caused by decreased feed intake is the main cause. Multidisciplinary studies have been developed seeking the deepening the needs and possibilities already available about these new systems. With this, this review seeks to approach in a didactic and simplified way the planning and construction of aviary sheds aiming to provide an suitable thermal conditioning for broiler accommodation.(AU)

Thermal conditioning in the broiler production: challenges and possibilities

With the introduction of new technologies that lead to the development of new systems of poultry breeding, have been promoted to the animals better thermal comfort conditions. This lessens the great challenge for industrial poultry, with regard to aviary constructions, resulting in increased productivity. It is known that an animal in heat stress condition presents lower productive performance. A lower feed conversion caused by decreased feed intake is the main cause. Multidisciplinary studies have been developed seeking the deepening the needs and possibilities already available about these new systems. With this, this review seeks to approach in a didactic and simplified way the planning and construction of aviary sheds aiming to provide an suitable thermal conditioning for broiler accommodation.

Assessing the genotypic performance of carioca beans through mixed models / Desempenho genotípico de feijão carioca via modelos mistos

Using genotypes adapted to different regions is one of the main ways to increase Brazilian bean yield. The aim of the present study was to assess the genotypic performance of Carioca beans through mixed models. Fourteen Carioca bean genotypes were assessed in four locations in Pernambuco State (Arcoverde, Caruaru, Belém de São Francisco and São João counties) in 2015. The experiments followed a completely randomized block design, with three repetitions. Genetic parameters were estimated according to the REML/BLUP methodology, whereas genotype selection was based on the harmonic mean of relative performance of genetic values method (MHPRVG). The mean genotype heritability had moderate magnitude, high selective accuracy, besides allowing selection of agronomically superior individuals. Genotypes BRS Notável, CNFC 15480 and IPR 139 showed good adaptability and grain yield stability. There was agreement among the statistics + g , stability (MHVG), adaptability (PRVG), and stability and adaptability of genetic values (MHPRVG) in the discrimination of the most productive genotypes, which presented high adaptability and stability. This outcome indicated that these genotypes can be part of the selection criteria regularly used in bean breeding programs.(AU)

O uso de genótipos adaptados a diferentes regiões é uma das principais formas de aumentar a produtividade brasileira de feijão. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho genotípico de feijão carioca via modelos mistos. Foram avaliados 14 genótipos de feijão carioca em quatro locais do estado de Pernambuco (Arcoverde, Caruaru, Belém de São Francisco e São João) no ano de 2015. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pela metodologia REML/BLUP, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica da performance relativa dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG). A herdabilidade média dos genótipos apresentou magnitude moderada, aliada a alta acurácia seletiva, o que possibilita a seleção de indivíduos agronomicamente superiores. Os genótipos BRS Notável, CNFC 15480 e IPR 139 apresentaram boa adaptabilidade e estabilidade produtiva de grãos. Houve concordância entre as estatísticas + g ..., estabilidade de valores genéticos (MHVG), adaptabilidade de valores genéticos (PRVG) e estabilidade e adaptabilidade de valores genéticos (MHPRVG) na discriminação dos genótipos mais produtivos e com alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade, indicando que elas podem fazer parte de critérios seletivos na rotina dos programas de melhoramento do feijão.(AU)

Quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors / Qualidade de águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes

Coconut water is a versatile beverage that is rich in nutrients, has few calories, and presents functional and therapeutic characteristics, improving the well-being and health of consumers. However, the growth of deteriorating microorganisms is facilitated by its water activity and high nutrient content; and when combined with improper handling, this product may become a carrier of foodborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors. Twelve samples of coconut water were collected and subjected to physicochemical (total titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) and microbiological (mesophilic, and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, and thermotolerant and total coliforms) analyses. The physicochemical analysis showed variations of 4.3-5.4 for pH, 0.01-0.03 for total titratable acidity, and 2.8-6.3 for total soluble solids. The microbiological analysis showed high contamination in the samples by deteriorating microorganisms, with 58% of the samples contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, regular use of good hygiene practices for handling manually extracted coconut water is necessary to physicochemically and microbiologically standardize this product. Thus, ensuring the quality of the coconut water when it is manually extracted by street vendors and trade as an unprocessed, cooled, and fresh beverage and consequently minimize consumer’s health risks.

A água de coco é uma bebida bastante versátil, pois, além de apresentar grande riqueza nutricional e poucas calorias, tem características funcionais e terapêuticas, auxiliando no bem-estar e na saúde de seus consumidores. Porém, devido a sua atividade de água e nutrientes elevados, o crescimento de micro-organismos deteriorantes é facilitado e, com a manipulação inadequada do produto, a água de coco pode se tornar um veículo de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes. Para tanto, coletaram-se 12 amostras distintas de água de coco, as quais foram submetidas às análises físico-química (acidez total titulável, pH e sólidos solúveis) e microbiológica (micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações de 4,3-5,4 para o pH das amostras, de 0,01-0,03 para a acidez total titulável e de 2,8-6,3 para os sólidos solúveis totais. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, verificou-se elevada contaminação por micro-organismos deteriorantes e 58% das amostras estavam contaminadas com micro-organismos patogênicos. Portanto, sugere-se aplicação regular de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação da água de coco artesanal para uma melhor padronização físico-química e microbiológica desse produto. Desse modo, garantindo melhor qualidade a essa bebida quando comercializada na forma não pasteurizada, in natura, resfriada, extraída artesanalmente por ambulantes e, consequentemente, minimizando os riscos à saúde de seus consumidores.

Quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors / Qualidade de águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes

Coconut water is a versatile beverage that is rich in nutrients, has few calories, and presents functional and therapeutic characteristics, improving the well-being and health of consumers. However, the growth of deteriorating microorganisms is facilitated by its water activity and high nutrient content; and when combined with improper handling, this product may become a carrier of foodborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors. Twelve samples of coconut water were collected and subjected to physicochemical (total titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) and microbiological (mesophilic, and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, and thermotolerant and total coliforms) analyses. The physicochemical analysis showed variations of 4.3-5.4 for pH, 0.01-0.03 for total titratable acidity, and 2.8-6.3 for total soluble solids. The microbiological analysis showed high contamination in the samples by deteriorating microorganisms, with 58% of the samples contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, regular use of good hygiene practices for handling manually extracted coconut water is necessary to physicochemically and microbiologically standardize this product. Thus, ensuring the quality of the coconut water when it is manually extracted by street vendors and trade as an unprocessed, cooled, and fresh beverage and consequently minimize consumer's health risks.(AU)

A água de coco é uma bebida bastante versátil, pois, além de apresentar grande riqueza nutricional e poucas calorias, tem características funcionais e terapêuticas, auxiliando no bem-estar e na saúde de seus consumidores. Porém, devido a sua atividade de água e nutrientes elevados, o crescimento de micro-organismos deteriorantes é facilitado e, com a manipulação inadequada do produto, a água de coco pode se tornar um veículo de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes. Para tanto, coletaram-se 12 amostras distintas de água de coco, as quais foram submetidas às análises físico-química (acidez total titulável, pH e sólidos solúveis) e microbiológica (micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações de 4,3-5,4 para o pH das amostras, de 0,01-0,03 para a acidez total titulável e de 2,8-6,3 para os sólidos solúveis totais. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, verificou-se elevada contaminação por micro-organismos deteriorantes e 58% das amostras estavam contaminadas com micro-organismos patogênicos. Portanto, sugere-se aplicação regular de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação da água de coco artesanal para uma melhor padronização físico-química e microbiológica desse produto. Desse modo, garantindo melhor qualidade a essa bebida quando comercializada na forma não pasteurizada, in natura, resfriada, extraída artesanalmente por ambulantes e, consequentemente, minimizando os riscos à saúde de seus consumidores.(AU)