Resumo
The tongue is the principal tool to animals do self-cleaning, mainly for ruminants. Grooming behavior is responsible for cleaning ectoparasites in cattle, especially ticks. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most harmful, resulting in great damages to the Brazilian livestock. It is well known that Zebu breeds are resistant and European breeds are susceptible to this tick. The importance of self-grooming in reducing the cattle tick infestation is well-known, but not the role of the tongue morfology in the process. The tongue has four types of papillae being the filiform papilla the responsible for the self-cleaning. The aim of this work was to know and to compare the filiform papilla from 8 Nelore (Zebu), and 8 Holstein and 2 Brow-Swiss (European) cattle. A biopsy was taken off from 18 steers tongues (about two-year-olds), through an 8 mm diameter punch, in the central anterior third part, at a distance of 3 cm from the tip. The animals were previously anaesthetized with 2% xylazine hydrochloride, and lidocaine hydrochloride 2.0 g. After the tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg/g. The biopsies were submitted to fixation and dehydration (required for studies in Scanning Electron Microscope) at the NAP/MEPA-ESALQ-USP Laboratory. The papillae measuring were performed with the aid of a measurement tool between
O artigo não possui resumo em português.
Resumo
Isoflavones are found in leguminous species and are used as phytoestrogens widely used by industry for its beneficial effects as estrogens mimicked, antioxidant action and anti-cancer activity. The identification and quantification of isoflavones in plants is a need due to the high demand of industry. Several methods are used for its extraction, using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile). Samples from five legumes species from Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Forage Gene Bank were tested. All seeds received a hydrothermic treatment immersed in pure water at 50C for 12 hours. Seeds were then oven-dryed. In this work we tested the extraction using only the hydrothermic treatment and hyfrothermic treatment allied to methanol extaction protocol. Seeds were grinded and half of the samples were ressuspended in PBS (phosphate Buffer) and the other half were submited to 4 mL of methanol and 1% of acetic acid, soaked for 5 hours, shaked every 15 minutes, at room temperature. The five legume species that we quantify isoflavones by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were: Calopogonium mucunoides, Bauhinia sp., Cajanus cajan, Galactia martii, Leucaena leucocephala. The extraction procedure is a recomendation of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) for isoflavone quantification. Ours results show an increase of extraction using methanol 80% plus acetic acid 1% and was obta
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Several studies describe anatomical, morphological and histological analysis of domestic and wild animals tongue. The tongue is an extendable muscular organ that performs gripping, chewing, and swallowing food actions and executes tasting and mechanical body self-cleaning functions (grooming). The distribution of these tongue characteristics may vary, according to different species, but studies made with different animals classes reveal the filiform papilla acting in mechanical body cleaning function. In order to evaluate these mechanical functions, especially the self-cleaning one, we proposed to investigate filiform papillae length or its base dimensions would be related to the heifers resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Biopsies were performed in eight (8) Holstein heifers tongues, with a 6 mm diameter punch, in the anterior third of tongues, at the distance of 3 cm from its tip. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine hydrochloride 2%, a sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant and received local anesthetic, hydrochloride 2.0 g lidocaine. After tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg g-1. The Holstein heifers were one year and half old and naturally infested with ticks in a paddock situated at Instituto de Zootecnia. We monitored their natural infestation by counting females ticks, greater than 4.5 mm, presents
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Grooming is an important factor on animal resistance to ticks. Rhipicephalus microplus is the most pathogenic cattle tick in Brazil causing death in susceptible animals. Cortisol is the hormone of stress. The influence of grooming on tick infestation and serum cortisol level was studied in 16 Holstein heifers from fifth to eight-month-old. They were infested with 10,000 larvae in June/20/2011. Half of them used a necklace made of wood strips and had an infestation chamber made by cotton cloth covering about 50 cm diameter of the shaved flank, fixed at the skin in both sides with adhesive to prevent larvae to escape from the infestation chamber and the amount of larvae was divided into the two chambers. Such artifacts had the purpose to avoid grooming. The heifers remained all the tick parasitic life cycle in individual pens inside a closed shed at Instituto de Zootecnia, in Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. Tick females bigger than 4.5 mm were counted in the right side from day 20 to 22 after the artificial infestation. The tick recovery rate was calculated by adding and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that 5,000 female larvae had infested the cattle. Immediately before infestation (day 0) and in day2, day8, and day17 after infestation, blood samples were collected using vacuum tubes, in the morning (8:30 10:00 A.M.). Cortisol was measured by immunoassay
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
To be heat adapted and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick resistant are important characteristics for cattle in the Brazilian sustainable livestock, because this ectoparasite causes serious harm to the health of susceptible animals and, in the tropics, not heat adapted cattle have poor performance. Besides, the control of this tick is increasingly difficult due to drug resistance. Relationship between tick infestation and heat tolerance traits, as the hair length and coat thickness, are important because animals with long hair are easily identifiable, helping in the disposal of the least adapted cattle. In order to infer the relationship between tick infestation and fur characteristics, 6 Nellore and 4 Black and White Holstein steers, with about seven months old, underwent an artificial infestation (with 10,000 larvae on the Holstein, and 20,000 larvae on the Nellore) in 16/April/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 post-infestation, the bigger 10 females ticks found throughout the body were weighed and their egg mass weighed 14 days later. Hair length, HL (collected with pliers specially adapted for this purpose, and measured the 10 longest hair) and the coat thickness, CT (measured with a metal ruler inserted perpendicular to the skin) were evaluated in the middle of the shoulder on 11/April (5 days before artificial tick infestation) and on 12/May (26 days after artificial tick
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The heat and Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation are limiting factors to the livestock production in the tropics. Therefore, in a tropical sustainable livestock, cattle should be tick resistant and heat tolerant. The relationship between the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation and heat characteristics like rectal temperature and respiratory frequency was studied in 6 Nellore and 4 Holstein, seven-month-old steers. They were submitted to an artificial infestation (a.i.) with 10,000 larvae (Holstein) and 20,000 larvae (Nellore) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick in 16/Apr/2011. Females ticks bigger than 4.0 mm were counted in the left side from day 19 to 27 after the artificial infestation. The infestation rate was calculated by summing and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that females are half of infesting larvae (5,000 for Holstein and 10,000 for Nellore). In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female fourteen days after. The rectal temperature (RT, measured by a digital thermometer in the animals rectum) and respiratory frequency (RF, respiratory movements per minute) were measured on days 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and on day 05/May (19 days after the a.i.). The RT and RF were m
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Cattle in a sustainable tropical livestock should be heat tolerant and resistant to ticks. The relationship between Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation and sweating rate, an important heat tolerance characteristic, was studied in six Nellore and four Holstein steers of seven-month-old. They were artificial infested (a.i.) with 10,000 (Holstein) and 20,000 (Nellore) larvae in 16/Apr/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female tick fourteen days after. The sweating rate (SRskin, measured by Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method, in a shaved area of shoulder skin) was evaluated in 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and in 05/May (19 days after a.i.). In 14/Apr the Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method was done on the coat not shaved (SRcoat). The sweating rate was measured in the afternoon (from 2 P.M.), after 30 minutes of direct sunlight, on April. On May, the animals remained 60 minutes in direct sunlight because this day was colder. The experimental design was a non-probability sample restricted to the 10 available animals. Data from the steers sweating rate were analyzed using the General linear models of the SPSS® statistical package (version 12.0) using SRskin as dependent variable and breed and sampling date as independent
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Isoflavones are found in leguminous species and are used as phytoestrogens widely used by industry for its beneficial effects as estrogens mimicked, antioxidant action and anti-cancer activity. The identification and quantification of isoflavones in plants is a need due to the high demand of industry. Several methods are used for its extraction, using organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetonitrile). Samples from five legumes species from Instituto de Zootecnia (IZ), Forage Gene Bank were tested. All seeds received a hydrothermic treatment immersed in pure water at 50C for 12 hours. Seeds were then oven-dryed. In this work we tested the extraction using only the hydrothermic treatment and hyfrothermic treatment allied to methanol extaction protocol. Seeds were grinded and half of the samples were ressuspended in PBS (phosphate Buffer) and the other half were submited to 4 mL of methanol and 1% of acetic acid, soaked for 5 hours, shaked every 15 minutes, at room temperature. The five legume species that we quantify isoflavones by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were: Calopogonium mucunoides, Bauhinia sp., Cajanus cajan, Galactia martii, Leucaena leucocephala. The extraction procedure is a recomendation of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) for isoflavone quantification. Ours results show an increase of extraction using methanol 80% plus acetic acid 1% and was obta
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Cattle in a sustainable tropical livestock should be heat tolerant and resistant to ticks. The relationship between Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation and sweating rate, an important heat tolerance characteristic, was studied in six Nellore and four Holstein steers of seven-month-old. They were artificial infested (a.i.) with 10,000 (Holstein) and 20,000 (Nellore) larvae in 16/Apr/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female tick fourteen days after. The sweating rate (SRskin, measured by Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method, in a shaved area of shoulder skin) was evaluated in 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and in 05/May (19 days after a.i.). In 14/Apr the Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method was done on the coat not shaved (SRcoat). The sweating rate was measured in the afternoon (from 2 P.M.), after 30 minutes of direct sunlight, on April. On May, the animals remained 60 minutes in direct sunlight because this day was colder. The experimental design was a non-probability sample restricted to the 10 available animals. Data from the steers sweating rate were analyzed using the General linear models of the SPSS® statistical package (version 12.0) using SRskin as dependent variable and breed and sampling date as independent
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The heat and Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation are limiting factors to the livestock production in the tropics. Therefore, in a tropical sustainable livestock, cattle should be tick resistant and heat tolerant. The relationship between the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation and heat characteristics like rectal temperature and respiratory frequency was studied in 6 Nellore and 4 Holstein, seven-month-old steers. They were submitted to an artificial infestation (a.i.) with 10,000 larvae (Holstein) and 20,000 larvae (Nellore) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick in 16/Apr/2011. Females ticks bigger than 4.0 mm were counted in the left side from day 19 to 27 after the artificial infestation. The infestation rate was calculated by summing and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that females are half of infesting larvae (5,000 for Holstein and 10,000 for Nellore). In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female fourteen days after. The rectal temperature (RT, measured by a digital thermometer in the animals rectum) and respiratory frequency (RF, respiratory movements per minute) were measured on days 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and on day 05/May (19 days after the a.i.). The RT and RF were m
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
To be heat adapted and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick resistant are important characteristics for cattle in the Brazilian sustainable livestock, because this ectoparasite causes serious harm to the health of susceptible animals and, in the tropics, not heat adapted cattle have poor performance. Besides, the control of this tick is increasingly difficult due to drug resistance. Relationship between tick infestation and heat tolerance traits, as the hair length and coat thickness, are important because animals with long hair are easily identifiable, helping in the disposal of the least adapted cattle. In order to infer the relationship between tick infestation and fur characteristics, 6 Nellore and 4 Black and White Holstein steers, with about seven months old, underwent an artificial infestation (with 10,000 larvae on the Holstein, and 20,000 larvae on the Nellore) in 16/April/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 post-infestation, the bigger 10 females ticks found throughout the body were weighed and their egg mass weighed 14 days later. Hair length, HL (collected with pliers specially adapted for this purpose, and measured the 10 longest hair) and the coat thickness, CT (measured with a metal ruler inserted perpendicular to the skin) were evaluated in the middle of the shoulder on 11/April (5 days before artificial tick infestation) and on 12/May (26 days after artificial tick
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
The tongue is the principal tool to animals do self-cleaning, mainly for ruminants. Grooming behavior is responsible for cleaning ectoparasites in cattle, especially ticks. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most harmful, resulting in great damages to the Brazilian livestock. It is well known that Zebu breeds are resistant and European breeds are susceptible to this tick. The importance of self-grooming in reducing the cattle tick infestation is well-known, but not the role of the tongue morfology in the process. The tongue has four types of papillae being the filiform papilla the responsible for the self-cleaning. The aim of this work was to know and to compare the filiform papilla from 8 Nelore (Zebu), and 8 Holstein and 2 Brow-Swiss (European) cattle. A biopsy was taken off from 18 steers tongues (about two-year-olds), through an 8 mm diameter punch, in the central anterior third part, at a distance of 3 cm from the tip. The animals were previously anaesthetized with 2% xylazine hydrochloride, and lidocaine hydrochloride 2.0 g. After the tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg/g. The biopsies were submitted to fixation and dehydration (required for studies in Scanning Electron Microscope) at the NAP/MEPA-ESALQ-USP Laboratory. The papillae measuring were performed with the aid of a measurement tool between
O artigo não possui resumo em português.
Resumo
Grooming is an important factor on animal resistance to ticks. Rhipicephalus microplus is the most pathogenic cattle tick in Brazil causing death in susceptible animals. Cortisol is the hormone of stress. The influence of grooming on tick infestation and serum cortisol level was studied in 16 Holstein heifers from fifth to eight-month-old. They were infested with 10,000 larvae in June/20/2011. Half of them used a necklace made of wood strips and had an infestation chamber made by cotton cloth covering about 50 cm diameter of the shaved flank, fixed at the skin in both sides with adhesive to prevent larvae to escape from the infestation chamber and the amount of larvae was divided into the two chambers. Such artifacts had the purpose to avoid grooming. The heifers remained all the tick parasitic life cycle in individual pens inside a closed shed at Instituto de Zootecnia, in Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. Tick females bigger than 4.5 mm were counted in the right side from day 20 to 22 after the artificial infestation. The tick recovery rate was calculated by adding and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that 5,000 female larvae had infested the cattle. Immediately before infestation (day 0) and in day2, day8, and day17 after infestation, blood samples were collected using vacuum tubes, in the morning (8:30 10:00 A.M.). Cortisol was measured by immunoassay
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Several studies describe anatomical, morphological and histological analysis of domestic and wild animals tongue. The tongue is an extendable muscular organ that performs gripping, chewing, and swallowing food actions and executes tasting and mechanical body self-cleaning functions (grooming). The distribution of these tongue characteristics may vary, according to different species, but studies made with different animals classes reveal the filiform papilla acting in mechanical body cleaning function. In order to evaluate these mechanical functions, especially the self-cleaning one, we proposed to investigate filiform papillae length or its base dimensions would be related to the heifers resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Biopsies were performed in eight (8) Holstein heifers tongues, with a 6 mm diameter punch, in the anterior third of tongues, at the distance of 3 cm from its tip. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine hydrochloride 2%, a sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant and received local anesthetic, hydrochloride 2.0 g lidocaine. After tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg g-1. The Holstein heifers were one year and half old and naturally infested with ticks in a paddock situated at Instituto de Zootecnia. We monitored their natural infestation by counting females ticks, greater than 4.5 mm, presents
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.