Resumo
Mastitis is an infection of the mammary gland mainly caused by bacteria. In sheep, besides it causes chemical and physical changes in milk with the loss in quality, mastitis changes the glandular tissue which may lead to premature cull-out from the herd. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic features of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to the identification of subclinical mastitis in sheep according to the micro-organisms isolated. The work is at an early stage and CMT was performed in all ewes. It was considered positive results all degrees of reaction, while the negative reaction was considered when there was not viscosity. Subsequently, samples were collected aseptically from milk and were sent for microbiological analysis. A total of 160 milk samples were analyzed from 85 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Embrapa Southeast Livestock in São Carlos, São Paulo. Samples were plated on sheep blood agar to 5% and incubated for 24h/72h at 35 C. In samples with growth, tests to the identification of the microorganisms were performed, macroscopic characteristics of the colonies and the production or absence of hemolysis, Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test with rabbit plasma and verification of acetoin production. The sensitivity of the diagnostic tests were determined in accordance to the ratio of the positive tests and the presence o
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Several agents can be present in dairy cattle with a history of abortion as Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) and Brucella abortus. Some of these are considered transmitters cosmopolitan zoonosis of great economic impact and risk to human and animal health. The aim of this work was draw an epidemiological profile of reproductive losses and to determine the prevalence of antibodies against the main agents of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle. The study was conducted on a property in São Carlos city. For determination of reproductive failure, pre-existing data of abortion and stillbirths were analyzed from January 2006 to December 2011 on an average of 274 dairy cows of Holstein and crossbred Holstein-Jersey. On March 1, 2012 blood serum samples were collected of 142 breeding animals of ages above two years, in which 21.1% showed cases of abortions or stillbirths of at least one pregnancy. We used serologic tests of microscopic agglutination test, immunofluorescent antibody technique, serum neutralization technique, tamponated acidified antigen test for detection of anti-Leptospira spp and anti-Neospora caninum, anti-Bovine Herpesvirus Type-1 (BHV-1) and anti- Brucella abortus, respectively. The tests were performed at Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu and Jaboticabal campi and EMBRAPA Southeast Livestock. During the study period, it w
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Diagnostic characteristics of acetoin production to the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of mammary quarters of cows with mastitis, orifices of teats and mouthpieces of the liners were studied, in agreement to different coagulation grades presented by strains in the tube coagulase test with rabbit plasma and different rain levels in the environment of the herd. The production of acetoin and the coagulase test were performed after growth on blood agar base supplemented with sheep blood, Gram staining and catalase production. All strains were confirmed by molecular identification at species level by species-specific PCR. Among 329 samples identified, 167 were isolated from milk, 117 from teat orifices and 45 from mouthpieces of the liners. Among these samples, 85.0%, 71.1% and 69.2% strains originated from the milk, mouthpieces and orifices, respectively, presented whole coagulation in the coagulase test. Reduced specificities were obtained to the acetoin production to different coagulation grades on the few rains period as well as on the many rains period. Sensitivities to the acetoin production were higher on the few rains period to all sources and coagulation grades, except to strains from orifices with incomplete coagulation and strains from mouthpieces with complete coagulation. It is recommended the acetoin production test how a good diagnostic strategy to the S. au
Estudaram-se as características diagnósticas do teste de Voges-Proskauer (VP) na identificação de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de quartos mamários de vacas com mastite, óstios dos tetos e insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha, perante diferentes graus de coagulação apresentados pelas cepas na prova de coagulase lenta com plasma de coelho e com distintos níveis de chuvas ocorridas na região da propriedade à qual os animais pertenciam. Os testes de VP e de coagulase foram realizados após o isolamento das amostras bacterianas em ágar sangue, visualização de lâminas após a realização da coloração de Gram e a verificação da produção de catalase. Todas as cepas isoladas foram confirmadas por meio da amplificação de fragmentos de DNA cromossômico específico de S. aureus. Identificou-se um total de 329 amostras como S. aureus, das quais 167 isoladas a partir do leite, 117 originaram-se de óstios e 45 de insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha. Dentre as amostras isoladas, 85,0%, 71,1% e 69,2% de S. aureus que se originaram de leite, insufladores e óstios, respectivamente, apresentaram coagulação completa à prova de coagulase. Encontraram-se especificidades reduzidas para o teste de VP, para os diferentes graus de coagulação identificados, tanto no período com menos chuvas como no de maiores níveis pluviométricos. As sensibilidades diagnósticas identificadas para o teste de VP
Resumo
Seventy-seven S. aureus strains, isolated in milk samples obtained from 40 Holstein cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in a dairy herd in the state of São Paulo - Brazil, were undergone to PCR-ribotyping and in vitro susceptibility testing to 12 antimicrobial drugs. PCR-ribotyping revealed nine different patterns and presented a higher discriminatory power (D = 0.82) in comparison with the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (D = 0.42). Moreover,, the results showed four antibiotic resistance patterns, with the resistance to lincomycin being the most predominant and comprising 19 (24.7%) S. aureus strains. The other 58 (75.3%) isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Of the 19 isolates which presented resistance to antibiotics, 14 (73.7%) were grouped in three ribotypes, and 13 (92.9%) of them were resistant to eritromycin and/or lincomycin. The large number of ribotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns found in this single dairy herd showed that one must be careful when considering the results of in vitro susceptibility tests obtained from a few S. aureus strains, because there is a high heterogeneity among naturally occurring populations of S. aureus, which must be taken into consideration in control programs against bovine mastitis.
Foram submetidas a PCR-Ribotipagem e aos testes de sensibilidade in vitro frente a 12 antimicrobianos 77 estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas em amostras de leite procedentes de 40 vacas da raça holandesa que apresentaram mastite subclínica, em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos revelaram quatro diferentes padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos, sendo observada a predominância de resistência à lincomicina entre 19 (24,7%) estirpes de S.aureus. As 58 (75,3%) estirpes restantes foram sensíveis aos 12 antimicrobianos testados. A PCR-ribotipagem revelou a ocorrência de nove padrões genotípicos distintos, além de apresentar uma capacidade discriminatória maior (D = 0,82) que a obtida nos antibiogramas (D = 0,42). Entre as 19 estirpes resistentes aos antimicrobianos, 14 (73,7%) foram agrupadas em três padrões de ribotipagem e, destas, 13 (92,9%) apresentaram resistência à eritromicina e à lincomicina, isoladamente ou em associação. O grande número de ribotipos e de padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos observados nesta propriedade demonstrou que há grande heterogeneidade genética em populações naturais de S. aureus, fato este que deve ser levado em consideração em programas de controle da mastite bovina.
Resumo
Seventy-seven S. aureus strains, isolated in milk samples obtained from 40 Holstein cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in a dairy herd in the state of São Paulo - Brazil, were undergone to PCR-ribotyping and in vitro susceptibility testing to 12 antimicrobial drugs. PCR-ribotyping revealed nine different patterns and presented a higher discriminatory power (D = 0.82) in comparison with the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (D = 0.42). Moreover,, the results showed four antibiotic resistance patterns, with the resistance to lincomycin being the most predominant and comprising 19 (24.7%) S. aureus strains. The other 58 (75.3%) isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Of the 19 isolates which presented resistance to antibiotics, 14 (73.7%) were grouped in three ribotypes, and 13 (92.9%) of them were resistant to eritromycin and/or lincomycin. The large number of ribotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns found in this single dairy herd showed that one must be careful when considering the results of in vitro susceptibility tests obtained from a few S. aureus strains, because there is a high heterogeneity among naturally occurring populations of S. aureus, which must be taken into consideration in control programs against bovine mastitis.
Foram submetidas a PCR-Ribotipagem e aos testes de sensibilidade in vitro frente a 12 antimicrobianos 77 estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas em amostras de leite procedentes de 40 vacas da raça holandesa que apresentaram mastite subclínica, em uma propriedade rural localizada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados obtidos revelaram quatro diferentes padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos, sendo observada a predominância de resistência à lincomicina entre 19 (24,7%) estirpes de S.aureus. As 58 (75,3%) estirpes restantes foram sensíveis aos 12 antimicrobianos testados. A PCR-ribotipagem revelou a ocorrência de nove padrões genotípicos distintos, além de apresentar uma capacidade discriminatória maior (D = 0,82) que a obtida nos antibiogramas (D = 0,42). Entre as 19 estirpes resistentes aos antimicrobianos, 14 (73,7%) foram agrupadas em três padrões de ribotipagem e, destas, 13 (92,9%) apresentaram resistência à eritromicina e à lincomicina, isoladamente ou em associação. O grande número de ribotipos e de padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos observados nesta propriedade demonstrou que há grande heterogeneidade genética em populações naturais de S. aureus, fato este que deve ser levado em consideração em programas de controle da mastite bovina.
Resumo
California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cells count (SCC) were studied as auxiliary methods for diagnosis of the bovine subclinical mastitis in the identification of ill mammary quarters where Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium were isolated later. CMT and SCC showed higher diagnostic sensitivity when S. aureus was the microorganism isolated from milk samples compared to the Corynebacterium (88.6% and 86.1% against 49.1% and 59.1%, respectively). The diagnostic efficiency of the tests were both higher when subclinical mastitis was caused by S. aureus, compared to the Corynebaterium (81.0% and 87.1% against 60.5% and 76.7%, respectively). CMT and SCC demonstrate a linear relationship in the mammary quarters where S. aureus was isolated. The same result was not exhibit when Corynebacterium spp was isolated.
Foram estudadas as provas de California Mastitis Test (CMT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) como métodos auxiliares para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica bovina na identificação de quartos mamários doentes em que Staphylococcus aureus e microrganismos do grupo Corynebacterium foram isolados posteriormente. Tanto o CMT como a CCS apresentaram maior sensibilidade diagnóstica quando o S. aureus era o agente isolado das amostras de leite, quando comparado ao Corynebacterium (88,6% e 86,1% contra 49,1% e 59,1%, respectivamente). A eficiência diagnóstica de ambas as provas foi maior quando a mastite subclínica era causada por S. aureus, ao comparar-se este microrganismo com o isolamento de Corynebacterium (81,0% e 87,1% contra 60,5% e 76,7%, respectivamente). O CMT e a CCS demonstraram uma relação linear nos quartos mamários em que ocorreu o isolamento de S. aureus, não acontecendo o mesmo para os quartos mamários que apresentavam mastite subclínica por Corynebacterium spp.
Resumo
Staphylococus aureus is considered the most important infectious agent of bovine mastitis. Milk production is reduced and the ill mammary quarters are the most important reservoirs of the pathogen. The objective of this study was to verify the resistance profiles of S. aureus isolated from 66 quarters with bovine mastitis to ampicillin (10 g), clindamycin (2 g ), erythromycin (15 g), gentamicin (30 g), oxacillin (1 g), penicillin (10 UI), sulfa plus trimethoprim (25 g) and tetracycline (30 g). The isolates were classified in groups: A, resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin; B, resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin and/or oxacillin; C, resistant to sulfa plus trimethoprim; D, sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested. Among 66 isolates, 87.9% showed resistance to b-lactams and 40.9% were resistant to oxacillin. Among isolates of mammary quarters with new cases of mastitis, four classified in the group A changed to the group B, one classified in the group A changed to the group D, one of the group B changed to the group A, while three isolates continued in the same group, two in the group A and other in the group D. The S. aureus isolates showed higher resistance to b-lactams antimicrobials, as penicillin, ampicillin and oxacillin (77.3%, 68.2%, 40.9%, respectively), while the higher sensitivities registers were to gentamicin, sulfa plus trim
Staphylococcus aureus é considerado o mais importante agente etiológico infeccioso da mastite bovina, havendo redução da produção de leite e possibilidade de perda de função dos quartos mamários acometidos. Efetuou-se o presente estudo visando verificar os perfis de resistência de S. aureus isolados de 66 quartos mamários com mastite bovina frente à ampicilina (10 g), clindamicina (2 g), eritromicina (15 g), gentamicina (30 g), oxacilina (1 g), penicilina (10 UI), sulfazotrim (25 g) e tetraciclina (30 g). As estirpes foram classificadas em grupos da seguinte maneira: A, resistentes à ampicilina e/ou à penicilina; B, resistentes à ampicilina e/ou à penicilina e/ou à oxacilina; C, resistentes à sulfadiazina mais trimetoprim; D, sem resistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Dentre as 66 amostras testadas, 87,9% apresentaram resistência aos beta-lactâmicos e 40,9% foram resistentes à oxacilina. Dentre Staphylococcus aureus isolados em quartos mamários com mastite recidivante, quatro até então classificados como pertencentes ao grupo A passaram a ser classificados dentro do grupo B, uma amostra que era agrupada como A passou a pertencer ao grupo D, uma do grupo B passou para o grupo A, enquanto três amostras continuaram a ser classificadas no mesmo grupo, sendo duas dentro do grupo A e uma no grupo D. S. aureus demonstrou maior resistência aos antimicr
Resumo
Lactation stage and subclinical mastitis can change the bovine milk characteristics, with variations that produce consequences to the milk quality and quantity and prejudices to the quality of milk derivates. Animals between second and fifth lactations with same feeding and management were studied. The mammary quarters of cows were arranged in agreement stages of lactation: Stage 1 (two months after parturition); Stage 2 (intermediary months); and Stage 3 (two months before end of lactation). The milk characteristics studied were the milk production, somatic cells count (SCC), chloride levels, Dornic acidity, density, non-fat solids and cryoscopy. The mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis showed average values higher than healthy quarters to SCC and chloride levels in the three stages of lactation. The differences among the quarters to SCC were 354%; 609% and 318% to stages 1; 2 and 3, respectively, while to chloride levels the differences were 43%, 31% and 18%, respectively. The mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis showed minor average values when compared to the healthy quarters to Dornic acidity and milk production. The differences among the quarters to Dornic acidity were 17%; 16% and 21% to stages 1; 2 and 3, respectively, while to milk production the differences were 17%; 17% and 28%, respectively. There were not significant differences among ill and healthy qu
O estágio de lactação e a mastite subclínica podem mudar as características do leite bovino, causando variações que acarretam conseqüências à qualidade e quantidade do produto e prejuízos à qualidade de subprodutos lácteos. Foram estudados animais entre a segunda e quinta lactações de uma propriedade leiteira produtora de leite C, submetidos à mesma alimentação e tipo de manejo. Os quartos mamários das vacas estudadas foram agrupados de acordo com fases de lactação: Fase 1 (dois meses após o parto); Fase 2 (meses intermediários); e Fase 3 (dois meses antes da secagem). As características do leite estudadas foram a produção láctea, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), teor de cloretos, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e crioscopia. Para CCS e teor de cloretos, os quartos mamários com mastite subclínica apresentaram valores médios superiores àqueles encontrados para os sadios, nas três fases de lactação estudadas. Para CCS, foram encontradas diferenças de 354%, 609% e 318% para as fases 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, enquanto para o teor de cloretos as variações foram 43%, 31% e 18%, respectivamente. Para a acidez titulável e a produção de leite, os quartos mamários afetados pela mastite subclínica apresentaram valores médios inferiores quando comparados com os sadios, nas três diferentes fases de lactação. Para a acidez titulável, as diferenças foram de
Resumo
The antibiotic therapy in the lactation period can help producers and practitioners to control bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and to reduce the duration of the intramammary infections. Mammary quarters from animals with subclinical mastitis were treated and the milk characteristics before and after therapy in different stages of lactation and parities were investigated. Thus, mammary quarters were classified according to stages of lactation (one to 60 days in milk; 61 to 120 days in milk; 121 to 180 days in milk; longer than 180 days in milk) and parities (first three lactations; fourth and fifth lactations; longer than fifth lactation). The antibiotic therapy was more efficient in cows with more than 180 days in milk and with six or more lactations. In dairy farm studied, the characteristics chosen (somatic cells count, milk production, chloride levels, titratable acidity, total solids, solids non-fat and milk fat) should be not used to select animals to treatment or discard.
A antibioticoterapia durante a lactação como método de controle da mastite bovina pode ajudar produtores e veterinários no combate à doença e reduzir a duração das infecções intramamárias. Os quartos mamários de animais com mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus foram tratados e as características do leite antes e após o tratamento foram investigadas durante diferentes estágios e número de lactações. Para tanto, as vacas foram divididas em grupos de acordo com as fases de lactação (um a 60 dias em lactação; 61 a 120 dias em lactação; 121 a 180 dias em lactação; mais de 180 dias em lactação) e com o número de lactações (três lactações iniciais; quarta e quinta lactações; seis ou mais lactações). A antibioticoterapia apresentou eficiência superior nos animais com mais de 180 dias em lactação e com seis ou mais lactações. Nenhuma das características avaliadas (contagem de células somáticas, produção de leite, teor de cloretos, acidez titulável, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado e teor de gordura) seria útil para selecionar animais para tratamento ou descarte.
Resumo
Mastitis is an infection of the mammary gland mainly caused by bacteria. In sheep, besides it causes chemical and physical changes in milk with the loss in quality, mastitis changes the glandular tissue which may lead to premature cull-out from the herd. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic features of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to the identification of subclinical mastitis in sheep according to the micro-organisms isolated. The work is at an early stage and CMT was performed in all ewes. It was considered positive results all degrees of reaction, while the negative reaction was considered when there was not viscosity. Subsequently, samples were collected aseptically from milk and were sent for microbiological analysis. A total of 160 milk samples were analyzed from 85 Santa Inês sheep belonging to the Embrapa Southeast Livestock in São Carlos, São Paulo. Samples were plated on sheep blood agar to 5% and incubated for 24h/72h at 35 C. In samples with growth, tests to the identification of the microorganisms were performed, macroscopic characteristics of the colonies and the production or absence of hemolysis, Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test with rabbit plasma and verification of acetoin production. The sensitivity of the diagnostic tests were determined in accordance to the ratio of the positive tests and the presence o
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
Several agents can be present in dairy cattle with a history of abortion as Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) and Brucella abortus. Some of these are considered transmitters cosmopolitan zoonosis of great economic impact and risk to human and animal health. The aim of this work was draw an epidemiological profile of reproductive losses and to determine the prevalence of antibodies against the main agents of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle. The study was conducted on a property in São Carlos city. For determination of reproductive failure, pre-existing data of abortion and stillbirths were analyzed from January 2006 to December 2011 on an average of 274 dairy cows of Holstein and crossbred Holstein-Jersey. On March 1, 2012 blood serum samples were collected of 142 breeding animals of ages above two years, in which 21.1% showed cases of abortions or stillbirths of at least one pregnancy. We used serologic tests of microscopic agglutination test, immunofluorescent antibody technique, serum neutralization technique, tamponated acidified antigen test for detection of anti-Leptospira spp and anti-Neospora caninum, anti-Bovine Herpesvirus Type-1 (BHV-1) and anti- Brucella abortus, respectively. The tests were performed at Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu and Jaboticabal campi and EMBRAPA Southeast Livestock. During the study period, it w
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
Resumo
California Mastitis Test (CMT) and somatic cells count (SCC) were studied as auxiliary methods for diagnosis of the bovine subclinical mastitis in the identification of ill mammary quarters where Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium were isolated later. CMT and SCC showed higher diagnostic sensitivity when S. aureus was the microorganism isolated from milk samples compared to the Corynebacterium (88.6% and 86.1% against 49.1% and 59.1%, respectively). The diagnostic efficiency of the tests were both higher when subclinical mastitis was caused by S. aureus, compared to the Corynebaterium (81.0% and 87.1% against 60.5% and 76.7%, respectively). CMT and SCC demonstrate a linear relationship in the mammary quarters where S. aureus was isolated. The same result was not exhibit when Corynebacterium spp was isolated.
Foram estudadas as provas de California Mastitis Test (CMT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) como métodos auxiliares para o diagnóstico da mastite subclínica bovina na identificação de quartos mamários doentes em que Staphylococcus aureus e microrganismos do grupo Corynebacterium foram isolados posteriormente. Tanto o CMT como a CCS apresentaram maior sensibilidade diagnóstica quando o S. aureus era o agente isolado das amostras de leite, quando comparado ao Corynebacterium (88,6% e 86,1% contra 49,1% e 59,1%, respectivamente). A eficiência diagnóstica de ambas as provas foi maior quando a mastite subclínica era causada por S. aureus, ao comparar-se este microrganismo com o isolamento de Corynebacterium (81,0% e 87,1% contra 60,5% e 76,7%, respectivamente). O CMT e a CCS demonstraram uma relação linear nos quartos mamários em que ocorreu o isolamento de S. aureus, não acontecendo o mesmo para os quartos mamários que apresentavam mastite subclínica por Corynebacterium spp.
Resumo
Diagnostic characteristics of acetoin production to the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of mammary quarters of cows with mastitis, orifices of teats and mouthpieces of the liners were studied, in agreement to different coagulation grades presented by strains in the tube coagulase test with rabbit plasma and different rain levels in the environment of the herd. The production of acetoin and the coagulase test were performed after growth on blood agar base supplemented with sheep blood, Gram staining and catalase production. All strains were confirmed by molecular identification at species level by species-specific PCR. Among 329 samples identified, 167 were isolated from milk, 117 from teat orifices and 45 from mouthpieces of the liners. Among these samples, 85.0%, 71.1% and 69.2% strains originated from the milk, mouthpieces and orifices, respectively, presented whole coagulation in the coagulase test. Reduced specificities were obtained to the acetoin production to different coagulation grades on the few rains period as well as on the many rains period. Sensitivities to the acetoin production were higher on the few rains period to all sources and coagulation grades, except to strains from orifices with incomplete coagulation and strains from mouthpieces with complete coagulation. It is recommended the acetoin production test how a good diagnostic strategy to the S. au
Estudaram-se as características diagnósticas do teste de Voges-Proskauer (VP) na identificação de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de quartos mamários de vacas com mastite, óstios dos tetos e insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha, perante diferentes graus de coagulação apresentados pelas cepas na prova de coagulase lenta com plasma de coelho e com distintos níveis de chuvas ocorridas na região da propriedade à qual os animais pertenciam. Os testes de VP e de coagulase foram realizados após o isolamento das amostras bacterianas em ágar sangue, visualização de lâminas após a realização da coloração de Gram e a verificação da produção de catalase. Todas as cepas isoladas foram confirmadas por meio da amplificação de fragmentos de DNA cromossômico específico de S. aureus. Identificou-se um total de 329 amostras como S. aureus, das quais 167 isoladas a partir do leite, 117 originaram-se de óstios e 45 de insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha. Dentre as amostras isoladas, 85,0%, 71,1% e 69,2% de S. aureus que se originaram de leite, insufladores e óstios, respectivamente, apresentaram coagulação completa à prova de coagulase. Encontraram-se especificidades reduzidas para o teste de VP, para os diferentes graus de coagulação identificados, tanto no período com menos chuvas como no de maiores níveis pluviométricos. As sensibilidades diagnósticas identificadas para o teste de VP
Resumo
Staphylococus aureus is considered the most important infectious agent of bovine mastitis. Milk production is reduced and the ill mammary quarters are the most important reservoirs of the pathogen. The objective of this study was to verify the resistance profiles of S. aureus isolated from 66 quarters with bovine mastitis to ampicillin (10 g), clindamycin (2 g ), erythromycin (15 g), gentamicin (30 g), oxacillin (1 g), penicillin (10 UI), sulfa plus trimethoprim (25 g) and tetracycline (30 g). The isolates were classified in groups: A, resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin; B, resistant to ampicillin and/or penicillin and/or oxacillin; C, resistant to sulfa plus trimethoprim; D, sensitivity to all antimicrobials tested. Among 66 isolates, 87.9% showed resistance to b-lactams and 40.9% were resistant to oxacillin. Among isolates of mammary quarters with new cases of mastitis, four classified in the group A changed to the group B, one classified in the group A changed to the group D, one of the group B changed to the group A, while three isolates continued in the same group, two in the group A and other in the group D. The S. aureus isolates showed higher resistance to b-lactams antimicrobials, as penicillin, ampicillin and oxacillin (77.3%, 68.2%, 40.9%, respectively), while the higher sensitivities registers were to gentamicin, sulfa plus trim
Staphylococcus aureus é considerado o mais importante agente etiológico infeccioso da mastite bovina, havendo redução da produção de leite e possibilidade de perda de função dos quartos mamários acometidos. Efetuou-se o presente estudo visando verificar os perfis de resistência de S. aureus isolados de 66 quartos mamários com mastite bovina frente à ampicilina (10 g), clindamicina (2 g), eritromicina (15 g), gentamicina (30 g), oxacilina (1 g), penicilina (10 UI), sulfazotrim (25 g) e tetraciclina (30 g). As estirpes foram classificadas em grupos da seguinte maneira: A, resistentes à ampicilina e/ou à penicilina; B, resistentes à ampicilina e/ou à penicilina e/ou à oxacilina; C, resistentes à sulfadiazina mais trimetoprim; D, sem resistência aos antimicrobianos testados. Dentre as 66 amostras testadas, 87,9% apresentaram resistência aos beta-lactâmicos e 40,9% foram resistentes à oxacilina. Dentre Staphylococcus aureus isolados em quartos mamários com mastite recidivante, quatro até então classificados como pertencentes ao grupo A passaram a ser classificados dentro do grupo B, uma amostra que era agrupada como A passou a pertencer ao grupo D, uma do grupo B passou para o grupo A, enquanto três amostras continuaram a ser classificadas no mesmo grupo, sendo duas dentro do grupo A e uma no grupo D. S. aureus demonstrou maior resistência aos antimicr
Resumo
The antibiotic therapy in the lactation period can help producers and practitioners to control bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and to reduce the duration of the intramammary infections. Mammary quarters from animals with subclinical mastitis were treated and the milk characteristics before and after therapy in different stages of lactation and parities were investigated. Thus, mammary quarters were classified according to stages of lactation (one to 60 days in milk; 61 to 120 days in milk; 121 to 180 days in milk; longer than 180 days in milk) and parities (first three lactations; fourth and fifth lactations; longer than fifth lactation). The antibiotic therapy was more efficient in cows with more than 180 days in milk and with six or more lactations. In dairy farm studied, the characteristics chosen (somatic cells count, milk production, chloride levels, titratable acidity, total solids, solids non-fat and milk fat) should be not used to select animals to treatment or discard.
A antibioticoterapia durante a lactação como método de controle da mastite bovina pode ajudar produtores e veterinários no combate à doença e reduzir a duração das infecções intramamárias. Os quartos mamários de animais com mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus foram tratados e as características do leite antes e após o tratamento foram investigadas durante diferentes estágios e número de lactações. Para tanto, as vacas foram divididas em grupos de acordo com as fases de lactação (um a 60 dias em lactação; 61 a 120 dias em lactação; 121 a 180 dias em lactação; mais de 180 dias em lactação) e com o número de lactações (três lactações iniciais; quarta e quinta lactações; seis ou mais lactações). A antibioticoterapia apresentou eficiência superior nos animais com mais de 180 dias em lactação e com seis ou mais lactações. Nenhuma das características avaliadas (contagem de células somáticas, produção de leite, teor de cloretos, acidez titulável, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado e teor de gordura) seria útil para selecionar animais para tratamento ou descarte.
Resumo
S. aureus isolated from diverse transmission sources during the cow milking was studied by amplifying the toxins genes. The milk samples and specimens from teat orifices were collected before milking, and samples from mouthpieces were collected before and during the milking procedure performed at varied climatic conditions. The study on the A to D enterotoxins genes and the toxin of toxic shock syndrome were carried out by amplifying the respective coding sequences. The sea gene showed to be the most prevalent among those analyzed, and the majority of isolated were detected in milk samples from mammary quarters with mastitis. The occurrence of staphylococcal toxins genes in S. aureus isolated from different sources of bovine mastitis epidemiological chain, evidences the feasibility of this microorganism transmission by contaminated milk, being a potential risk to public health.
No presente estudo foi analisada a bactéria S. aureus isolada de diferentes fontes de transmissão durante a ordenha de vacas por meio de técnica de amplificação de genes da toxina. As amostras de leite e dos óstios foram obtidas antes da ordenha dos animais e as de teteiras antes e durante a ordenha sob diferentes condições climáticas. A análise dos genes das enterotoxinas A a D e da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico foi efetuada por meio de técnica de amplificação das respectivas sequências codificadoras. O gene sea foi o mais prevalente dentre os pesquisados e a maioria dos isolados foi detectada em amostras de leite de quartos mamários com mastite. A presença de genes de toxinas estafilocócicas em S. aureus isolados de diferentes fontes de transmissão dentro da cadeia epidemiológica da mastite bovina evidencia a possibilidade de veiculação desse micro-organismo por meio de leite contaminado e que pode representar riscos à saúde pública.
Resumo
The resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis, teat orifices and mouthpieces of the liners were studied. The samples from the milk and teat orifices were obtained before milking and samples from mouthpieces were obtained before and in the course of milking. The Kirby and Bauer standardized disc diffusion test was performed with previous confirmation of isolates by molecular method. The resistance to penicillin was predominant to the isolates from milk, teat orifices and mouthpieces (48.3%, 36.8% and 25.9%, respectively). The resistance to oxacillin was found in all sources studied, with characteristics of multidrug resistance. The bovine mastitis treatment is recommended after sensitivity tests to the different antimicrobials of microorganisms responsible by aetiology. The identification of strains oxacillin-resistant explains the care with the possibility of transmission of S. aureus by milk.
Os perfis de resistência de Staphylococcus aureus isolados a partir do leite de vacas com mastite, óstios papilares dos tetos e das teteiras foram estudados. As amostras de leite e dos óstios foram obtidas antes da ordenha dos animais e as das teteiras antes e durante a ordenha. Os testes de sensibilidade in vitro foram realizados de acordo com a técnica de Kirby e Bauer, utilizando-se 12 princípios ativos, com confirmação prévia de todas as amostras de S. aureus por técnicas moleculares. O perfil de resistência mais comum de S. aureus isolados no leite, óstios e insufladores foi à penicilina (48,3%, 36,8% e 25,9%, respectivamente). Além disso, em todas as fontes estudadas encontrou-se S. aureus com resistência à oxacilina, com características de multiresistência a outros antimicrobianos. O tratamento da mastite bovina deve ser realizado somente após o conhecimento da sensibilidade dos microrganismos responsáveis pela etiologia da doença aos diversos antimicrobianos. O isolamento de estirpes resistentes à oxacilina ilustra os riscos de transmissão destes patógenos pelo leite.
Resumo
One hundred sixteen milk samples obtained from 29 mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis and 29 healthy colateral quarters were analysed, with the objective of evaluating the rate of cure of subclinical mastitis with the treatment made during lactation and evaluating the treatment influence upon physical-chemical characteristics and milk production. The results obtained showed the cure of 17 (58.6%) treated quarters and that treatment during lactation increased the acidity, total solids, nonfat solids and decreased the chloride level average values. Milk production did not reestablish with lactational treatment in dairy farm studied.
Foram colhidas 116 amostras de leite procedentes de 29 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e 29 quartos homólogos sadios com o objetivo de avaliar a taxa de cura da mastite subclínica com o tratamento efetuado durante a lactação e de verificar a influência do tratamento sobre as características físico-químicas e a produção do leite. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a cura de 17 (58,6%) quartos tratados e que o tratamento durante a lactação provocou aumento nos valores médios de acidez titulável, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado e redução no valor médio do teor de cloretos. A produção não foi restabelecida com o tratamento durante a lactação na propriedade estudada.
Resumo
One hundred and sixteen milk samples from 29 mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis and 29 healthy colateral quarters were analysed with the objective of evaluating the subclinical mastitis treatment efficiency made during lactation and of evaluating the affection and treatment influence upon cellular characteristics of the milk. The obtained results showed the cure of 17 (58.6%) treated quarters and subclinical mastitis affected significantly (p 0.01) the somatic cells counts. The treatment during lactation induced a decrease of the somatic cells count average from affected quarters of 768 x 103 cells / ml of milk to 280 x 103 cells / ml of milk.
Foram colhidas 116 amostras de leite procedentes de 29 quartos mamários com mastite subclínica e 29 quartos homólogos sadios com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da mastite subclínica efetuado durante a lactação e de verificar a influência da doença e do tratamento sobre as características celulares do leite. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a cura de 17 (58,6%) quartos tratados e que a mastite subclínica afetou significativamente (p 0,01) os valores da contagem de células somáticas. O tratamento durante a lactação provocou uma queda do valor médio de células somáticas dos quartos doentes de 768 x 103 células / ml de leite para 280 x 103 células / ml de leite.
Resumo
Lactation stage and subclinical mastitis can change the bovine milk characteristics, with variations that produce consequences to the milk quality and quantity and prejudices to the quality of milk derivates. Animals between second and fifth lactations with same feeding and management were studied. The mammary quarters of cows were arranged in agreement stages of lactation: Stage 1 (two months after parturition); Stage 2 (intermediary months); and Stage 3 (two months before end of lactation). The milk characteristics studied were the milk production, somatic cells count (SCC), chloride levels, Dornic acidity, density, non-fat solids and cryoscopy. The mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis showed average values higher than healthy quarters to SCC and chloride levels in the three stages of lactation. The differences among the quarters to SCC were 354%; 609% and 318% to stages 1; 2 and 3, respectively, while to chloride levels the differences were 43%, 31% and 18%, respectively. The mammary quarters with subclinical mastitis showed minor average values when compared to the healthy quarters to Dornic acidity and milk production. The differences among the quarters to Dornic acidity were 17%; 16% and 21% to stages 1; 2 and 3, respectively, while to milk production the differences were 17%; 17% and 28%, respectively. There were not significant differences among ill and healthy qu
O estágio de lactação e a mastite subclínica podem mudar as características do leite bovino, causando variações que acarretam conseqüências à qualidade e quantidade do produto e prejuízos à qualidade de subprodutos lácteos. Foram estudados animais entre a segunda e quinta lactações de uma propriedade leiteira produtora de leite C, submetidos à mesma alimentação e tipo de manejo. Os quartos mamários das vacas estudadas foram agrupados de acordo com fases de lactação: Fase 1 (dois meses após o parto); Fase 2 (meses intermediários); e Fase 3 (dois meses antes da secagem). As características do leite estudadas foram a produção láctea, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), teor de cloretos, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e crioscopia. Para CCS e teor de cloretos, os quartos mamários com mastite subclínica apresentaram valores médios superiores àqueles encontrados para os sadios, nas três fases de lactação estudadas. Para CCS, foram encontradas diferenças de 354%, 609% e 318% para as fases 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, enquanto para o teor de cloretos as variações foram 43%, 31% e 18%, respectivamente. Para a acidez titulável e a produção de leite, os quartos mamários afetados pela mastite subclínica apresentaram valores médios inferiores quando comparados com os sadios, nas três diferentes fases de lactação. Para a acidez titulável, as diferenças foram de