Correlation of phenotypic tests with the presence of the blaZ gene for detection of beta-lactamase

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common and most important staphylococcal species associated with urinary tract infections. The objective of the present study was to compare and to evaluate the accuracy of four phenotypic methods for the detection of beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus spp. Seventy-three strains produced a halo with a diameter ≤ 28 mm (penicillin resistant) and all of them were positive for the blaZ gene. Among the 28 susceptible strain (halo ≥ 29 mm), 23 carried the blaZ gene and five did not. The zone edge test was the most sensitive (90.3%), followed by MIC determination (85.5%), but the specificity of the former was low (40.0%). The nitrocefin test was the least sensitive (28.9%). However, the nitrocefin test together with the disk diffusion method showed the highest specificity (100%). The present results demonstrated that the zone edge test was the most sensitive phenotypic test for detection of beta-lactamase, although it is still not an ideal test to detect this type of resistance since its specificity was low. However, the inhibition halo diameter of the penicillin disk can be used together with the zone edge test since the same disk is employed in the two tests. Combined analysis of the two tests shows a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 100%, proving better sensitivity, especially for S. saprophyticus. This is a low-cost test of easy application and interpretation that can be used in small and medium-sized laboratories where susceptibility testing is usually performed by the disk diffusion method.(AU)

Ocorrência de mastite subclínica ovina durante duas lactações consecutivas em rebanho da raça Santa Inês / Occurrence of ovine subclinical mastitis during two consecutive lactations in a Santa Ines breed herd

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of ovine subclinical mastitis in two lactations, and the disease evolution in two consecutive lactations. Milk samples originated from a herd with 160 Santa Inês breed sheep. In the first lactation, milk samples were collected from ewes at 14 days post-partum and during the period near weaning. In the second lactation, milk samples were collected from the same animals at 14 days postpartum, at 52 days postpartum and at weaning. Screening of subclinical mastitis was carried out preliminarily by means of California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples for microbiological culture were obtained from CMT-positive and CMT-negative mammary halves. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most prevalent microorganisms isolated in two lactations. Ewes that remained with subclinical mastitis in lactation 1 were predominant. Spontaneous recoveries were significantly lower in the period between 52 days of lactation and weaning of lambs. No difference was observed regarding the progression of subclinical mastitis cases compared the two lactations (P>0.05).(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da mastite subclínica ovina em duas lactações e a evolução da doença em duas lactações consecutivas. As amostras de leite foram originadas de um rebanho com 160 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Na primeira lactação, colheram-se amostras em ovelhas aos 14 dias pós-parto e no período próximo ao desmame. Na segunda lactação, as amostras de leite foram colhidas dos mesmos animais aos 14 dias pós-parto, 52 dias pós-parto e ao desmame. A triagem dos casos de mastite subclínica foi feita preliminarmente por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT). As amostras de leite para a investigação microbiológica foram obtidas de metades mamárias positivas e negativas ao CMT. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos foram os micro-organismos de maior ocorrência nas duas lactações. Houve a predominância de ovelhas que permaneceram com mastite subclínica durante a Lactação 1. As curas espontâneas foram  significativamente inferiores no período entre 52 dias de lactação e o desmame dos cordeiros. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto à evolução dos casos de mastite subclínica infecciosa quando comparadas duas lactações (P>0,05).(AU)

Ocorrência de mastite subclínica ovina durante duas lactações consecutivas em rebanho da raça Santa Inês / Occurrence of ovine subclinical mastitis during two consecutive lactations in a Santa Ines breed herd

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of ovine subclinical mastitis in two lactations, and the disease evolution in two consecutive lactations. Milk samples originated from a herd with 160 Santa Inês breed sheep. In the first lactation, milk samples were collected from ewes at 14 days post-partum and during the period near weaning. In the second lactation, milk samples were collected from the same animals at 14 days postpartum, at 52 days postpartum and at weaning. Screening of subclinical mastitis was carried out preliminarily by means of California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples for microbiological culture were obtained from CMT-positive and CMT-negative mammary halves. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most prevalent microorganisms isolated in two lactations. Ewes that remained with subclinical mastitis in lactation 1 were predominant. Spontaneous recoveries were significantly lower in the period between 52 days of lactation and weaning of lambs. No difference was observed regarding the progression of subclinical mastitis cases compared the two lactations (P>0.05).

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da mastite subclínica ovina em duas lactações e a evolução da doença em duas lactações consecutivas. As amostras de leite foram originadas de um rebanho com 160 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Na primeira lactação, colheram-se amostras em ovelhas aos 14 dias pós-parto e no período próximo ao desmame. Na segunda lactação, as amostras de leite foram colhidas dos mesmos animais aos 14 dias pós-parto, 52 dias pós-parto e ao desmame. A triagem dos casos de mastite subclínica foi feita preliminarmente por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT). As amostras de leite para a investigação microbiológica foram obtidas de metades mamárias positivas e negativas ao CMT. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos foram os micro-organismos de maior ocorrência nas duas lactações. Houve a predominância de ovelhas que permaneceram com mastite subclínica durante a Lactação 1. As curas espontâneas foram  significativamente inferiores no período entre 52 dias de lactação e o desmame dos cordeiros. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto à evolução dos casos de mastite subclínica infecciosa quando comparadas duas lactações (P>0,05).

OCORRÊNCIA DE MASTITE SUBCLÍNICA OVINA DURANTE DUAS LACTAÇÕES CONSECUTIVAS EM REBANHO DA RAÇA SANTA INÊS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of ovine subclinical mastitis in two lactations, and the disease evolution in two consecutive lactations. Milk samples originated from a herd with 160 Santa Inês breed sheep. In the first lactation, milk samples were collected from ewes at 14 days post-partum and during the period near weaning. In the second lactation, milk samples were collected from the same animals at 14 days postpartum, at 52 days postpartum and at weaning. Screening of subclinical mastitis was carried out preliminarily by means of California Mastitis Test (CMT). Milk samples for microbiological culture were obtained from CMT-positive and CMT-negative mammary halves. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most prevalent microorganisms isolated in two lactations. Ewes that remained with subclinical mastitis in lactation 1 were predominant. Spontaneous recoveries were significantly lower in the period between 52 days of lactation and weaning of lambs. No difference was observed regarding the progression of subclinical mastitis cases compared the two lactations (P>0.05).

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da mastite subclínica ovina em duas lactações e a evolução da doença em duas lactações consecutivas. As amostras de leite foram originadas de um rebanho com 160 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Na primeira lactação, colheram-se amostras em ovelhas aos 14 dias pós-parto e no período próximo ao desmame. Na segunda lactação, as amostras de leite foram colhidas dos mesmos animais aos 14 dias pós-parto, 52 dias pós-parto e ao desmame. A triagem dos casos de mastite subclínica foi feita preliminarmente por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT). As amostras de leite para a investigação microbiológica foram obtidas de metades mamárias positivas e negativas ao CMT. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos foram os micro-organismos de maior ocorrência nas duas lactações. Houve a predominância de ovelhas que permaneceram com mastite subclínica durante a Lactação 1. As curas espontâneas foram significativamente inferiores no período entre 52 dias de lactação e o desmame dos cordeiros. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto à evolução dos casos de mastite subclínica infecciosa quando comparadas duas lactações (P>0,05).

Clonal profile, virulence and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep milk

The objective of this study was to characterize the clonal profile, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, particularly oxacillin resistance, of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sheep milk. Milk samples were collected from all teats for the California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell count, identification of S. aureus, investigation in these strains of genes encoding toxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, tst), biofilm (icaA, icaC, icaD, bap), leukocidin (luk-PV) oxacillin resistance by mecA gene detection and susceptibility testing (12 antibiotics). Messenger RNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR in isolates carrying toxin and biofilm genes. Biofilm formation was also evaluated phenotypically by adherence to polystyrene plates. The clonal profile of S. aureus was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 473 milk samples were collected from 242 animals on three farms and 20 S. aureus strains were isolated and none carried the mecA gene. The two sec gene-positive isolates and the isolates carrying the tst and luk-PV genes were positive by RT-PCR. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the three flocks studied showed high susceptibility to the drugs tested and none was biofilm producer, indicating that biofilm formation was not a virulence factor causing infection by these strains. The typing of 17 S. aureus isolates revealed the presence of a common clone on the three farms studied, and the presence and expression of the sec and tst genes in one strain of this clone suggest the possible acquisition of virulence genes by this clone, a fact that is important for animal health and food hygiene.(AU)