mecA positive Staphylococcus spp in bovine mastitis, milkers, milking environment, and the circulation of different MRSA clones at dairy cows farms in the Northeast region of Brazil / Staphylococcus spp mecA positivo em mastite bovina, ordenhadores, ambiente de ordenha e circulação de diferentes clones de MRSA em fazendas de vacas leiteiras na região Nordeste do Brasil

This study detected the presence and distribution of mecA in Staphylococcus spp. in the dairy production environment at farm level in Brazil. We analyzed 335 samples of mastitis cow milk, 15 samples of nostrils and hand swabs from milkers, 14 teat cup swabs, and 9 milking buckets swabs. Initially, the samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to detect Staphylococcus spp. and then S. aureus and mecA positive isolates were identified by PCR. All S. aureus isolates carrying the mecA genes were subjected to DNA macro-restriction analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The mecA gene was detected in 6/335 (1.78%) of mastitis cow milk, 5/15 (33.3%), and 5/15 (33.3%) of nostrils and hand swab, and 4/14 (28.5%) of the teat cup isolates. MRSA genotyping was performed by PFGE, a total of seven pulsotypes were grouped in two clusters. This study identified the occurrence and spread of MRSA at dairy environment of farms, and also the existence of distinct genetic profiles between isolates.

Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença e distribuição de mecA em Staphylococcus spp. no ambiente de produção leiteira em fazendas no Brasil. Foram analisadas 335 amostras de leite de vaca com mastite, 15 amostras de swabs de narinas e mãos de ordenhadores, 14 swabs de teteiras e nove swabs de baldes de ordenha. Inicialmente, as amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas para detecção de Staphylococcus spp. e os isolados positivos foram identificados por PCR para S. aureus e mecA. Todos os isolados de S. aureus portadores do gene mecA foram submetidos à análise de macrorrestrição do DNA por Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). O gene mecA foi detectado em 6/335 (1,78%) de leite de vaca com mastite, 5/15 (33,3%) e 5/15 (33,3%) de swab de narinas e de mãos, e 4/14 (28,5%) de teteiras. A genotipagem de MRSA realizada por PFGE identificou um total de sete pulsotipos, que foram agrupados em dois clusters. Este estudo identificou a ocorrência e disseminação de MRSA no ambiente das fazendas leiteiras, e também a existência de perfis genéticos distintos entre os isolados.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. from bovine mastitis

Background: Bovine mastitis remains one of the health problems that cause the most damage to milk producers. The negative impact of mastitis is due to reduced milk production, early slaughter of females, reduced commercial value of the affected animals, losses in the genetic potential of the herd, expenses with medicines and veterinary medical assistance. Staphylococcus spp. stands out as the cause of this disease and has been able to remain in the mammary gland, becoming resistant to several antimicrobials. The aims of the present study were to characterize the phenotypes, genotypes and resistance profiles of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from bovine mastitis cases in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: These isolates were classified according to biochemical tests and the presence of the nuc gene. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the mecA and blaZ genes was used to analyze the genetic potentials of antimicrobial resistance. Isolates were also phenotypically tested for resistance to nine antimicrobials (ampicillin, doxicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, rifampicin, cephalothin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and oxacillin). The genetic potentials for biofilm production were evaluated by the amplifications of the icaD, icaA and bap genes. The phenotypic test of gentian violet was used for biofilm formation analyzes. Ninety-three (93.0%) of the isolates among the Staphylococcus spp. samples were classified as Staphylococcus aureus. The lowest percentage of sensitivity observed was for amoxicillin (28.0%). All of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin, and 15 (15%) exhibited sensitivity to all of the drugs tested. All of the isolates were negative for the mecA gene, and 36 (36%) were positive for blaZ. In the adhesion microplate tests, 44 (44%) of the isolates were capable of biofilm formation...

Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in swine in state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Fatores de risco associados à leptospirose em suínos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Leptospirosis is a major public health threat, and swine are one of the most important reservoirs and sources of Leptospira infection for man. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of leptospirosis in swine in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 265 swine were collected and tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and an epidemiological form containing questions about animal production characteristics, reproductive management, and sanitary and hygiene aspects of the herd was applied to evaluate infection risk factors. The data were analyzed by means of a logistic regression model. An occurrence of 53.1% (143/265) of swine positives to Leptospira spp. was observed. The most commons serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae (39.1%), Pomona (25.9%), and Shermani (14.0%). Factors associated with the infection were stagnant water source (p = 0.034, odds ratio - OR = 2.29; confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 1.06-4.93), farms where the healthy animals are bred with sick ones (OR = 1.69; 95%CI 1.04-2.75), and the properties with flooded areas (OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.01-2.68). The risk factors found in this study played an important role in the agent dissemination and should be avoided in a way to control the disease in the herds studied.(AU)

A leptospirose é um grande problema de saúde pública, e os suínos são um dos mais importantes reservatórios e fonte de infecção por Leptospira para o homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a situação epidemiológica da leptospirose em suínos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 265 suínos foram coletadas e testadas pelo teste de microaglutinação (MAT), e foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico contendo perguntas sobre características da produção, manejo reprodutivo e aspectos sanitários e de higiene do rebanho para avaliar fatores de risco de infecção. Os dados foram analisados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Foi observada ocorrência de 53,1% (143/265) de suínos positivos para Leptospira spp. Os sorovares mais comuns foram Icterohaemorrhagiae (39,1%), Pomona (25,9%) e Shermani (14,0%). Os fatores associados à infecção foram fonte de água parada (p = 0,034; odds ratio - OR = 2,29; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,06-4,93), fazendas onde animais saudáveis são criados com os doentes (OR = 1,69; IC95% 1,04-2,75) e áreas inundadas (OR = 1,65; IC95% 1,01-2,68). Os fatores de risco encontrados neste estudo desempenharam papel importante na disseminação do agente e devem ser evitados, de forma a controlar a doença nos rebanhos estudados.(AU)

Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in swine in state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Fatores de risco associados à leptospirose em suínos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Leptospirosis is a major public health threat, and swine are one of the most important reservoirs and sources of Leptospira infection for man. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of leptospirosis in swine in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Blood samples from 265 swine were collected and tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and an epidemiological form containing questions about animal production characteristics, reproductive management, and sanitary and hygiene aspects of the herd was applied to evaluate infection risk factors. The data were analyzed by means of a logistic regression model. An occurrence of 53.1% (143/265) of swine positives to Leptospira spp. was observed. The most commons serovars were Icterohaemorrhagiae (39.1%), Pomona (25.9%), and Shermani (14.0%). Factors associated with the infection were stagnant water source (p = 0.034, odds ratio - OR = 2.29; confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 1.06-4.93), farms where the healthy animals are bred with sick ones (OR = 1.69; 95%CI 1.04-2.75), and the properties with flooded areas (OR = 1.65; 95%CI 1.01-2.68). The risk factors found in this study played an important role in the agent dissemination and should be avoided in a way to control the disease in the herds studied.(AU)

A leptospirose é um grande problema de saúde pública, e os suínos são um dos mais importantes reservatórios e fonte de infecção por Leptospira para o homem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a situação epidemiológica da leptospirose em suínos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Amostras de sangue de 265 suínos foram coletadas e testadas pelo teste de microaglutinação (MAT), e foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico contendo perguntas sobre características da produção, manejo reprodutivo e aspectos sanitários e de higiene do rebanho para avaliar fatores de risco de infecção. Os dados foram analisados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Foi observada ocorrência de 53,1% (143/265) de suínos positivos para Leptospira spp. Os sorovares mais comuns foram Icterohaemorrhagiae (39,1%), Pomona (25,9%) e Shermani (14,0%). Os fatores associados à infecção foram fonte de água parada (p = 0,034; odds ratio - OR = 2,29; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,06-4,93), fazendas onde animais saudáveis são criados com os doentes (OR = 1,69; IC95% 1,04-2,75) e áreas inundadas (OR = 1,65; IC95% 1,01-2,68). Os fatores de risco encontrados neste estudo desempenharam papel importante na disseminação do agente e devem ser evitados, de forma a controlar a doença nos rebanhos estudados.(AU)

Soroepidemiologia e distribuição espacial da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Seroepidemiology and spatial distribution of Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seroepidemiología y distribuición espacial de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos no Agreste e do Sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 476 amostras de sangue de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características de manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 476 amostras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) foram positivas. Em relação às propriedades, observou-se que 87,5%, apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. O sorovar mais prevalente foi o Autumnalis (54,1%), que também apresentou maior distribuição nos diferentes pontos de estudo. Na análise de fatores de risco, a variável sexo (macho) apresentou diferença significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Observou-se neste estudo uma elevada prevalência da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos e que a mesma ocorre nas diferentes regiões do estudo. Desta forma, sugere-se que medidas de profilaxia sejam implementadas visando à redução da prevalência nos rebanhos e consequentemente perdas econômicas para o produtor, assim como risco para Saúde Pública.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological aspects associated with Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the Agreste and Sertão regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In total, 476 blood samples were collected from non-vaccinated animals aged one year or more. The antibody research was carried out using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). In order to determine risk factors, a standardized investigative questionnaire was used to ask the owner objective questions about the productive, reproductive and sanitary management characteristics of the property. Of the 476 samples analyzed, 27.3% (130/476; C.I. 23.4% -31.6%) were positive. Regarding the properties, it was observed that 87.5% presented at least one positive animal. The most common serovar was Autumnalis (54.1%), which also exhibited the greatest distribution in the different points of the study. In the risk factor analysis, a significant difference (OR=0.40; C.I. 0.18 –0.88; p=0.023) was found for the variable gender (male). Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures are implemented in order to reduce the prevalence in herds and consequently economic losses for producers, as well as risk to public health.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fué analisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos en la región Agreste y Sertão del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Fueran analisadas 476 muestras de caprinos no vacunados y con edad igual o superior a un año. La búsqueda de anticuerpos ha sido hecha en la técnica de aglutinación sérica Microscópica. Para la análisis de riesgo, inicialmente se aplicó un cuestionário stándar con preguntas a los ganaderos, relacionadas con las características de manejo productivo, reproductivo y sanitario. De las 476 muestras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) fueran positivas. En cuanto a las propiedades, se observó que el 87,5%, presentó por lo menos un animal positivo.El serovar más prevalente fué Autumnalis (54,1%), que también presentó una distribuición más elevada en los distintos puntos del estudio. En la análisis de los factores de riesgo, el sexo masculino presentó diferencia significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Se observó en este estudio una alta prevalencia de infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos y que la misma ocurre en las distintas regiones de este estudio. En conclusión, és importante implementar medidas de profilaxia con el objetivo de reducir la prevalencia de la infección en los rebaños y las pérdidas económicas para el ganadero y también el riego para la Salud Pública.(AU)

Soroepidemiologia e distribuição espacial da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Seroepidemiology and spatial distribution of Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seroepidemiología y distribuición espacial de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos no Agreste e do Sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 476 amostras de sangue de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características de manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 476 amostras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) foram positivas. Em relação às propriedades, observou-se que 87,5%, apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. O sorovar mais prevalente foi o Autumnalis (54,1%), que também apresentou maior distribuição nos diferentes pontos de estudo. Na análise de fatores de risco, a variável sexo (macho) apresentou diferença significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Observou-se neste estudo uma elevada prevalência da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos e que a mesma ocorre nas diferentes regiões do estudo. Desta forma, sugere-se que medidas de profilaxia sejam implementadas visando à redução da prevalência nos rebanhos e consequentemente perdas econômicas para o produtor, assim como risco para Saúde Pública.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological aspects associated with Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the Agreste and Sertão regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In total, 476 blood samples were collected from non-vaccinated animals aged one year or more. The antibody research was carried out using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). In order to determine risk factors, a standardized investigative questionnaire was used to ask the owner objective questions about the productive, reproductive and sanitary management characteristics of the property. Of the 476 samples analyzed, 27.3% (130/476; C.I. 23.4% -31.6%) were positive. Regarding the properties, it was observed that 87.5% presented at least one positive animal. The most common serovar was Autumnalis (54.1%), which also exhibited the greatest distribution in the different points of the study. In the risk factor analysis, a significant difference (OR=0.40; C.I. 0.18 –0.88; p=0.023) was found for the variable gender (male). Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures are implemented in order to reduce the prevalence in herds and consequently economic losses for producers, as well as risk to public health.

El objetivo de este trabajo fué analisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos en la región Agreste y Sertão del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Fueran analisadas 476 muestras de caprinos no vacunados y con edad igual o superior a un año. La búsqueda de anticuerpos ha sido hecha en la técnica de aglutinación sérica Microscópica. Para la análisis de riesgo, inicialmente se aplicó un cuestionário stándar con preguntas a los ganaderos, relacionadas con las características de manejo productivo, reproductivo y sanitario. De las 476 muestras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) fueran positivas. En cuanto a las propiedades, se observó que el 87,5%, presentó por lo menos un animal positivo.El serovar más prevalente fué Autumnalis (54,1%), que también presentó una distribuición más elevada en los distintos puntos del estudio. En la análisis de los factores de riesgo, el sexo masculino presentó diferencia significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Se observó en este estudio una alta prevalencia de infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos y que la misma ocurre en las distintas regiones de este estudio. En conclusión, és importante implementar medidas de profilaxia con el objetivo de reducir la prevalencia de la infección en los rebaños y las pérdidas económicas para el ganadero y también el riego para la Salud Pública.

Achados hematológicos em sangue e medula óssea de cães naturalmente infectados por Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp / Hematological observations in the blood and bone marrow of dogs naturally infected by Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp

Objetivou-se analisar os achados hematológicos em sangue periférico e medula óssea em cães infectados por Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp.. Avaliaram-se 44 cães com suspeita clínica de hemoparasitose, de diferentes raças, idades e de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao exame sorológico pelo SNAP Test, a análises hematológicas e mielograma. Dos 44 cães avaliados, 63,6% (28/44) foram sorologicamente reagentes, sendo 57,1% (16/28) positivos para Ehrlichia spp., 21,4% (6/28) para Anaplasma spp. e 21,4% (6/28) de coinfectados. A trombocitopenia foi a alteração hematológica mais frequente em cães positivos para Ehrlichia spp., presente em 93,7% (15/16) (p=0,015) dos animais, enquanto a anemia macrocítica e hipocrômica prevaleceu em 66,7% (4/6) (p=0,010) dos animais infectados por Anaplasma spp.. Ao mielograma, 62,5% (10/16) (p=0,005) dos animais positivos para Ehrlichia spp. apresentaram hipoplasia medular e 75,0% (12/16) (p=0,044) diminuição do índice mieloide:eritroide (M:E). Nos animais positivos para Anaplasma spp., destacou-se a hiperplasia da série eritroide em 50,0% (3/6) (p=0,022) dos cães. Não houve associação significativa em nenhuma das análises com o grupo coinfecção (p>0,05). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem inferir que o somatório de métodos laboratoriais é essencial na caracterização das hemoparasitoses em cães, agregando valor e permitindo uma efetiva consolidação do diagnóstico relacionado a essas doenças.

This study aimed to analyze the hematological and cytomorphological findings in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of dogs infected with Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Forty-four dogs with clinically suspected hemoparasitosis, belonging to different breeds, ages, and both sexes, underwent serological examination by SNAP Assay, hematological analysis, and myelogram. Among them, 63.6% (28/44) tested serologically positive; among the serologically positive dogs, 57.1% (16/28) tested positive for Ehrlichia spp., 21.4% (6/28) for Anaplasma spp., and 21.4% (6/28) were coinfected. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent hematologic alteration in dogs positive for Ehrlichia spp., present in 93.7% (15/16) (p=0.015) of the infected animals, while macrocytic and hypochromic anemia were observed in 66.7% (4/6) (p=0.010) of the animals infected with Anaplasma spp. In the myelogram, 62.5% (10/16, p=0.005) and 75.0% (12/16, p=0,044) of the animals positive for Ehrlichia spp. presented with bone marrow hypoplasia and decrease in the myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio, respectively. Hyperplasia of the erythroid series was observed in 50.0% (3/6) (p=0.022) of the animals positive for Anaplasma spp. No significant association was observed between the hematological alterations and the coinfection group (p >0.05). On the basis of these hematological observations, it can be inferred that the aforementioned laboratory examinations could be employed for the characterization and confirmative diagnosis of hemoparasitosis in dogs.

Achados hematológicos em sangue e medula óssea de cães naturalmente infectados por Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp. / Hematological observations in the blood and bone marrow of dogs naturally infected by Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.

Objetivou-se analisar os achados hematológicos em sangue periférico e medula óssea em cães infectados por Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp.. Avaliaram-se 44 cães com suspeita clínica de hemoparasitose, de diferentes raças, idades e de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao exame sorológico pelo SNAP Test, a análises hematológicas e mielograma. Dos 44 cães avaliados, 63,6% (28/44) foram sorologicamente reagentes, sendo 57,1% (16/28) positivos para Ehrlichia spp., 21,4% (6/28) para Anaplasma spp. e 21,4% (6/28) de coinfectados. A trombocitopenia foi a alteração hematológica mais frequente em cães positivos para Ehrlichia spp., presente em 93,7% (15/16) (p=0,015) dos animais, enquanto a anemia macrocítica e hipocrômica prevaleceu em 66,7% (4/6) (p=0,010) dos animais infectados por Anaplasma spp.. Ao mielograma, 62,5% (10/16) (p=0,005) dos animais positivos para Ehrlichia spp. apresentaram hipoplasia medular e 75,0% (12/16) (p=0,044) diminuição do índice mieloide:eritroide (M:E). Nos animais positivos para Anaplasma spp., destacou-se a hiperplasia da série eritroide em 50,0% (3/6) (p=0,022) dos cães. Não houve associação significativa em nenhuma das análises com o grupo coinfecção (p>0,05). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem inferir que o somatório de métodos laboratoriais é essencial na caracterização das hemoparasitoses em cães, agregando valor e permitindo uma efetiva consolidação do diagnóstico relacionado a essas doenças.(AU)

This study aimed to analyze the hematological and cytomorphological findings in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of dogs infected with Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Forty-four dogs with clinically suspected hemoparasitosis, belonging to different breeds, ages, and both sexes, underwent serological examination by SNAP Assay, hematological analysis, and myelogram. Among them, 63.6% (28/44) tested serologically positive; among the serologically positive dogs, 57.1% (16/28) tested positive for Ehrlichia spp., 21.4% (6/28) for Anaplasma spp., and 21.4% (6/28) were coinfected. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent hematologic alteration in dogs positive for Ehrlichia spp., present in 93.7% (15/16) (p=0.015) of the infected animals, while macrocytic and hypochromic anemia were observed in 66.7% (4/6) (p=0.010) of the animals infected with Anaplasma spp. In the myelogram, 62.5% (10/16, p=0.005) and 75.0% (12/16, p=0,044) of the animals positive for Ehrlichia spp. presented with bone marrow hypoplasia and decrease in the myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio, respectively. Hyperplasia of the erythroid series was observed in 50.0% (3/6) (p=0.022) of the animals positive for Anaplasma spp. No significant association was observed between the hematological alterations and the coinfection group (p >0.05). On the basis of these hematological observations, it can be inferred that the aforementioned laboratory examinations could be employed for the characterization and confirmative diagnosis of hemoparasitosis in dogs.(AU)

Ocorrência de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas em amostras de leite de vacas / Occurrence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins isolated from cow's milk samples

Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar a ocorrência de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (sea, seb, sec e seg) e do gene da toxina 1 responsável pela síndrome do choque tóxico (tst) em isolados de Staphylococcus aureus procedentes de casos de mastite bovina, no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisados 93 isolados e observou-se a presença de genes toxigênicos em 20 (21,6%) deles, dos quais 11 (55,0%) foram positivos para o gene tst, sete (35,0%) para o gene sec e dois (10,0%) para o gene seg. Dentre os 20 isolados que amplificaram na PCR para presença dos genes sec, seg e tst, 16 (80,0%) foram positivos apenas para um gene e quatro (20,0%) foram positivos para dois genes (sec e tst). Das 17 propriedades de onde as amostras tiveram origem, sete (41,2%) apresentaram amostras positivas para pelo menos um dos genes sec, seg e tst. Este é primeiro registro de ocorrência dos genes codificadores das enterotoxinas SEC e TST-1 em amostras de leite de vacas com mastite no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil.

The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of genes expressing staphylococcal enterotoxin (sea, seb, sec, and seg) and the toxin gene 1 of toxic shock syndrome (tst) in Staphylococcus aureus coming from cases of bovine mastitis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We analyzed 93 isolates and we observed the presence of toxigenic gene in 20 (21.6%) samples, of which 11 (55.0%) were positive for tst gene, seven (35.0%) for the sec gene, and two (10.0%) for the seg gene. Of the 20 isolates amplified in PCR for the presence of the sec gene, seg and tst, 16 (80.0%) were positive for only one gene and four (20.0%) were positive for two genes (sec and tst). Of the 17 properties from which the samples originated, seven (41.2%) had positive samples for at least one of the genes sec, seg, and tst. This is the first record of the occurrence of the genes encoding the enterotoxin SEC and TST-1 in milk samples from cows with mastitis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Ocorrência de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas em amostras de leite de vacas / Occurrence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins isolated from cow's milk samples

Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar a ocorrência de genes codificadores de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas (sea, seb, sec e seg) e do gene da toxina 1 responsável pela síndrome do choque tóxico (tst) em isolados de Staphylococcus aureus procedentes de casos de mastite bovina, no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisados 93 isolados e observou-se a presença de genes toxigênicos em 20 (21,6%) deles, dos quais 11 (55,0%) foram positivos para o gene tst, sete (35,0%) para o gene sec e dois (10,0%) para o gene seg. Dentre os 20 isolados que amplificaram na PCR para presença dos genes sec, seg e tst, 16 (80,0%) foram positivos apenas para um gene e quatro (20,0%) foram positivos para dois genes (sec e tst). Das 17 propriedades de onde as amostras tiveram origem, sete (41,2%) apresentaram amostras positivas para pelo menos um dos genes sec, seg e tst. Este é primeiro registro de ocorrência dos genes codificadores das enterotoxinas SEC e TST-1 em amostras de leite de vacas com mastite no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil.(AU)

The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of genes expressing staphylococcal enterotoxin (sea, seb, sec, and seg) and the toxin gene 1 of toxic shock syndrome (tst) in Staphylococcus aureus coming from cases of bovine mastitis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. We analyzed 93 isolates and we observed the presence of toxigenic gene in 20 (21.6%) samples, of which 11 (55.0%) were positive for tst gene, seven (35.0%) for the sec gene, and two (10.0%) for the seg gene. Of the 20 isolates amplified in PCR for the presence of the sec gene, seg and tst, 16 (80.0%) were positive for only one gene and four (20.0%) were positive for two genes (sec and tst). Of the 17 properties from which the samples originated, seven (41.2%) had positive samples for at least one of the genes sec, seg, and tst. This is the first record of the occurrence of the genes encoding the enterotoxin SEC and TST-1 in milk samples from cows with mastitis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.(AU)

Epidemiology of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in flocks of northeastern Brazil / Epidemiologia de Mycoplasma agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster em rebanhos do nordeste do Brasil

The present study aimed to investigate contagious agalactia (CA) in flocks from Pernambuco State. The study involved 225 goats and 63 ewes; 288 milk samples and 100 vaginal swabs were collected in total. The PCR assays were carried out using specific primers to Mycoplasma agalactiae and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Among the goat’s milk samples,12.0% (27/225) were positive for Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA, while 5.3% (12/225) contained the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Of the vaginal swabs taken from goats, 15.4% (12/78) were positive for Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA and 3.8% (3/78) contained the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. In the case of ewes, 4.3% (1/23) of the milk samples contained Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA, and 7.5% (3/40) were positive for the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Vaginal swabs taken from sheep´s were negative. Analysis of risk factors for mycoplasmosis, showed that goats and sheep flocks on the extensive breeding system are more likely to have mycoplasmosis than those on the intensive breeding system (odds ratio (OR) 6.2; p=0.004); meat goat and sheep flocks are more likely to have infection compared to dairy flocks (OR 4.8; p=0.011); unclean animal housing increases the chances of infection (OR 5.0; p=0.031) and not performing quarantine increases the chances of mycoplasmosis (OR 4.6; p=0.042). Based on these findings we conclude that CA syndrome in the semiarid region of Pernambuco state can be associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a Agalaxia contagiosa em rebanhos do estado de Pernambuco. Foram examinadas 225 cabras e 63 ovelhas, das quais foram colhidas 288 amostras de leite e 100 suabes vaginais. Foram realizadas reações da PCR com iniciadores específicos para Mycoplasma agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. A frequência total de Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite caprino foi de 12,0% (27/225) e de 5,3% (12/225) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Dos suabes vaginais de cabras as frequências detectadas na PCR foram de 15,4% (12/78) para Mycoplasma agalactiaee 3,8% (3/78) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Em leite de ovelhas a frequência de Ma foi de 4.3% (1/23) e de 7,5% (3/40) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Na análise dos fatores de risco para micoplasmoses verificou-se que rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos mantidos no sistema extensivo são mais prováveis de adquirir micoplasmose quando comparados com o sistema intensivo (odds ratio (OR) 6,2; p=0,004); rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos de corte são mais prováveis de adquirir micoplamsose do que rebanhos de leite (OR 4,8; p=0,011); não realizar limpeza das instalações aumenta as chances de infecção (OR 5,0; p=0,031); não realizar quarentena aumenta as chances das micoplasmoses estudadas (OR 4,6; p=0,042). Conclui-se que M. agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster estão envolvidos na síndrome de CA em rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos do semiárido pernambucano.

Epidemiology of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides cluster in flocks of northeastern Brazil / Epidemiologia de Mycoplasma agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster em rebanhos do nordeste do Brasil

The present study aimed to investigate contagious agalactia (CA) in flocks from Pernambuco State. The study involved 225 goats and 63 ewes; 288 milk samples and 100 vaginal swabs were collected in total. The PCR assays were carried out using specific primers to Mycoplasma agalactiae and the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Among the goats milk samples,12.0% (27/225) were positive for Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA, while 5.3% (12/225) contained the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Of the vaginal swabs taken from goats, 15.4% (12/78) were positive for Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA and 3.8% (3/78) contained the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. In the case of ewes, 4.3% (1/23) of the milk samples contained Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA, and 7.5% (3/40) were positive for the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Vaginal swabs taken from sheep´s were negative. Analysis of risk factors for mycoplasmosis, showed that goats and sheep flocks on the extensive breeding system are more likely to have mycoplasmosis than those on the intensive breeding system (odds ratio (OR) 6.2; p=0.004); meat goat and sheep flocks are more likely to have infection compared to dairy flocks (OR 4.8; p=0.011); unclean animal housing increases the chances of infection (OR 5.0; p=0.031) and not performing quarantine increases the chances of mycoplasmosis (OR 4.6; p=0.042). Based on these findings we conclude that CA syndrome in the semiarid region of Pernambuco state can be associated with Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a Agalaxia contagiosa em rebanhos do estado de Pernambuco. Foram examinadas 225 cabras e 63 ovelhas, das quais foram colhidas 288 amostras de leite e 100 suabes vaginais. Foram realizadas reações da PCR com iniciadores específicos para Mycoplasma agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. A frequência total de Mycoplasma agalactiae em amostras de leite caprino foi de 12,0% (27/225) e de 5,3% (12/225) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Dos suabes vaginais de cabras as frequências detectadas na PCR foram de 15,4% (12/78) para Mycoplasma agalactiaee 3,8% (3/78) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Em leite de ovelhas a frequência de Ma foi de 4.3% (1/23) e de 7,5% (3/40) para Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Na análise dos fatores de risco para micoplasmoses verificou-se que rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos mantidos no sistema extensivo são mais prováveis de adquirir micoplasmose quando comparados com o sistema intensivo (odds ratio (OR) 6,2; p=0,004); rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos de corte são mais prováveis de adquirir micoplamsose do que rebanhos de leite (OR 4,8; p=0,011); não realizar limpeza das instalações aumenta as chances de infecção (OR 5,0; p=0,031); não realizar quarentena aumenta as chances das micoplasmoses estudadas (OR 4,6; p=0,042). Conclui-se que M. agalactiae e Mycoplasma mycoides cluster estão envolvidos na síndrome de CA em rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos do semiárido pernambucano.(AU)

Epidemiological analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Análise epidemiológica da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep from the Agreste and Sertão regions of Pernambuco in Brazil and to analyze the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. A total of 250 sheep from 14 sheep farms across the state of Pernambuco were used as samples. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) was used for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies, adopting a cut-off dilution of 1:64. In order to determine risk factors, farm owners were subjected to a questionnaire form enquiring about the aspects of operational hygiene and sanitary systems. Thirty-four of the 250 samples (13.60%, 95% CI= 9.61% - 18.48%) in the study were determined to be positive, and 10 out of 14 (71.42%) of the sheep farms showed at least one seropositive animal. Titers for the 34 positive samples presented 8 samples at 64 (23.53%), 3 at 128 (8.82%), 3 at 256 (8.82%), 13 at 512 (38.23%), and 7 at 1024 (20.60%). After regression logistics, only the supply of silage (p= 0.009; OR=2.79, CI 95%= 1.29 - 6.0) was confirmed as a risk factor. The study was able to conclude that infection with T. gondii was prevalent in the sampled sheep farms in the state of Pernambuco, and that it was imperative to adopt preventive measures in order to effectively curb the identified risk factors.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e analisar os fatores de riscos associados à infecção em ovinos no Agreste e Sertão do estado de Pernambuco. Para tal foram utilizadas 14 propriedades de ovinos totalizando 250 animais. Utilizou-se para a pesquisa de anticorpos antiToxoplasma gondii a técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), adotando-se ponto de corte de 1:64. No estudo dos fatores de risco foram aplicados questionários com perguntas objetivas sobre os aspectos do manejo higiênico-sanitário. Das 250 amostras analisadas 34 (13,60%, IC 95% - 9,61%; 18,48%) foram positivas; 71,42% (10/14) das propriedades apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. Em relação à titulação, observou-se que das 34 amostras positivas, oito apresentaram título de 64 (23,53%); três títulos 128 (8,82%); três títulos 256 (8,82%); 13 títulos 512 (38,23%); e sete (20,60%) apresentaram título de 1024. Após regressão logística apenas a variável fornecimento de silagem (p=0,009; OR=2,79 IC 95%=1,29 - 6,0) foi confirmada como fator de risco. Conclui-se que a infecção por Toxoplasma gondii está presente nas criações de ovinos na região estudada, sendo necessário à adoção de medidas preventivas e de controle que atuem nos fatores de risco identificados neste estudo.(AU)

Occurrence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state - Brazil

Background: Buffaloes are susceptible to viral infections, often associated with pathologies of importance in cattle breeding.Among the numerous infectious diseases, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) havea negative impact on buffalo creations. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, serum samples were obtained from 244 buffaloes on eight properties distributedin six municipalities. The search for anti-BVDV and -bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) antibodies was performedusing the virus neutralization technique. To analyze the association between the serological status of BoHV-1 infection andaspects of hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management, an investigative questionnaire with objective questions wasused. In total, 97.9% (239/244) of buffaloes had anti-BVDV antibodies and 56.1% (137/244) had anti-BoHV-1 antibodies.Co-infection was observed in 55.3% (135/244) of buffaloes. The distribution of antibody occurrence in buffaloes byproperties ranged from 90.5% to 100.0% for BVDV and from 4.8% to 100% for BoHV-1. It was not possible to performan association analysis for BVDV infection; however, in that for BoHV-1 infection, the following variables exhibited asignificant association: an extensive breeding system (P < 0.001), open herd (P = 0.029), lack of reproductive rest (P =0.029), natural mating in females with reproductive disorders (P < 0.001), exploration type (P = 0.0014), presence of wildanimals (P < 0.001), and lack of cleaning facilities (P = 0.008).Discussion: The occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in this study was 97.9% this was higher than those reported in othercountry’s regions. The results of the present study demonstrate a high occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in [...]

Occurrence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state - Brazil

Background: Buffaloes are susceptible to viral infections, often associated with pathologies of importance in cattle breeding.Among the numerous infectious diseases, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) havea negative impact on buffalo creations. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, serum samples were obtained from 244 buffaloes on eight properties distributedin six municipalities. The search for anti-BVDV and -bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) antibodies was performedusing the virus neutralization technique. To analyze the association between the serological status of BoHV-1 infection andaspects of hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management, an investigative questionnaire with objective questions wasused. In total, 97.9% (239/244) of buffaloes had anti-BVDV antibodies and 56.1% (137/244) had anti-BoHV-1 antibodies.Co-infection was observed in 55.3% (135/244) of buffaloes. The distribution of antibody occurrence in buffaloes byproperties ranged from 90.5% to 100.0% for BVDV and from 4.8% to 100% for BoHV-1. It was not possible to performan association analysis for BVDV infection; however, in that for BoHV-1 infection, the following variables exhibited asignificant association: an extensive breeding system (P < 0.001), open herd (P = 0.029), lack of reproductive rest (P =0.029), natural mating in females with reproductive disorders (P < 0.001), exploration type (P = 0.0014), presence of wildanimals (P < 0.001), and lack of cleaning facilities (P = 0.008).Discussion: The occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in this study was 97.9% this was higher than those reported in othercountrys regions. The results of the present study demonstrate a high occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in [...] (AU)

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine milk from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

The aim of this study was to detect the IS900 region of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in bovine milk samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional PCR, and to study the agreement between these tests. A total of 121 bovine milk samples were collected from herds considered positive for MAP, from the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. MAP DNA was detected in 20 samples (16.5%) using conventional PCR and in 34 samples (28.1%) using qPCR. MAP DNA was detected in all of the 6 animal farms studied. Moderate agreement was found between qPCR and conventional PCR results, where the sensitivity and specificity of conventional PCR in relation to qPCR were 50% and 96.6%, respectively. Thus, the IS900 region of MAP was found in bovine milk samples from the State of Pernambuco. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MAP DNA found in bovine milk in Northeast Brazil. We also demonstrated the qPCR technique is more sensitive than conventional PCR with respect to detection of MAP in milk samples.(AU)

Epidemiologic analysis of Leptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil / Análise epidemiológica da infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

This study aimed to analyze epidemiological aspects and spatial characteristics of Lesptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil. A total of 426 samples were collected from unvaccinated animals aged 1 year or older, and submitted to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). To  study the risk factors, a standardized investigative survey of sheep farmers, with objective questions, was conducted to establish the general characteristics of the farm property production, reproductive management, and health plan. From 426 samples analyzed, 83 (19.5%; CI  15.9    23.6%) were positive; among them, the most prevalent serovar was Autumnalis (32.4%). Significant differences were observed between gender (OR = 0.38; CI 0.14 0.99), production system (OR = 2.03; CI 1.07 3.84), types of herd (OR = 2.28; CI  1.39  3.72), absence of rodents to the grain storage (OR = 0.55; CI 0.34  0.91), and restriction to surface waters (OR = 0.60; CI 0.37  0.99). Leptospira spp. infection is disseminated in sheep herds, and multiple factors can influence its occurrence. Health education programs and worker training in prevention and control of leptospirosis and other infectious diseases may be useful to reduce infection rates and economic losses caused by this disease.

Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos e caracterizar espacialmente a infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Para compor a amostragem do estudo, foram colhidas 426 amostras de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados, e submetidas à reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco, aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constitu- ído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características gerais da propriedade, ao manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 426 amostras analisadas, 83 (19,5%; IC 15,9 23,6%) foram positivas; entre elas, o sorovar de maior prevalência foi o Autumnalis (32,4%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre sexo (OR = 0,38; I.C. 0,14  0,99), sistema de criação (OR = 2,03; I.C. 1,07 3,84), tipo de rebanho (OR = 2,28; I.C. 1,39 3,72), ausência do acesso de ratos a ração (OR = 0,55; I.C. 0,34 0,91) e restrição a águas de superfície (OR = 0,60; I.C. 0,37 0,99). A infecção por Leptospira spp. está distribuída nos rebanhos ovinos e são múltiplos os fatores que podem influenciar sua ocorrência. A implantação de programas de educação em saúde e o treinamento da mão de obra em métodos de prevenção e controle da leptospirose e outras doenças infecciosas podem ser úteis na redução dos casos de infecção e na diminuição das perdas econômicas causadas por esta enfermidade.

Epidemiologic analysis of Leptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil / Análise epidemiológica da infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

This study aimed to analyze epidemiological aspects and spatial characteristics of Lesptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil. A total of 426 samples were collected from unvaccinated animals aged 1 year or older, and submitted to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). To study the risk factors, a standardized investigative survey of sheep farmers, with objective questions, was conducted to establish the general characteristics of the farm property production, reproductive management, and health plan. From 426 samples analyzed, 83 (19.5%; CI 15.9 - 23.6%) were positive; among them, the most prevalent serovar was Autumnalis (32.4%). Significant differences were observed between gender (OR = 0.38; CI 0.14 - 0.99), production system (OR = 2.03; CI 1.07 - 3.84), types of herd (OR = 2.28; CI 1.39 - 3.72), absence of rodents to the grain storage (OR = 0.55; CI 0.34 - 0.91), and restriction to surface waters (OR = 0.60; CI 0.37 - 0.99). Leptospira spp. infection is disseminated in sheep herds, and multiple factors can influence its occurrence. Health education programs and worker training in prevention and control of leptospirosis and other infectious diseases may be useful to reduce infection rates and economic losses caused by this disease.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos e caracterizar espacialmente a infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Para compor a amostragem do estudo, foram colhidas 426 amostras de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados, e submetidas à reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco, aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características gerais da propriedade, ao manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 426 amostras analisadas, 83 (19,5%; IC 15,9 - 23,6%) foram positivas; entre elas, o sorovar de maior prevalência foi o Autumnalis (32,4%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre sexo (OR = 0,38; I.C. 0,14 - 0,99), sistema de criação (OR = 2,03; I.C. 1,07 - 3,84), tipo de rebanho (OR = 2,28; I.C. 1,39 - 3,72), ausência do acesso de ratos a ração (OR = 0,55; I.C. 0,34 - 0,91) e restrição a águas de superfície (OR = 0,60; I.C. 0,37 - 0,99). A infecção por Leptospira spp. está distribuída nos rebanhos ovinos e são múltiplos os fatores que podem influenciar sua ocorrência. A implantação de programas de educação em saúde e o treinamento da mão de obra em métodos de prevenção e controle da leptospirose e outras doenças infecciosas podem ser úteis na redução dos casos de infecção e na diminuição das perdas econômicas causadas por esta enfermidade.(AU)

Epidemiologic analysis of Leptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil / Análise epidemiológica da infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

This study aimed to analyze epidemiological aspects and spatial characteristics of Lesptospira spp. infection among sheep in Pernambuco state, Brazil. A total of 426 samples were collected from unvaccinated animals aged 1 year or older, and submitted to Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). To  study the risk factors, a standardized investigative survey of sheep farmers, with objective questions, was conducted to establish the general characteristics of the farm property production, reproductive management, and health plan. From 426 samples analyzed, 83 (19.5%; CI  15.9    23.6%) were positive; among them, the most prevalent serovar was Autumnalis (32.4%). Significant differences were observed between gender (OR = 0.38; CI 0.14 0.99), production system (OR = 2.03; CI 1.07 3.84), types of herd (OR = 2.28; CI  1.39  3.72), absence of rodents to the grain storage (OR = 0.55; CI 0.34  0.91), and restriction to surface waters (OR = 0.60; CI 0.37  0.99). Leptospira spp. infection is disseminated in sheep herds, and multiple factors can influence its occurrence. Health education programs and worker training in prevention and control of leptospirosis and other infectious diseases may be useful to reduce infection rates and economic losses caused by this disease.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos e caracterizar espacialmente a infecção por Leptospira spp. em ovinos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Para compor a amostragem do estudo, foram colhidas 426 amostras de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados, e submetidas à reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco, aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constitu- ído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características gerais da propriedade, ao manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 426 amostras analisadas, 83 (19,5%; IC 15,9 23,6%) foram positivas; entre elas, o sorovar de maior prevalência foi o Autumnalis (32,4%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre sexo (OR = 0,38; I.C. 0,14  0,99), sistema de criação (OR = 2,03; I.C. 1,07 3,84), tipo de rebanho (OR = 2,28; I.C. 1,39 3,72), ausência do acesso de ratos a ração (OR = 0,55; I.C. 0,34 0,91) e restrição a águas de superfície (OR = 0,60; I.C. 0,37 0,99). A infecção por Leptospira spp. está distribuída nos rebanhos ovinos e são múltiplos os fatores que podem influenciar sua ocorrência. A implantação de programas de educação em saúde e o treinamento da mão de obra em métodos de prevenção e controle da leptospirose e outras doenças infecciosas podem ser úteis na redução dos casos de infecção e na diminuição das perdas econômicas causadas por esta enfermidade.(AU)

Análise soroepidemiológica da infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) em bovinos no Estado de Pernambuco / Seroepidemiological survey of infection bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) in cattle in the state of Pernambuco

Background: The infection of vírus the Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is responsible for variety of clinical signs in cattle, highlighting problems in the reproductive tract which causes damage to the cattle. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with infection by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) in cattle herds in the micro Garanhuns, State of Pernambuco, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Samples of 373 cows of reproductive age were collected (over 24 months), with milk aptitude and seven bulls, totaling 380 samples from herds without history of BoHV-1 vaccination, from 20 properties distributed in the municipalities that make up the study area during the months of April and May 2013. For serological diagnosis of infection with BoHV-1, we used the virus neutralization test (VN). In each farm, an epidemiological questionnaire to analyze risk factors with objective questions about the characteristics of production and aspects of hygiene and sanitary and reproductive management was applied. The analyze the risk factors associated with BoHV-1, it was performed a univariate analysis of the variables of interest using the chi-square test of Pearson or Fisher exact test, when necessary. Then, a logistic regression analysis dependent variable considering how to BoHV-1 virus neutralization test result (no reagent or reagent) was performed. The independent or explanatory variables considered in the model were those that showed statistical significance < 0.20. The prevalence was 79.5% (302/380; CI: 75.1% - 83.4%) of the 20 sampled properties, all had at least one positive animal, with prevalence in herds ranging from 46.2% to 100.0%.[...](AU)