Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Uso tópico do amitraz em concentração terapêutica em gatos

Amitraz is an insecticide of the formamidine group very used as acaricide and tickicide in veterinary medicine. The present research was aimed at analyzing the alterations induced by the topical use of amitraz in therapeutic concentration of 0.05%. Heart rate, electrocardiogram, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, pupil diameter and degree of sedation, dosage of the glucose, insulin and cortisol concentration were measurements. The alterations were blood pressure decrease, hypothermia, vomit, salivation, mydriasis, light degree of sedation and increase in plasma glucose level. Some animals also presented sinusal arrhthymia. In spite of having occurred decrease of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and increase in the glucose levels, these values were inside of the normality referred for the feline species. The research demonstrated that the use of the amitraz by topical way in therapeutic concentration is safe in healthy cats, and as well as it happens in other species, its use should be contraindicated in cats with diabetic, heart problems and hypothermia.

O amitraz é um inseticida do grupo das formamidinas muito utilizado como acaricida e carrapaticida em medicina veterinária. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as alterações induzidas com o uso do amitraz por via tópica, através de banho, em concentração terapêutica de 0,05%, avaliando-se a freqüência cardíaca, o eletrocardiograma, a pressão arterial sistólica, a freqüência respiratória, a temperatura retal, o diâmetro pupilar e o grau de sedação, além da dosagem da concentração de glicose, insulina e cortisol. As alterações observadas foram diminuição da pressão arterial, hipotermia, vômito, salivação, midríase, grau de sedação leve e aumento no nível de glicose. Alguns animais, individualmente, em alguns momentos, também apresentaram arritmia sinusal. Apesar de ter ocorrido diminuição da freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial sistólica e aumento no nível de glicose, esses valores estavam dentro da normalidade referida para a espécie felina. O trabalho demonstrou que a utilização do amitraz por via tópica em concentração terapêutica é segura em gatos hígidos e, assim como ocorre em outras espécies, o seu uso deve ser contra-indicado em gatos diabéticos, com problemas cardíacos e hipotérmicos.

Uso tópico do amitraz em concentração terapêutica em gatos

Amitraz is an insecticide of the formamidine group very used as acaricide and tickicide in veterinary medicine. The present research was aimed at analyzing the alterations induced by the topical use of amitraz in therapeutic concentration of 0.05%. Heart rate, electrocardiogram, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, pupil diameter and degree of sedation, dosage of the glucose, insulin and cortisol concentration were measurements. The alterations were blood pressure decrease, hypothermia, vomit, salivation, mydriasis, light degree of sedation and increase in plasma glucose level. Some animals also presented sinusal arrhthymia. In spite of having occurred decrease of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure and increase in the glucose levels, these values were inside of the normality referred for the feline species. The research demonstrated that the use of the amitraz by topical way in therapeutic concentration is safe in healthy cats, and as well as it happens in other species, it’s use should be contraindicated in cats with diabetic, heart problems and hypothermia.

O amitraz é um inseticida do grupo das formamidinas muito utilizado como acaricida e carrapaticida em medicina veterinária. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as alterações induzidas com o uso do amitraz por via tópica, através de banho, em concentração terapêutica de 0,05%, avaliando-se a freqüência cardíaca, o eletrocardiograma, a pressão arterial sistólica, a freqüência respiratória, a temperatura retal, o diâmetro pupilar e o grau de sedação, além da dosagem da concentração de glicose, insulina e cortisol. As alterações observadas foram diminuição da pressão arterial, hipotermia, vômito, salivação, midríase, grau de sedação leve e aumento no nível de glicose. Alguns animais, individualmente, em alguns momentos, também apresentaram arritmia sinusal. Apesar de ter ocorrido diminuição da freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial sistólica e aumento no nível de glicose, esses valores estavam dentro da normalidade referida para a espécie felina. O trabalho demonstrou que a utilização do amitraz por via tópica em concentração terapêutica é segura em gatos hígidos e, assim como ocorre em outras espécies, o seu uso deve ser contra-indicado em gatos diabéticos, com problemas cardíacos e hipotérmicos.

Cytological and microbiologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs / Avaliação citológica e microbiológica do lavado broncoalveolar em cães hígidos

The aim of this study was to standardize the transtracheal technique to collect the broncoalveolar lavage fluid without broncoscopy and to determine the normal cytologic and microbiologic findings of the lower respiratory tract wash, in healthy dogs. Thirty adult dogs (12 males and 18 females), age from one to eight years old, were submitted to sedation in order to permit the bronchoalveolar lavage. Bacterial and fungal microorganisms were isolated in 46.67% and 16.67 % of the lavage samples, respectively. In 43.3% out of the samples were isolated two or more microorganisms. Mean and standard deviation of colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were 21540±55298 and 13.33±43.4 for bacterial and fungal organisms, respectively. In cytological evaluation, alveolar macrophage was the predominant cell. Small amounts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, epithelial cells and bacteria were observed, besides positive correlation between macrophage score and bacteria CFU. The technique was adequated and showed wide margin of security.

Objetivando-se padronizar a técnica transtraqueal para coleta do lavado broncoalveolar não broncoscópico, bem como caracterizar a celularidade e microbiota residente em lavados do trato respiratório inferior (TRI) de cães normais, da região de Presidente Prudente, foram estudados 30 cães saudáveis, machos e fêmeas, sem raça definida, adultos. Os animais foram tranqüilizados e então submetidos à coleta do lavado, pela técnica transtraqueal. Foram isolados microrganismos bacterianos e fúngicos, respectivamente em 46,67% e 16,67% dos animais pesquisados. Em 43,3% das amostras foram isolados dois ou mais microrganismos. As médias de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) por mililitro de lavado broncoalveolar, para bactérias e fungos, foram de 21540 ± 55289 e 13,33 ± 43,4, respectivamente. A citologia revelou predominância de macrófagos alveolares e pequenas quantidades de neutrófilos, linfócitos, eosinófilos, células epiteliais e bactérias, além de correlação positiva entre o escore de macrófagos e as contagens de UFC de bactérias. A técnica avaliada mostrou-se adequada e segura.

Cytological and microbiologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy dogs / Avaliação citológica e microbiológica do lavado broncoalveolar em cães hígidos

The aim of this study was to standardize the transtracheal technique to collect the broncoalveolar lavage fluid without broncoscopy and to determine the normal cytologic and microbiologic findings of the lower respiratory tract wash, in healthy dogs. Thirty adult dogs (12 males and 18 females), age from one to eight years old, were submitted to sedation in order to permit the bronchoalveolar lavage. Bacterial and fungal microorganisms were isolated in 46.67% and 16.67 % of the lavage samples, respectively. In 43.3% out of the samples were isolated two or more microorganisms. Mean and standard deviation of colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were 21540±55298 and 13.33±43.4 for bacterial and fungal organisms, respectively. In cytological evaluation, alveolar macrophage was the predominant cell. Small amounts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, epithelial cells and bacteria were observed, besides positive correlation between macrophage score and bacteria CFU. The technique was adequated and showed wide margin of security.

Objetivando-se padronizar a técnica transtraqueal para coleta do lavado broncoalveolar não broncoscópico, bem como caracterizar a celularidade e microbiota residente em lavados do trato respiratório inferior (TRI) de cães normais, da região de Presidente Prudente, foram estudados 30 cães saudáveis, machos e fêmeas, sem raça definida, adultos. Os animais foram tranqüilizados e então submetidos à coleta do lavado, pela técnica transtraqueal. Foram isolados microrganismos bacterianos e fúngicos, respectivamente em 46,67% e 16,67% dos animais pesquisados. Em 43,3% das amostras foram isolados dois ou mais microrganismos. As médias de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) por mililitro de lavado broncoalveolar, para bactérias e fungos, foram de 21540 ± 55289 e 13,33 ± 43,4, respectivamente. A citologia revelou predominância de macrófagos alveolares e pequenas quantidades de neutrófilos, linfócitos, eosinófilos, células epiteliais e bactérias, além de correlação positiva entre o escore de macrófagos e as contagens de UFC de bactérias. A técnica avaliada mostrou-se adequada e segura.

Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Effects of Mikania glomerata Leaf Extract on Experimental Bothropoides jararaca Envenomation in Wistar Rats

Background: Bothropic envenomation represents the most common ophidic accident worldwide, compared to other snakebites of medical interest. Bothropic venom has proteolytic, vasculotoxic, clotting and/or hemorrhagic actions in animals and humans. Mikania glomerata is a plant found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with interesting medical properties that may be useful in ameliorating the effects of ophidic venom, and thus, improving response and outcome. Although Mikania is known to act through inhibition of cytolysins in the venom, there is a lack of consistent research data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of M. glomerata in bothropic envenomation treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed following Bothropoides jararaca experimental envenomation in three groups of 18 Wistar rats each. Group VS was inoculated in the pelvic limb via intramuscular injection of bothropic venom and received specific anti-venom serum via intraperitoneal injection. Group VSM was similarly inoculated; it received anti-venom serum and a 10% aqueous extract of the Mikania glomerata plant orally. Group C was the control group and received saline solution alone. Evaluations were performed at 0.5 h (M1), 6 h (M2), and 24 h (M3) after venom inoculation. Animals from both inoculated groups (VS and VSM) sh

Megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis in a female German shepherd dog / Megaesôfago secundário a miastenia grave em uma cadela da raça Pastor Alemão

Megaesophagus is a common cause of regurgitation being one of the possible etiologies the myasthenia gravis characterized by a neuromuscular disorder that result in weakness of the skeletal muscles, of the esophagus, of the larynx and of the pharynx. The present report describes a case of a female German shepherd dog, with report of muscles weakness and frequent vomits, which was diagnosed as a megaesophagus secondary to myasthenia gravis. The radiograph of the animal presented an accentuated cervical and thoracic megaesophagus. After the institution of the recommended therapeutic protocol the animal presented visible improvement when walking, however the regurgitations worsened and it began to present cough. New radiograph was accomplished with presence, besides megaesophagus, of aspiration pneumonia. The owner opted for the euthanasia of the animal and the necropsy revealed severe pneumonia and an accentuated dilation of the posterior portion of the esophagus, collaborating with subsidies for an unfavorable prognostic of the case.

Megaesôfago é uma causa comum de regurgitação sendo uma das possíveis etiologias a miastenia grave caracterizada por uma desordem neuromuscular que resulta em fraqueza dos músculos esqueléticos, do esôfago, da laringe e da faringe. O presente relato descreve um caso de uma cadela da raça Pastor Alemão, com histórico de fraqueza muscular e vômitos freqüentes, que foi diagnosticada como megaesôfago secundário à miastenia grave. A radiografia do animal apresentou um acentuado megaesôfago cervical e torácico. Após a instituição do protocolo terapêutico recomendado o animal apresentou melhora visível ao caminhar, porém as regurgitações pioraram e começou a apresentar tosse. Foi realizado novo exame radiográfico com presença, além de megaesôfago, de pneumonia aspirativa. A proprietária optou pela eutanásia do animal e a necropsia revelou severa pneumonia e dilatação acentuada da porção caudal do esôfago, caracterizando um megaesôfago de grande dimensão, colaborando com subsídios para um prognóstico desfavorável do caso.