Milk composition, ruminal pH and metabolic parameters of dairy cows supplemented with slow-release urea / Composição do leite, pH do fluído ruminal e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras suplementadas com uréia de liberação lenta

Background: The protein supplements can represent up to 50% of the costs in the concentrated fraction of the diet in dairy cows. A possible alternative that meets the requirements regarding protein levels and can reduce the costs are the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementst. For these reasons, this strategy it is widely used in low milk production systems, where cost of production has a higher impact. In this scenario the use of NPN aims to increase production without altering the economic balance of the system. Recently, a supplement consisting of urea coated with a biodegradable polymer was developed. This system promotes the controlled release of urea that can reach up 36 h after ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding slow release urea formula on the composition and milk production, metabolic parameters and pH of the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted over a period of 60 days, using 20 multiparous cows with 90 ± 18 days in milk. The animals were divided into two groups according to the type of NPN: 1) conventional urea (CG) and 2) slow release urea (SRG). Each group was composed of six Holstein cows (average body weight 528.7 ± 51.9 kg) and four Jersey cows (average body weight 389.3 ± 33.3 kg). Cows in the CG received a diet containing 80g of conventional urea/cow/day, and SRG cows were

Na pecuária leiteira a relação custo-benefício na alimentação animal é decisiva para o êxito econômico da atividade, o que leva o produtor a utilizar alternativas que diminuam os custos em relação à suplementação protéica, através do uso de fontes de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), como a uréia. Em sistemas de baixa produção leiteira, a utilização de NNP visa aumentar a produção sem alterar o equilíbrio econômico do sistema. [...]

Alterations in population of ruminal protozoa, quantified from the adaptation technique dehority, of sheep submitted to confinement diet / Alterações na população de protozoários ruminais, quantificados a partir da adaptação da técnica de Dehority, de ovinos submetidos a uma dieta de confinamento

Background: The search for productivity increase in finish ruminants is related with the intensification of production. The use of concentrated feed in finish lambs can determine a profitable product and quality, wich reachs ideal weight in a short time. However, the addition of concentrated feed can cause a shift in the whole rumen ecosystem, and as a result, having animals more susceptible to metabolic disorders. As protozoa have their growth stimulated or inhibited by dietary factors, it becomes important to quantify and evaluate its activity in response to diets for ruminants. Thus, using measurements of the number of protozoa in the rumen fluid, we are able to make early diagnosis of possible metabolic disorders, as well as adjustments in ration formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and activity of protozoa in rumen of sheep in a feedlot diet, and validate an adaptation of the technique Dehority for counting of protozoa in the rumen fluid. Materials, Methods & Results: It were utilized 5 crossbred Texel x Corriedale ewes not pregnant, not lactating, with approximately 18 months old and with average weight of 50.73 ± 4.38 kg. The females were kept confined, receiving water and ration ad libitum in individual feeders. Ewes were fed twice (8:30 and 16:30) daily with a diet aiming to provide the DM intake equivalent to 3.5% of body wei

Background: The search for productivity increase in finish ruminants is related with the intensification of production. The use of concentrated feed in finish lambs can determine a profitable product and quality, wich reachs ideal weight in a short time. However, the addition of concentrated feed can cause a shift in the whole rumen ecosystem, and as a result, having animals more susceptible to metabolic disorders. As protozoa have their growth stimulated or inhibited by dietary factors, it becomes important to quantify and evaluate its activity in response to diets for ruminants. Thus, using measurements of the number of protozoa in the rumen fluid, we are able to make early diagnosis of possible metabolic disorders, as well as adjustments in ration formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and activity of protozoa in rumen of sheep in a feedlot diet, and validate an adaptation of the technique Dehority for counting of protozoa in the rumen fluid. Materials, Methods & Results: It were utilized 5 crossbred Texel x Corriedale ewes not pregnant, not lactating, with approximately 18 months old and with average weight of 50.73 ± 4.38 kg. The females were kept confined, receiving water and ration ad libitum in individual feeders. Ewes were fed twice (8:30 and 16:30) daily with a diet aiming to provide the DM intake equivalent to 3.5% of body wei

Effect of transcervical techniques and laparoscopy on pregnancy rate of sheep inseminated in fixed-time / Efeito das técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica sobre a taxa de prenhez de ovelhas inseminadas em tempo-fixo

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the transcervical and laparoscopic techniques on the pregnancy rate of inseminated sheep in fixed-time. The pregnancy rate for the transcervical and for laparoscopic techniques was 40% (p>0.05). About the place of deposition of the semen in transcervical artificial insemination (AI), there was not difference in the pregnancy rate (p>0.05), with rates of 25.0% in the superficial cervical, 43.7% in medium cervical, 41.7% in deep cervical and 50.0% intrauterine. These results demonstrate that transcervical AI showed similar results to the obtained with laparoscopy, when these techniques are accomplished in fixed-time. KEY WORDS: Cervix, intrauterine, frozen semen, traction

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito das técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica sobre a taxa de prenhez de ovelhas inseminadas em tempo-fixo. A taxa de prenhez para as técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica foi de 40% (p>0.05). Quanto ao local de deposição do sêmen na inseminação artificial (IA) transcervical, não houve diferença na taxa de prenhez (p>0.05), com taxas de 25.0% na cervical superficial, 43.7% cervical médio, 41.7% cervical profundo e 50.0% intra-uterino. Estes resultados demonstram que a IA transcervical apresenta resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o uso de laparoscopia, quando estas técnicas são realizadas em tempo-fixo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cérvix, intrauterino, sêmen congelado, tracionamento

Efeito da Aplicação de Flunixin Meglumine Sobre a Taxa de Gestação de Ovelhas Inseminadas via Transcervical

Background:  :  :  : In livestock animals, which artificial insemination (AI) is widely spread, a healthy uterine environment is an important factor that should be taken into account for an adequate fertilization and establishment and development of pregnancy. The main limitation to spread the frozen semen insemination in sheep is the high costs of the laparoscopy AI and the difficulty of traversing the cervix. To overcome problems associated with transcervical artificial insemination, new techniques and instruments have been proposed. The manipulation of cervix during transcervical artificial insemination in sheep can lead to a local inflammatory reaction that releases inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, that either can negatively affect the uterine environment and consequently, the conception. In this regard, the injection of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) at the moment of AI could reduce the secretion of inflammatory mediators, promoting a healthier uterine environment favorable to conception. The flunixin meglumine is a NSAI which reduces the synthesis of PGF2á by the inibition of the cyclooxigenase. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flunixin meglumine (non-steroid antiinflammatory) injection on pregnancy rate of ewes inseminated by the transcervical technique. Materials, Methods & Results: In this experiment 6

Effect of pigpel extender on the boar semen quality stored at different temperatures / Efeito do diluente pigpel na qualidade do sêmen suíno refrigerado em diferentes temperaturas

This study aim to evaluate the quality of boar semen stored at different temperatures  and media on PIGPEL5 extender, using egg yolk as an external membrane protector, and on PIGPEL5Plus, containing low density lipoprotein (LDL) as protector. In the experiment 1, the semen doses were stored in a semen container at 5 and 17 C and the results were compared with semen stored at 17 C in BTS extender. In the experiment 2, the doses with the PIGPEL5 and PIGPEL5Plus extenders were stored in a commercial refrigerator and in semen container, both at 5 C. The use of extenders with extracellular cryoprotectant (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) showed higher (p 0.05) motility values in comparison to BTS until 48 h. Furthermore, the use of extracellular cryoprotectant was good to maintenance of membrane integrity and normal morphology at 5 oC similarly to 17 oC extenders. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the motility, membrane integrity and morphology for the substitution of egg yolk (PIGPEL5) for LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). In experiment 2, also there was no difference (p > 0.05) in motility, membrane integrity and morphology between extenders and type of container until 72 h. The conservation of semen on PIGPEL5 extender and commercial refrigerator (5 ºC) allowed patterns of sperm quality according recommended for AI.

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade do sêmen suíno preservado em diferentes temperaturas e meios de conservação no diluente PIGPEL5, utilizando gema de ovo como protetor externo de membrana, e no diluente PIGPEL5Plus, utilizando lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) como protetor. No experimento 1, as doses de sêmen foram conservadas em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 e 17 C nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus e comparadas ao diluente BTS a 17 C. Já no experimento 2, foi comparada a conservação do sêmen nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus em geladeira convencional ou em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 ºC. Observou-se que o uso de diluidores com crioprotetor extracelular (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) apresentou maiores (p 0,05) resultados de motilidade com relação ao BTS até 48 h. Além do mais, o uso de crioprotetor extracelular foi benéfico para a manutenção da integridade e morfologia normais a temperatura de 5 ºC em níveis similares aos diluidores a 17 ºC. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia para a substituição da gema de ovo (PIGPEL5) pela LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). No experimento 2, também não houve diferença na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia espermática entre os diluentes e formas de acondicionamento testados até 72 h (p > 0,05). O acondicionamento do sêmen no diluente PIGPEL5 em geladeira doméstica (5 ºC) proporcionou  padrõ

Efeito da Aplicação de Flunixin Meglumine Sobre a Taxa de Gestação de Ovelhas Inseminadas via Transcervical

Background:  :  :  : In livestock animals, which artificial insemination (AI) is widely spread, a healthy uterine environment is an important factor that should be taken into account for an adequate fertilization and establishment and development of pregnancy. The main limitation to spread the frozen semen insemination in sheep is the high costs of the laparoscopy AI and the difficulty of traversing the cervix. To overcome problems associated with transcervical artificial insemination, new techniques and instruments have been proposed. The manipulation of cervix during transcervical artificial insemination in sheep can lead to a local inflammatory reaction that releases inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, that either can negatively affect the uterine environment and consequently, the conception. In this regard, the injection of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) at the moment of AI could reduce the secretion of inflammatory mediators, promoting a healthier uterine environment favorable to conception. The flunixin meglumine is a NSAI which reduces the synthesis of PGF2á by the inibition of the cyclooxigenase. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flunixin meglumine (non-steroid antiinflammatory) injection on pregnancy rate of ewes inseminated by the transcervical technique. Materials, Methods & Results: In this experiment 6

Alterations in population of ruminal protozoa, quantified from the adaptation technique dehority, of sheep submitted to confinement diet / Alterações na população de protozoários ruminais, quantificados a partir da adaptação da técnica de Dehority, de ovinos submetidos a uma dieta de confinamento

Background: The search for productivity increase in finish ruminants is related with the intensification of production. The use of concentrated feed in finish lambs can determine a profitable product and quality, wich reachs ideal weight in a short time. However, the addition of concentrated feed can cause a shift in the whole rumen ecosystem, and as a result, having animals more susceptible to metabolic disorders. As protozoa have their growth stimulated or inhibited by dietary factors, it becomes important to quantify and evaluate its activity in response to diets for ruminants. Thus, using measurements of the number of protozoa in the rumen fluid, we are able to make early diagnosis of possible metabolic disorders, as well as adjustments in ration formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and activity of protozoa in rumen of sheep in a feedlot diet, and validate an adaptation of the technique Dehority for counting of protozoa in the rumen fluid. Materials, Methods & Results: It were utilized 5 crossbred Texel x Corriedale ewes not pregnant, not lactating, with approximately 18 months old and with average weight of 50.73 ± 4.38 kg. The females were kept confined, receiving water and ration ad libitum in individual feeders. Ewes were fed twice (8:30 and 16:30) daily with a diet aiming to provide the DM intake equivalent to 3.5% of body wei

Background: The search for productivity increase in finish ruminants is related with the intensification of production. The use of concentrated feed in finish lambs can determine a profitable product and quality, wich reachs ideal weight in a short time. However, the addition of concentrated feed can cause a shift in the whole rumen ecosystem, and as a result, having animals more susceptible to metabolic disorders. As protozoa have their growth stimulated or inhibited by dietary factors, it becomes important to quantify and evaluate its activity in response to diets for ruminants. Thus, using measurements of the number of protozoa in the rumen fluid, we are able to make early diagnosis of possible metabolic disorders, as well as adjustments in ration formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration and activity of protozoa in rumen of sheep in a feedlot diet, and validate an adaptation of the technique Dehority for counting of protozoa in the rumen fluid. Materials, Methods & Results: It were utilized 5 crossbred Texel x Corriedale ewes not pregnant, not lactating, with approximately 18 months old and with average weight of 50.73 ± 4.38 kg. The females were kept confined, receiving water and ration ad libitum in individual feeders. Ewes were fed twice (8:30 and 16:30) daily with a diet aiming to provide the DM intake equivalent to 3.5% of body wei

Effect of pigpel extender on the boar semen quality stored at different temperatures / Efeito do diluente pigpel na qualidade do sêmen suíno refrigerado em diferentes temperaturas

This study aim to evaluate the quality of boar semen stored at different temperatures  and media on PIGPEL5 extender, using egg yolk as an external membrane protector, and on PIGPEL5Plus, containing low density lipoprotein (LDL) as protector. In the experiment 1, the semen doses were stored in a semen container at 5 and 17 C and the results were compared with semen stored at 17 C in BTS extender. In the experiment 2, the doses with the PIGPEL5 and PIGPEL5Plus extenders were stored in a commercial refrigerator and in semen container, both at 5 C. The use of extenders with extracellular cryoprotectant (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) showed higher (p 0.05) motility values in comparison to BTS until 48 h. Furthermore, the use of extracellular cryoprotectant was good to maintenance of membrane integrity and normal morphology at 5 oC similarly to 17 oC extenders. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the motility, membrane integrity and morphology for the substitution of egg yolk (PIGPEL5) for LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). In experiment 2, also there was no difference (p > 0.05) in motility, membrane integrity and morphology between extenders and type of container until 72 h. The conservation of semen on PIGPEL5 extender and commercial refrigerator (5 ºC) allowed patterns of sperm quality according recommended for AI.

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade do sêmen suíno preservado em diferentes temperaturas e meios de conservação no diluente PIGPEL5, utilizando gema de ovo como protetor externo de membrana, e no diluente PIGPEL5Plus, utilizando lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) como protetor. No experimento 1, as doses de sêmen foram conservadas em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 e 17 C nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus e comparadas ao diluente BTS a 17 C. Já no experimento 2, foi comparada a conservação do sêmen nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus em geladeira convencional ou em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 ºC. Observou-se que o uso de diluidores com crioprotetor extracelular (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) apresentou maiores (p 0,05) resultados de motilidade com relação ao BTS até 48 h. Além do mais, o uso de crioprotetor extracelular foi benéfico para a manutenção da integridade e morfologia normais a temperatura de 5 ºC em níveis similares aos diluidores a 17 ºC. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia para a substituição da gema de ovo (PIGPEL5) pela LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). No experimento 2, também não houve diferença na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia espermática entre os diluentes e formas de acondicionamento testados até 72 h (p > 0,05). O acondicionamento do sêmen no diluente PIGPEL5 em geladeira doméstica (5 ºC) proporcionou  padrõ

Milk composition, ruminal pH and metabolic parameters of dairy cows supplemented with slow-release urea / Composição do leite, pH do fluído ruminal e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras suplementadas com uréia de liberação lenta

Background: The protein supplements can represent up to 50% of the costs in the concentrated fraction of the diet in dairy cows. A possible alternative that meets the requirements regarding protein levels and can reduce the costs are the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementst. For these reasons, this strategy it is widely used in low milk production systems, where cost of production has a higher impact. In this scenario the use of NPN aims to increase production without altering the economic balance of the system. Recently, a supplement consisting of urea coated with a biodegradable polymer was developed. This system promotes the controlled release of urea that can reach up 36 h after ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding slow release urea formula on the composition and milk production, metabolic parameters and pH of the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted over a period of 60 days, using 20 multiparous cows with 90 ± 18 days in milk. The animals were divided into two groups according to the type of NPN: 1) conventional urea (CG) and 2) slow release urea (SRG). Each group was composed of six Holstein cows (average body weight 528.7 ± 51.9 kg) and four Jersey cows (average body weight 389.3 ± 33.3 kg). Cows in the CG received a diet containing 80g of conventional urea/cow/day, and SRG cows were

Na pecuária leiteira a relação custo-benefício na alimentação animal é decisiva para o êxito econômico da atividade, o que leva o produtor a utilizar alternativas que diminuam os custos em relação à suplementação protéica, através do uso de fontes de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), como a uréia. Em sistemas de baixa produção leiteira, a utilização de NNP visa aumentar a produção sem alterar o equilíbrio econômico do sistema. [...]

EFFECT OF TRANSCERVICAL TECHNIQUES AND LAPAROSCOPY ON PREGNANCY RATE OF SHEEP INSEMINATED IN FIXED-TIME / EFEITO DAS TÉCNICAS TRANSCERVICAL E LAPAROSCÓPICA SOBRE A TAXA DE PRENHEZ DE OVELHAS INSEMINADAS EM TEMPO-FIXO

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the transcervical and laparoscopic techniques on the pregnancy rate of inseminated sheep in fixed-time. The pregnancy rate for the transcervical and for laparoscopic techniques was 40% (p>0.05). About the place of deposition of the semen in transcervical artificial insemination (AI), there was not difference in the pregnancy rate (p>0.05), with rates of 25.0% in the superficial cervical, 43.7% in medium cervical, 41.7% in deep cervical and 50.0% intrauterine. These results demonstrate that transcervical AI showed similar results to the obtained with laparoscopy, when these techniques are accomplished in fixed-time. KEY WORDS: Cervix, intrauterine, frozen semen, traction

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito das técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica sobre a taxa de prenhez de ovelhas inseminadas em tempo-fixo. A taxa de prenhez para as técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica foi de 40% (p>0.05). Quanto ao local de deposição do sêmen na inseminação artificial (IA) transcervical, não houve diferença na taxa de prenhez (p>0.05), com taxas de 25.0% na cervical superficial, 43.7% cervical médio, 41.7% cervical profundo e 50.0% intra-uterino. Estes resultados demonstram que a IA transcervical apresenta resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o uso de laparoscopia, quando estas técnicas são realizadas em tempo-fixo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cérvix, intrauterino, sêmen congelado, tracionamento

Effect of supplementation with mannanoligosaccharide on clinical parameters and body weight gain of calves / Efeito da suplementação com mananoligossacarídeo sobre parâmetros clínicos e ganho de peso vivo de bezerras

Worlwide there is a trend toward limiting the use of antibiotic in animal production, and more researches are focused on the search for alternatives, such as the use of probiotics and prebiotics in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) on the metabolic profile, immune activity, incidence of diarrhea and weight gain in Holstein-Friesian calves. Thirty two females calves were divided into two groups; mannanoligosaccharide Group (MOSG, n=16) and Control Group (Control G, n=16). MOS was administered into the milk (5g/animal), once a day, from 15 ± 7 to 43 ± 7 days of age, totaling 28 days of supplementation. Blood were collected to determine the metabolic profile, hemogram and concentration of antibodies against Salmonella typhimurium. Body weight and occurrence of diarrhea was evaluated every 7 days. No effects of MOS were detected on the evaluated variables. In conclusion, the results showed that the mannanoligosaccharide did not alter the clinical and zootechnical parameters in Holstein-Friesian calves.

Mundialmente há uma tendência de restrição aos antibióticos na produção animal, e cada vez mais as pesquisas se concentram na busca por alternativas, como é o caso do uso de probióticos e prebióticos na alimentação animal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do prebiótico mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) sobre o perfil metabólico, resposta imune, incidência de diarreia e ganho de peso de bezerras da raça Holandesa. Foram utilizadas 32 bezerras, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo mananoligossacarídeo (GMOS, n=16) e Grupo Controle (GC, n=16). O MOS foi administrado no leite em quantidade de 5g/ animal, uma vez ao dia, de 15 ± 7 até 43 ± 7 dias de idade, totalizando 28 dias de suplementação. Coletas de sangue para determinação do perfil metabólico, hemograma e níveis de anticorpos contra Salmonella typhimurium, pesagens corporais e avaliação da ocorrência de diarreia foram realizadas a cada 7 dias. Não houve efeito da suplementação com MOS sobre as variáveis analisadas. A partir destes resultados, concluímos que a suplementação com MOS não influenciou parâmetros clínicos e zootécnicos de bezerras da raça Holandesa.