Clinical and complementary diagnosis of sinus neoplasia in horses

Background: Sinus neoplasms are reported as low frequency in horses. Its clinical characteristics are often nonspecific, depend on complementary methods for diagnosis, and when diagnosed, generally they are already advanced, limiting therapeutic possibilities. The objective of this case series was to detail clinical aspects and complementary exams for sinus neoplasms for early diagnosis, comparing them with the literature. Cases: Four horses were treated at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, with different clinical signs and previous diagnoses, which when evaluated by respiratory endoscopy, radiography, oral cavity evaluation and histopathological exams, revealed the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, ossifying fibroma and lymphoma. Previous diagnosis, based mainly on clinical signs, were sinusitis secondary to apical infection, ethmoidal hematoma, sinus cyst and sinusitis secondary to periapical disease. The cases of anaplastic carcinoma (case 1) and lymphoma (case 4) presented with an advanced degree of the disease with involvement and destruction of paranasal structures and adjacent tissues, in addition to a poor general condition, which made surgical treatment impossible and led to euthanasia. In these cases, previous treatment was made to apical infection and periodontal disease with secondary sinusitis, but negative evolution led to suspicion of neoplasia, confirmed by histopathological exam of incisional biopsy of the mass in oral cavity. Benign ossifying fibroma (case 3) presented with progressive respiratory difficulty due to occlusion of the lumen of some nasal meatus and radiographic signs of invasion and deformation of the adjacent bones, it was submitted for surgical excision and there was no recurrence until hospital discharge. The poorly differentiated carcinoma (case 2) was a multilobulate neoformation in the ethmoidal region, similar to ethmoid hematoma in endoscopic and radiographic evaluation, it was submitted for excision and two sessions of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, associated with administration of piroxicam, which obtained a good result until the period of 1 year after discharge. Discussion: It was found that many characteristics are common with these types of neoplasms, and the clinical signs, such as nasal secretions, airway obstruction, increased facial volume, severe alterations in oral cavity, although unspecific, suggest the differential diagnosis for neoplasms. It is important to differentiate from other diseases noting the evolution and growth of these tumors, like in cases 1 and 4, especially the growth to internal tissues, using complementary methods described here, like endoscopic and radiographic examination. Late identification or even manipulation of neoplasms, without proper diagnosis, leads to a few prognoses regarding life. When it is possible to perform surgical excision, complementary methods are important to guide the procedure, and definitive diagnosis is made through histopathologic exam and some need immunohistochemistry analysis. Cases 2 and 3 had surgical access, were submitted to excision and treatment with good results, both with close monitoring in first months and prolonged quality of life. These results highlight the importance of complementary methods for early diagnosis, correct intervention and monitoring of evolution.

Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...

Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horses owner didnt authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...(AU)

Primary paranasal maxillary hematoma: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...

Primary paranasal maxillary hematoma: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Background: The equine paranasal sinus have a complex anatomy and large compartiments. For this reason, deseasesthat affect these structures may develop for long periods before the animal show any clinical signs, making it difficult tostablish a definitive diagnosis and institute an adequate treatment. Usually, maxillary hematomas reports come from progression of ethmoidal hematomas, and the descriptions of primary maxillary hematomas are rare. This study aims to reportthe clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a case of a maxillary hematoma not associated with ethmoidal turbinates.Case: An 8-year-old male horse, Mangalarga Paulista, was referred to the Centro de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa FMVZUSP with history of nasal bleeding for over a year. The animal presented deformity on the right side of the face, with significant volume increase on the maxillary bone region and dull sound at percussion, in addition to great painfull sensibilitywhen palpated. The right nare had no airflow, suggesting complete obstruction of the right nasal cavity. In order to betterevaluate, endoscopic and radiographic exams were performed. At the radiographic exam, in ventrodorsal projection, itwas observed an increase of volume and radiopacity, occupying the right antimer of the nasal cavity, with left nasal septum deviation. In the right dorsoventral oblique projection, it was observed the filling of the rostral and caudal maxillarysinus with the content radiopacity as previously described. At endoscopy exam of the right nasal cavity, it was observeda rounded greenish structure on the middle meatus The diagnosis of maxillary paranasal sinus cist was suggested andsurgical removal, through maxillary sinusotomy was recommended. During the surgical procedure...(AU)

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...]

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...](AU)

Occurrence of gastric ulcers in horses exercised on a treadmill / Ocorrência de úlceras gástricas em cavalos exercitados em esteira rolante

The most frequently causes of gastric ulcers in horses are fasting, feeding type and management, as well as administration of certain medications. More recently, exercise has also been identified as an important factor in the development of gastric lesions in athlete horses. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether treadmill exercise predisposes the horses to the occurrence of gastric ulcers. Five Arabian horses underwent a twelve-week training period on a treadmill and a gastroscopic evaluation before and after the training period. All animals showed gastric lesions after the training period. Based on these results, it is concluded that Arabian horses undergoing exercise on a treadmill may develop gastric lesions varying in number and severity.(AU)

As causas mais frequentes de úlceras gástricas em cavalos são jejum, tipo de alimentação e manejo, bem como a administração de alguns medicamentos. Mais recentemente, o exercício também foi identificado como um fator importante no desenvolvimento das lesões gástricas em cavalos atletas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o exercício em esteira rolante predispõe os cavalos à ocorrência de úlceras gástricas. Cinco cavalos árabes foram submetidos a um período de doze semanas de treinamento em esteira rolante e a avaliação gastroscópica antes e após o período de treinamento. Todos os animais apresentaram lesões gástricas após o treinamento. Com base nesses resultados, conclui-se que cavalos árabes submetidos a exercício em esteira rolante podem desenvolver lesões gástricas em número e gravidade variados.(AU)

Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PURPOSE:To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm.METHODS:It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm.RESULTS:Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection.CONCLUSION:It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.(AU)

Polidactilismo em muar: relato de caso / Polydactylism in a mule: case report / Polidactilismo en mular: informe de un caso

A polidactilia é uma anomalia congênita na formação dos membros loco motores, caracterizada pela duplicação parcial ou completa de um ou mais dígitos. Nos equinos a sua ocorrência é rara e a causa é desconhecida. O exame radiográfico é indispensável para o diagnóstico da Polidactilia, por proporcionar a avaliação precisa das estruturas ósseas envolvidas. O tratamento pode ser realizado através de procedimento cirúrgico com o intuito de se realizar a amputação do dígito extranumerário. Este relato descreve, por meio de observação de exames físico e radiográfico, a ocorrência de polidactilia unilateral, em uma mula de duas semanas de idade.O animal apresentava dificuldade de locomoção, possuindo dois dígitos completos, com deformidades, no membro torácico direito desde o nascimento.

Polydactyly is a congenitallimb anomaly characterized by partial or complete duplication of one or more digits. Its occurrence in horses is rare and the cause is unknown. Radiographic exam is essential for the diagnosis of polydactyly, by providing an accurate assessment of bone structures involved. The treatment may be achieved through surgical procedure in order to perform the supernumerary digit amputation. This report describes the occurrence of unilateral Polydactyly in a two weeks old mule. The filly had limited mobility, showing two complete digits with deformities in the right forelimb, identified at birth.

La polidactilia es una anomalía congénita en la formación de los miembros locomotores, se caracteriza por la duplicación parcial o completa de uno o más dedos. En los equinos su ocurrencia es rara y la causa es desconocida. El examen radiográfico es indispensable para el diagnóstico de la Polidactilia, 10 que proporciona la evaluación precisa de las estructuras óseas involucradas. El tratamiento puede ser realizado através de procedimiento quirúrgico con el intuito de realizarse la amputación dei dedo supernumerario. Este informe describe, por medio de observación de exámenes físico y radiográfico, la ocurrencia de polidactilia unilateral, en una mula de dos semanas de edad. El animal presentaba movilidad limitada con deformidades en dos dígitos completos en el miembro torácico derecho desde el nacimiento.

An experimental study to compare inflammatory response due to liquid or gas joint distension in horses submitted to arthroscopy / Estudo experimental para comparar a resposta inflamatória decorrente da distensão líquida ou gasosa em cavalos submetidos à artroscopia

PURPOSE: To assess comparatively the inflammatory response that follows CO2 or Ringer's lactate joint capsular distension of horses submitted to experimental arthroscopy METHODS: Each animal was submitted to a bilateral tarsocrural arthroscopy employing gas distention in one joint and fluid distention in the contralateral joint. Synovial fluid was evaluated at 0, six, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-operative. RESULTS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopy causes an acute and mild synovitis alike to the liquid capsular distension, showing similar synovial fluid increase of leukocytes, TP, and TNF-α. Although synovial fluid PGE2 content was higher in joints submitted to CO2 distension, lower levels of hemoglobin and leukocytes oxidative burst after surgery indicates that CO2 arthroscopy decreased intra-articular bleeding and activation of infiltrating leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopic examination causes acute and mild synovitis that is similar to the effects caused by the liquid capsular distension. CO2 also seems to decrease intra-articular bleeding and activation of leukocytes.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente a resposta inflamatória decorrente da distensão líquida ou gasosa em cavalos submetidos ao exame artroscópico. MÉTODOS: Cada animal foi submetido a uma artroscopia bilateral tarsocrural empregando uma distensão com gás em uma articulação e líquido na articulação contralateral. O líquido sinovial foi avaliado as zero, seis, 12, 24 e 48 horas do pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: A utilização de CO2 para a artroscopia provoca uma sinovite aguda e leve tal como a distensão capsular por líquido, mostrando um aumento similar de leucócitos, TP (proteína total) e TNF-a. Embora no líquido sinovial a quantidade de PGE2 tenha sido maior nas articulações submetidas à distensão por CO2, níveis mais baixos de hemoglobina e explosão oxidativa de leucócitos após a cirurgia indica que a artroscopia com CO2 diminuiu o sangramento intra-articular e ativação de leucócitos. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de CO2 para exame artroscópico provoca uma sinovite aguda e leve que são semelhantes aos efeitos causados pela distensão capsular por líquido. O CO2 também parece diminuir o sangramento intra-articular e a ativação de leucócitos.(AU)

Polidactilismo em muar: relato de caso / Polydactylism in a mule: case report / Polidactilismo en mular: informe de un caso

A polidactilia é uma anomalia congênita na formação dos membros loco motores, caracterizada pela duplicação parcial ou completa de um ou mais dígitos. Nos equinos a sua ocorrência é rara e a causa é desconhecida. O exame radiográfico é indispensável para o diagnóstico da Polidactilia, por proporcionar a avaliação precisa das estruturas ósseas envolvidas. O tratamento pode ser realizado através de procedimento cirúrgico com o intuito de se realizar a amputação do dígito extranumerário. Este relato descreve, por meio de observação de exames físico e radiográfico, a ocorrência de polidactilia unilateral, em uma mula de duas semanas de idade.O animal apresentava dificuldade de locomoção, possuindo dois dígitos completos, com deformidades, no membro torácico direito desde o nascimento.(AU)

Polydactyly is a congenitallimb anomaly characterized by partial or complete duplication of one or more digits. Its occurrence in horses is rare and the cause is unknown. Radiographic exam is essential for the diagnosis of polydactyly, by providing an accurate assessment of bone structures involved. The treatment may be achieved through surgical procedure in order to perform the supernumerary digit amputation. This report describes the occurrence of unilateral Polydactyly in a two weeks old mule. The filly had limited mobility, showing two complete digits with deformities in the right forelimb, identified at birth.(AU)

La polidactilia es una anomalía congénita en la formación de los miembros locomotores, se caracteriza por la duplicación parcial o completa de uno o más dedos. En los equinos su ocurrencia es rara y la causa es desconocida. El examen radiográfico es indispensable para el diagnóstico de la Polidactilia, 10 que proporciona la evaluación precisa de las estructuras óseas involucradas. El tratamiento puede ser realizado através de procedimiento quirúrgico con el intuito de realizarse la amputación dei dedo supernumerario. Este informe describe, por medio de observación de exámenes físico y radiográfico, la ocurrencia de polidactilia unilateral, en una mula de dos semanas de edad. El animal presentaba movilidad limitada con deformidades en dos dígitos completos en el miembro torácico derecho desde el nacimiento.(AU)

Significant hematocrit decrease in healthy horses during clinical anesthesia / Redução significante dos valores de hematócrito em equinos saudáveis durante anestesia

Xylazine (XYL) and acepromazine (ACP) are known to decrease the hematocrit (HT) of horses when administered alone. However in routine anesthesia these drugs are administered by associations which ultimate effect in the HT is unknown but may cause false impressions about the hydration status, blood loss and red blood cell indices. The objective of this study was to characterize the values of HT in horses anesthetized with XYL, ACP, ketamine, midazolam, guaiphenesin, isoflurane and ephedrine. Twenty healthy horses were premedicated with either XYL 0.8 mg/kg (XYL group, n=10) or XYL 0.5 mg/kg plus ACP 0.05 mg/kg (XYL+ACP group, n=10). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine, midazolam and guaiphenesin and maintained with isoflurane. Ephedrine was infused for cardiovascular support. HT, vital parameters and blood gas values were evaluated at baseline, between each drug administration, after standing and 24 hours after baseline (24hBL). The HT started to decrease 17 and 40 minutes after premedication in XYL group and XYL+ACP group, respectively (p<0.05). The maximum decrease of 19% in XYL group and 17% in XYL+ACP group was observed after 1 hour of premedication (p<0.05). In both groups HT remained low for longer than 180 minutes and returned to baseline at 24hBL. A significant HT decrease should be considered in anesthetized healthy horses receiving XYL, ACP, ketamine, midazolam, guaiphenesin, isoflurane and ephedrine.(AU)

A administração isolada de xilazina (XIL) e acepromazina (ACP) pode diminuir o hematócrito (HT) de equinos. Na rotina anestésica, estes fármacos são administrados em associações, cujo efeito final no HT não é conhecido, mas pode causar falsas impressões sobre o grau de hidratação, perda sanguínea e índices hematimétricos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os valores de HT de equinos anestesiados com XYL, ACP, cetamina, midazolam, EGG, isofluorano e efedrina. Vinte equinos hígidos foram pré-tratados com XIL 0,8 mg/kg (grupo XIL, n=10) ou XIL 0,5 mg/kg associada à ACP 0,05 mg/kg (grupo XIL+ACP, n=10). A anestesia foi induzida com cetamina, midazolam e EGG e mantida com isofluorano. A efedrina foi utilizada para suporte cardiovascular. O HT, parâmetros vitais e hemogasometria foram avaliados no momento basal, entre administração de cada fármaco, após retorno à posição quadrupedal e 24 horas após momento basal (24hBL). A diminuição do HT iniciou-se 17 e 40 minutos após administração da medicação préanestésica no grupo XIL e grupo XIL+ACP, respectivamente (p<0,05). A queda máxima de 19% no grupo XIL e 17% no grupo XIL+ACP foi observada após 1 hora da administração da medicação pré-anestésica (p<0,05). Em ambos os grupos, o HT permaneceu baixo por mais de 180 minutos e retornou aos valores basais em 24hBL. Deve-se considerar a ocorrência de uma redução significativa do HT em equinos hígidos anestesiados com XYL, ACP, cetamina, midazolam, EGG, isofluorano e efedrina.(AU)

Ocorrência de neoplasias em 15 anos de atendimento hospitalar de equídeos / A survey on equine neoplasias over a 15-year period in a veterinary hospital

na distribuição, em decorrência de diferenças regionais, como clima e população racial. Foram analisados 133 casos de neoplasias dentre os 6669 equídeos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, durante um período de 15 anos, representando 2% do total de atendimentos. A neoplasia mais frequente foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (45%), diferindo da maioria dos estudos realizados mundialmente. No sistema tegumentar, a neoplasia mais comum foi o melanoma (34,2%); nos sistemas ocular e urogenital, foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (76,9% e 40,9% respectivamente). Em 68% dos casos foi realizado tratamento cirúrgico, em 10%, tratamento clínico e em 22%, nenhum tipo de tratamento, por opção do proprietário ou indicação de eutanásia. Óbitos por causas relacionadas às neoplasias ocorreram em 14% dos casos. Os achados sugerem que o carcinoma de células escamosas ocorre mais frequentemente em nosso atendimento hospitalar. Este fato pode estar relacionado à exposição prolongada à luz ultravioleta, cuja quantidade de radiação em regiões tropicais vem aumentando consideravelmente nas últimas décadas.(AU)

Although several prior studies have provided information regarding incidence of tumors in horses, there is a wide variation due to regional differences, such as climate and breed population. A number of 133 cases involving tumors was found among the 6669 equides submitted to the Veterinary Hospital (HOVET) of the School of Veterinary Medicine of the University of São Paulo, during a 15 years period, representing 2% of all records. The most commonly found neoplasm was the squamous cells carcinoma (45%), different from most of the studies worldwide. The most common neoplasia in the integument system was melanoma (34,2%) and in the ocular (76,9%) and urogenital systems (40,9%) was squamous cells carcinoma. Surgical intervention was recommended in 68% of the cases, while a clinical approach was chosen in 10% of them. Twenty two percent of the horses were not treated due to of the owner option or euthanasia indication. Death associated with tumors occurred on 14% of the animals during the hospitalization period or treatment. The squamous cell carcinoma occurs more often in our veterinary hospital and may be related to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation, whose amount in the tropics has increased considerably in the last decades.(AU)

Relação entre utilização de ferrageamento corretivo com tempo de tratamento e reabilitação de cavalos com laminite crônica / Relationship between the use of therapeutic shoeing, period of treatment and rehabilitation of horses with chronic laminitis

Foram revisados os dados de 138 equinos com laminite, atendidos no período de dez anos. Destes, 48 casos de laminite crônica foram selecionados com o objetivo de relacionar a recuperação clínica dos cavalos com a utilização de dois métodos diferentes de distribuição de apoio sobre os cascos: palmilha de isopor e palmilha de isopor associada ao ferrageamento. Os cavalos foram divididos de acordo com a recuperação clínica, método de distribuição de apoio escolhido e grau de rotação da terceira falange. Também foi estabelecido o tempo médio de tratamento. Considerando os graus de rotação 3 a 5, 6 a 8, 9 a 11 e acima de 11, e comparados os dois métodos de distribuição de apoio sobre os cascos, não foi observada diferença estatística na porcentagem de animais com recuperação clínica. Contudo, dos animais que utilizaram palmilha de isopor, 43,5 ± 14% recuperaram-se clinicamente, e nos que utilizaram palmilha de isopor associada ao ferrageamento, obteve-se 69,5 ± 19% de recuperação clínica. Não houve correlação entre o aumento do grau de rotação da terceira falange e tempo de tratamento. Também a recuperação clínica dos animais não teve relação com tempo de tratamento. A literatura correlaciona vários fatores ao prognóstico, porém, neste trabalho demonstrou-se que a o retorno à função anteriormente exercida pelo cavalo não está relacionado ao tempo de tratamento, contudo, sofre influência da utilização do método de ferrageamento.(AU)

Data from 138 horses with laminitis treated in the period of ten years were reviewed. Of these, 48 cases of chronic laminitis were selected in order to relate the clinical recovery of horses using two different methods of distribution of body weight on the hooves: foam pad and foam pad associated with shoeing. The horses were divided according to clinical recovery, the weight distribution method chosen and degree of rotation of the third phalange. Also the average time of treatment was established. Considering the degrees of rotation 3-5, 6-8, 9-11 and above 11, and comparing the two methods of distribution of body weight on the hooves, there was no statistical difference in the percentage of animals with clinical recovery. However, 43.5 ± 14% of horses that used foam pad and 69,5 ± 19% of them that used foam pad associated with shoeing recovered clinically. There was no correlation between the increase of the degree of rotation of the third phalanx and treatment time. Clinical recovery of animals was not related to treatment time. Several factors are correlated with prognosis in the literature, but this study demonstrated that the return of the function previously performed by the horse is not related to treatment time, however, is influenced by the use of shoeing.(AU)

Distribuição da artéria gástrica esquerda e artérias gástricas curtas na superfície do estômago de eqüinos e relação com a área superficial do órgão / Distribution of left gastric artery and breve gastric arteries on the surface of equine stomach and the relation to the organ´s superficial area

Vasos responsáveis pelo suprimento sangüíneo do estômago originam-se da artéria celíaca, primeiro ramo da aorta abdominal, localizada na região do hiato aórtico. Assim, dirigem-se à superfície do estômago as artérias gástricas esquerda e direita, as artérias gastroepilóicas esquerda e direita e as artérias gástricas curtas. Apesar de bem conhecidas as origens destes vasos, informações a respeito do comportamento dos mesmos ao atingirem a superfície do estômago ainda são escassas. O fluxo sangüíneo na parede do estômago exerce importante papel nos mecanismos de defesa da mucosa gástrica. Eqüinos em treinamento intensivo apresentam alta freqüência de ocorrência de lesões ulcerativas na mucosa do estômago, tornando as pesquisas sobre vascularização sangüínea deste órgão com grande significado prático na compreensão dos mecanismos relacionados à proteção da mucosa gástrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos relacionados à distribuição arterial na superfície do estômago de eqüinos adultos, sem raça definida e destinados a abate. Utilizaram-se estômagos oriundos de 15 machos e 15 fêmeas. A área superficial do estômago foi mensurada com software de análise de imagens e os dados correlacionados ao número de ramos avaliados. Observou-se reduzida participação da artéria gástrica esquerda na irrigação da curvatura menor do estômago. Estes achados justificam estudos relacionados à particularidades anatômicas da região da curvatura menor do estômago de eqüinos, em trabalhos futuros.(AU)

Vessels responsible for stomach blood supply have their origin in the celyac artery, abdominal aorta first branch, in the aortic hiatus region. Thus, the stomach surface receives the left and right gastric arteries, the left and right gastroepiploic arteries and the breves gastric arteries. Origins of these vessels are well-known, but information about stomach surface arterial distribution are still unknown. Stomach surface blood supply has an important role on gastric mucosa defense mechanisms. Equines submitted to intensive training show high frequency of the ulcerative lesions in the gastric mucosa, with is a promising of applicability for researches on vascularization. The aim of this study was to analyze some aspects of the stomach surface arterial distribution, of the mixed breed adults equines destined to slaughter. Equine stomachs of 15 male and 15 female were analyzed. The stomach surface area was measured with images analysis software and the data correlation with number of vessels branch accounted. A low contribution of the left gastric artery to the stomach minor curvature irrigation was observed. These results justify studies related to anatomic particularities of the region of equine stomach minor curvature, in future researches. (AU)

Análise morfométrica da transição esôfago-gástrica de eqüinos submetidos a diferentes manejos alimentares e atividade física / Morphometric analysis of the esophagus-gastric transition in horse submitted to different feeding management and physical activities

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar se diferentes tipos de manejo físico e alimentar determinaram mudanças adaptativas na morfometria da região de transição esôfago-gástrica (TEG) em eqüinos. Foram utilizados 15 conjuntos de animais adultos com raça, sexo e idade não identificados, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a dieta e a atividade física: grupo I - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos em treinamento intensivo e alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado; grupo II - com cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa e eram alimentados principalmente à base de concentrado, e o grupo III - composto por cinco conjuntos da TEG de eqüinos mantidos a pasto e que não desempenhavam atividade física intensa. A região de transição esôfago-gástrica teve a estrutura do seu epitélio avaliada morfometricamente, onde foram feitas mensurações para identificar a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado. A espessura do grupo I teve como média 122,3µm, do grupo II foi de 173,4µm e do grupo III foi de 281,7µm. Os resultados encontrados para a espessura do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado dos eqüinos mostraram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas dos eqüinos do grupo I, quando comparados aos eqüinos do grupo III.(AU)

The objective of this research was to identify if different kind of physical and alimentary management determine adaptative changes in morphometry of the esophagus-gastric transition epithelium. 15 sets comprehending the esophagus-gastric transition region (TEG) was used in adult horses considering undefined breed, gender and age divided in three groups according to diet and physical activity: group I - Five sets (TEG) of horses in intensive training fed with commercial ration; group II - Five sets (TEG) of horses which did not develop any intensive physical activity and fed by commercial ration; group III - Five sets (TEG) of horses kept in the grass without any extra feeding which did not develop any intensive physical activity. The esophagus-gastric transition region had its epithelium structure evaluated morphometrically where measurements were done to identify the thickness of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. The thickness of the grup I had as average 122.3µm, grup II 173.4µm of grup III 281.7µm. Results of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium thickness have shown the existence of statistically significant differences of group I when compared to group III.(AU)

Estudo anátomo-cirúrgico do cólon transverso do eqüino por acesso paralombar esquerdo / Anatomic and surgical study of the equine transverse colon from left paralombar aprouch

O cólon transverso é um estreitamento do canal alimentar, sujeito a sofrer processos obstrutivos. A ampliação do conhecimento sobre essa estrutura e adjacentes é de grande importância cirúrgica. Neste estudo foram utilizados 10 cadáveres de eqüinos de diferentes raças, idades e sexos, divididos em dois grupos de cinco. No primeiro grupo foi realizada uma incisão no 16º espaço intercostal esquerdo e posterior ressecção da 16ª costela. No segundo grupo a incisão foi feita sobre a 17ª costela com a remoção da mesma. Todas as estruturas identificadas foram registradas em fichas individuais, assim como a extensão exteriorizada do cólon transverso. Em todas os animais o cólon transverso foi totalmente visualizado e parcialmente exteriorizado, sendo que houve melhor manipulação e exteriorização no segundo grupo, além da maior facilidade no emprego da técnica, com a incisão sobre a costela a ser ressecada. Dessa forma, concluímos que o cólon transverso pode ser acessado pela fossa paralombar esquerda, sendo que a remoção da 17ª costela proporciona o melhor acesso para essa estrutura.(AU)

The transverse colon is a constriction of the bowel lumen, which canbe submitted to obstructive process. The knowledge enlargement about this structure and the adjacent ones has a great surgical importance. For such study, ten anatomic pieces, from equines corpses of different breed, age and sex, were used and divided in two groups. In the first group an incision was made in the left 16 intercostal space and farther resection of the 16 rib. In the second group an incision was made over the 17 rib, before its ressection. All the identified structures were registered into individual files, such as the extension of the exteriorized portion. In all of the studied pieces, the transverse colon was entirely visualized and partially exteriorized. However, we had better handling and exteriorization in the second group, as well as we noticed its technique was of easier execution. In accordance with the results, through this work is possible to conclude that the transverse colon can be approached by the left flank, and that the removal of the 17 rib provides a better access to the transverse colon.(AU)

Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of romifidine and butorphanol combination in horses / Efeitos cardiovasculares e pulmonares da associação da romifidina ebutorfanol em eqüinos

The effects of romifidine (60µg/kg) and butorphanol (40µg/kg) combination were studied in eight horses. The parameters were measured before (T0) and 10 (T1), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), 40 (T4) and 65 (T5) minutes after sedation. Heart rate, cardiac output and cardiac index decreased significantly post-treatment. A significant increase was present in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance values at post-treatment period. Systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, stroke index and pulmonary vascular resistance did not change significantly. Respiratory rate, mixed venous saturation of oxygen, mixed venous oxygen content and oxygen delivery index decreased significantly post-treatment. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial saturation of oxygen, mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, oxygen consumption index, oxygen extraction ratio, pH and arterial bicarbonate did not change significantly. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased significantly 40 minutes post-treatment. The romifidine and butorphanol combination produced cardiovascular depression similar to those reported with romifidine used alone.(AU)

Os efeitos da associação de romifidina (60 µg/kg) com butorfanol (40 µg/kg) i.v. foram avaliados em oito eqüinos. Os parâmetros foram avaliados antes da sedação e 10 (T0), 15 (T2), 30 (T3), 40 (T4) e 65 (T5) minutos após. Os valores da freqüência cardíaca, débito cardíaco e índice cardíaco apresentaram redução significativa após a sedação. Um aumento significativo após a sedação foi observado nos valores da pressão da artéria pulmonar, pressão de oclusão de artéria pulmonar, pressão venosa central e índice de resistência vascular sistêmica. Os valores da pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica, índice sistólico e resistência vascular pulmonar não apresentaram alterações significativas. Houve redução significativa nos valores da freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto, conteúdo de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto e índice de oferta de oxigênio após a sedação. Os valores da pressão parcial de oxigênio, saturação arterial de oxigênio, pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto, conteúdo arterial de oxigênio no sangue arterial, diferença arteriovenosa de oxigênio, índice de consumo de oxigênio, taxa de extração de oxigênio, pH e bicarbonato plasmático no sangue arterial não apresentaram alterações significativas. Um aumento significante da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono ocorreu aos 40 minutos após a sedação. A combinação de romifidina e butorfanol levou a depressão cardiovascular semelhante a relatada com o uso de romifidina isoladamente.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo dos casos de enterolitíase e corpo estranho em intestino grosso de eqüinos, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2003 / Retrospective study of enterolithiasis and foreign bodies found in the large intestine of horses (january 1993 to january 2003)

No período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2003, foram realizados 195 procedimentos cirúrgicos de abdômen agudo em eqüinos, no Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Dentre eles, foram diagnosticados 30 casos de enterolitíase e sete casos de corpo estranho, localizados em intestino grosso. Das 37 laparotomias, 35 foram realizadas em decúbito dorsal com acesso pela linha média e duas em estação com acesso pelo flanco. Os animais apresentaram idade variando de um a dezoito anos com média de oito anos, sendo 25 machos e 13 fêmeas. As formações e corpos estranhos apresentaram a seguinte localização: 13 (35,14%) em cólon maior, 19 (51,35%) em cólon menor, 03 (8,10%) em cólon transverso e 02 (5,41 %) em cólon transverso e menor. Em relação à evolução, 23 (62,16%) receberam alta e 14 (37,84%) evoluíram para óbito (6) ou foram submetidos à eutanásia (8). Seis procedimentos de eutanásia, foram realizados no período trans-operatório e dois no período pós-operatório. Dentre os animais que apresentaram evolução satisfatória, destacam-se um caso em que foram retirados sete enterólitos e outro em que a ponta de um prego que era o núcleo do enterólito se mantinha proeminente e em contato com a mucosa intestinal. Comparativamente às demais afecções do intestino grosso dos eqüinos e pela análise dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, conclui-se que os processos obstrutivos causados por enterólitos ou corpos estranhos apresentam prognóstico favorável.(AU)

In the period from January 1993 to January 2003, 195 surgical procedures of equine acute abdomen were performed at the Service of Large Animal Surgery of the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of São Paulo. From these 195 cases there were 30 enterolithiasis and seven foreign bodies located in the colono Thirty-five out of 37 laparotomies were performed in dorsal recumbency, with access through the ventral midline and two were performed through the flank, with the animal in standing position. Of the 37 animals, 25 were male and 12 were females. Age varied from one to 18 years old with any average of eight years of age. Location of enteroliths and foreign bodies was as follows: 13 (35.14%) in large colon, 19 (51.35%) in small colon, 03 (8.10%) in transverse colon and 02 (5.41 %) in both transverse and small colon. In regards to the clinical evolution, six were humenely eutmanized killed during surgery. From the 31 remaining, 23 (74,19%) were discharged,6 (19,36%) died and 2 (6,45%) were killed eutmanized during the post-operative period. Among those animals with satisfactory evolution two animals stand out. One of them had seven enteroliths and in the other, the nucleus of the mass was the tip of a nail, which protruded from the mass and was in constant contact with the intestinal mucosa. In spite of the large incidence of obstruction caused by enteroliths or foreign bodies in comparison of other studies, the prognosis of post-operative recovery is favourable.(AU)