Rhinitis in goat by Exserohilum rostratum (Setosphaeria rostrata) / Rinite em caprino por Exserohilum rostratum (Setosphaeria rostrata)

ABSTRACT: We described a case of rhinitis case caused by Exserohilum rostratum in a 3-year-old, mixed breed, afemale goat, presenting with decreased appetite, dyspnea, and face deformity, with evolution of approximately 2 months. Necropsy revealed an extensive brownish yellow, irregular, ulcerated, and friable focal lesion in the nasal cavity. Purulent secretion drained from the lesion, affecting the nasal vestibule and extending the caudal portion of the dorsal concha, associated with nasal meatus obstruction, destruction of the nasal septum, and nasal bone palatine and vomer. Histologically, the lesion was characterized as rhinitis and pyogranulomatous and necrotizing osteomyelitis (multifocal to coalescent, sharp, and chronic) and associated with a myriad of fungal structures. Morphologically, the hyphae were characterized by thin, slightly tortuous, and rarely septate walls (2-6 μm diameter), multiple chains of individual conidia or in groups (8-10 μm diameter), and pigmented chlamydoconidia (7.5-15 μm diameter). They showed positive results for the special histochemical techniques such as Fontana Masson, methenamine silver nitrate by Grocott, and periodic acid by Schiff. E. rostratum was identified as the causative agent using microbiological isolation associated with molecular identification. Pyrogranulomatous rhinitis caused by E. rostratum in goats is unprecedented, being the first isolation of the agent in animals in Brazil and the first case of nasal phaeohyphomycosis in the goats.

RESUMO: Descreve-se um caso de rinite por Exserohilum rostratum em um caprino, sem raça definida, fêmea, três anos, com diminuição do apetite, dispneia e deformidade facial, com evolução de aproximadamente dois meses. Durante a necropsia, observou-se que na cavidade nasal havia área focal extensa, amarelo acastanhada, irregular, ulcerada e friável, que drenava secreção purulenta acometendo o vestíbulo nasal e estendendo-se da porção caudal da concha dorsal, associada a obstrução do meato nasal, destruição do septo nasal e osso nasal palatino e vômer. Histologicamente, a lesão foi caracterizada como rinite e osteomielite piogranulomatosa e necrosante, multifocal a coalescente, aguda, crônica, associada a uma miríade de estruturas fúngicas. Morfologicamente, as hifas foram caracterizadas por paredes finas, discretamente tortuosas e septadas medindo 2 a 6 μm de diâmetro. Observamos algumas cadeias de conídios ou grupos com 8 a 10 μm de diâmetro e clamidoconídios pigmentados medindo de 7,5 a 15 μm de diâmetro. Foram positivos na histoquímica especial de Fontana Masson, Nitrato de Metenamina de Prata de Grocott e Ácido Periódico de Schiff. O agente foi determinado por meio de isolamento microbiológico associado à identificação molecular. A rinite piogranulomatosa causada por E. rostratum em caprinos é inédita, sendo o primeiro isolamento do agente em animais no Brasil e o primeiro caso de feo-hifomicose nasal na espécie caprina.

Rhinitis in goat by Exserohilum rostratum (Setosphaeria rostrata) / Rinite em caprino por Exserohilum rostratum (Setosphaeria rostrata)

We described a case of rhinitis case caused by Exserohilum rostratum in a 3-year-old, mixed breed, afemale goat, presenting with decreased appetite, dyspnea, and face deformity, with evolution of approximately 2 months. Necropsy revealed an extensive brownish yellow, irregular, ulcerated, and friable focal lesion in the nasal cavity. Purulent secretion drained from the lesion, affecting the nasal vestibule and extending the caudal portion of the dorsal concha, associated with nasal meatus obstruction, destruction of the nasal septum, and nasal bone palatine and vomer. Histologically, the lesion was characterized as rhinitis and pyogranulomatous and necrotizing osteomyelitis (multifocal to coalescent, sharp, and chronic) and associated with a myriad of fungal structures. Morphologically, the hyphae were characterized by thin, slightly tortuous, and rarely septate walls (2-6 µm diameter), multiple chains of individual conidia or in groups (8-10 µm diameter), and pigmented chlamydoconidia (7.5-15 µm diameter). They showed positive results for the special histochemical techniques such as Fontana Masson, methenamine silver nitrate by Grocott, and periodic acid by Schiff. E. rostratum was identified as the causative agent using microbiological isolation associated with molecular identification. Pyrogranulomatous rhinitis caused by E. rostratum in goats is unprecedented, being the first isolation of the agent in animals in Brazil and the first case of nasal phaeohyphomycosis in the goats.

Descreve-se um caso de rinite por Exserohilum rostratum em um caprino, sem raça definida, fêmea, três anos, com diminuição do apetite, dispneia e deformidade facial, com evolução de aproximadamente dois meses. Durante a necropsia, observou-se que na cavidade nasal havia área focal extensa, amarelo acastanhada, irregular, ulcerada e friável, que drenava secreção purulenta acometendo o vestíbulo nasal e estendendo-se da porção caudal da concha dorsal, associada a obstrução do meato nasal, destruição do septo nasal e osso nasal palatino e vômer. Histologicamente, a lesão foi caracterizada como rinite e osteomielite piogranulomatosa e necrosante, multifocal a coalescente, aguda, crônica, associada a uma miríade de estruturas fúngicas. Morfologicamente, as hifas foram caracterizadas por paredes finas, discretamente tortuosas e septadas medindo 2 a 6 µm de diâmetro. Observamos algumas cadeias de conídios ou grupos com 8 a 10 µm de diâmetro e clamidoconídios pigmentados medindo de 7,5 a 15 µm de diâmetro. Foram positivos na histoquímica especial de Fontana Masson, Nitrato de Metenamina de Prata de Grocott e Ácido Periódico de Schiff. O agente foi determinado por meio de isolamento microbiológico associado à identificação molecular. A rinite piogranulomatosa causada por E. rostratum em caprinos é inédita, sendo o primeiro isolamento do agente em animais no Brasil e o primeiro caso de feo-hifomicose nasal na espécie caprina.

Carcinoma hepatocelular metastático em Amazona aestiva / Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Amazona aestiva

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor of the liver tissue and its occurrence in birds is considered rare. The tumor can occur as a single mass leading to hepatomegaly, or as multiple nodules in the liver. In animals of the genus Amazona, only 1 case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in the United States, therefore, little is known about its epidemiology and clinicopathological aspects in these species. In this context, the aim of this work was to describe a case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an Amazona aestiva. Case: A blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) was referred to necropsy after being found dead in its enclosure. On examination, it presented cachectic body score. Examination of the coelomic cavity, revealed a serous translucent fluid and adhesions between the liver and peritoneum.A red mass restricted to the right hepatic lobe and raised to the capsular surface, interspersed with whitish and dark red multifocal areas was observed. When cut, this mass was soft, protruding, multilobulated, whitish and with a friable reddish center. Additionally, on the dorsal surface of the left lung lobe, there was a rounded, well defined, whitish, and soft nodule. Microscopically, partial replacement of the hepatic parenchyma was observed by neoplastic proliferation of cuboidal epithelial cells, organized in mantle and supported by a scarce fibrovascular stroma. Cells have large, eosinophilic, well-delimited cytoplasm, with a central, oval nucleus, loose chromatin, and evident nucleolus. Moderate pleomorphism was characterized by anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and aberrant nuclei. In the lung, a focally extensive mass with a pattern similar to that seen in the liver was observed. In the kidney, multifocal neoplastic emboli were noted. Liver immunohistochemistry was performed. Positive and negative controls were used to validate the reaction; however, there was no immunolabelling for the evaluated antibodies. Discussion: The histopathological characteristics observed in this study favored the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with metastasis to kidney and lung. Primary liver tumors are rare in wild birds. In ducks, experimental studies have pointed aflatoxins and the duck hepatitis B virus as oncogenic agents, however, in birds of the genus Amazona, there are no studies that evaluate predisposing factors to the development of liver carcinoma. Macroscopically, hepatocellular carcinoma may present in massive, nodular or diffuse forms. In birds, the right lobe is the largest, which may suggest that this lobe is more prone to the development of HCC, as seen in the present case. The solid form, similar to that observed in this report, seems to be more commonly observed, as seen in the wild bird reports consulted. Metastases most often spread hematogenous, and in the present report there was metastasis to kidneys and lungs, which is a common feature for this neoplasm. In the present case, there was no labeling by any of the antibodies, perhaps because of their aggressiveness, associated with autolytic factors that prevent the labeling of antibodies, in addition to the specificity in the antibodyantigen relationship. This tumor must be differentiated from other liver tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and also the well-differentiated hepatocellular adenoma, in addition to non-neoplastic conditions. HCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Amazona aestiva found dead in the enclosure without previous clinical signs. This neoplasm is rare in Amazon parrots and reports should be encouraged in order to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of the tumor.

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% in goats

ABSTRACT: This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% concentration in goats. The outbreak occurred on a farm in the municipality of Prata, Paraíba state. Nitroxinil was administered to a herd of 120 goats, of which 18 presented with anorexia, vocalization, abdominal distension, weakness, staggering, and falls. Necropsy of three goats revealed that the main lesion was acute liver injury. Histologically the liver showed centrilobular necrosis associated with hemorrhage and hepatocyte degeneration. In the kidneys, tubular nephrosis with granular cylinder formations was observed. The lungs showed multifocal to coalescent areas of moderate interalveolar edema and vascular congestion. Experimental poisoning was carried out in two goats, with the same medication and doses administered on the farm. The experimental goats showed clinical signs and macroscopic and histological changes similar to the spontaneously poisoned goats. The diagnosis of nitroxinil poisoning was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data, and confirmed by experimental poisoning. The administration of nitroxinil in high doses, associated with high ambient temperature and physical exercises, can cause poisoning with high lethality in goats.

RESUMO: Este estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos. O surto ocorreu em uma fazenda no município de Prata, Paraíba. Nitroxinil foi administrado a um rebanho de 120 cabras, das quais 18 apresentavam anorexia, vocalização, distensão abdominal, fraqueza, cambaleando e quedas. A necropsia de três cabras revelou que a lesão principal era uma lesão hepática aguda. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose centrolobular associada a hemorragia e degeneração de hepatócitos. Nos rins, nefrose tubular com formações de cilindro granular foi observada. Os pulmões apresentavam áreas multifocais a coalescentes de edema interalveolar moderado e congestão vascular. A intoxicação experimental foi realizada em duas cabras, com a mesma medicação e doses administradas na fazenda. As cabras experimentais apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às cabras intoxicadas espontaneamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitroxinil foi feito com base em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, e confirmado por intoxicação experimental. A administração de nitroxinil em altas doses, associada à alta temperatura ambiente e exercícios físicos, pode causar intoxicação com alta letalidade em caprinos.

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% in goats / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos

This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% concentration in goats. The outbreak occurred on a farm in the municipality of Prata, Paraíba state. Nitroxinil was administered to a herd of 120 goats, of which 18 presented with anorexia, vocalization, abdominal distension, weakness, staggering, and falls. Necropsy of three goats revealed that the main lesion was acute liver injury. Histologically the liver showed centrilobular necrosis associated with hemorrhage and hepatocyte degeneration. In the kidneys, tubular nephrosis with granular cylinder formations was observed. The lungs showed multifocal to coalescent areas of moderate interalveolar edema and vascular congestion. Experimental poisoning was carried out in two goats, with the same medication and doses administered on the farm. The experimental goats showed clinical signs and macroscopic and histological changes similar to the spontaneously poisoned goats. The diagnosis of nitroxinil poisoning was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data, and confirmed by experimental poisoning. The administration of nitroxinil in high doses, associated with high ambient temperature and physical exercises, can cause poisoning with high lethality in goats.(AU)

Este estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos. O surto ocorreu em uma fazenda no município de Prata, Paraíba. Nitroxinil foi administrado a um rebanho de 120 cabras, das quais 18 apresentavam anorexia, vocalização, distensão abdominal, fraqueza, cambaleando e quedas. A necropsia de três cabras revelou que a lesão principal era uma lesão hepática aguda. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose centrolobular associada a hemorragia e degeneração de hepatócitos. Nos rins, nefrose tubular com formações de cilindro granular foi observada. Os pulmões apresentavam áreas multifocais a coalescentes de edema interalveolar moderado e congestão vascular. A intoxicação experimental foi realizada em duas cabras, com a mesma medicação e doses administradas na fazenda. As cabras experimentais apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às cabras intoxicadas espontaneamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitroxinil foi feito com base em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, e confirmado por intoxicação experimental. A administração de nitroxinil em altas doses, associada à alta temperatura ambiente e exercícios físicos, pode causar intoxicação com alta letalidade em caprinos.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% in goats / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos

This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% concentration in goats. The outbreak occurred on a farm in the municipality of Prata, Paraíba state. Nitroxinil was administered to a herd of 120 goats, of which 18 presented with anorexia, vocalization, abdominal distension, weakness, staggering, and falls. Necropsy of three goats revealed that the main lesion was acute liver injury. Histologically the liver showed centrilobular necrosis associated with hemorrhage and hepatocyte degeneration. In the kidneys, tubular nephrosis with granular cylinder formations was observed. The lungs showed multifocal to coalescent areas of moderate interalveolar edema and vascular congestion. Experimental poisoning was carried out in two goats, with the same medication and doses administered on the farm. The experimental goats showed clinical signs and macroscopic and histological changes similar to the spontaneously poisoned goats. The diagnosis of nitroxinil poisoning was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data, and confirmed by experimental poisoning. The administration of nitroxinil in high doses, associated with high ambient temperature and physical exercises, can cause poisoning with high lethality in goats.(AU)

Este estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos. O surto ocorreu em uma fazenda no município de Prata, Paraíba. Nitroxinil foi administrado a um rebanho de 120 cabras, das quais 18 apresentavam anorexia, vocalização, distensão abdominal, fraqueza, cambaleando e quedas. A necropsia de três cabras revelou que a lesão principal era uma lesão hepática aguda. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose centrolobular associada a hemorragia e degeneração de hepatócitos. Nos rins, nefrose tubular com formações de cilindro granular foi observada. Os pulmões apresentavam áreas multifocais a coalescentes de edema interalveolar moderado e congestão vascular. A intoxicação experimental foi realizada em duas cabras, com a mesma medicação e doses administradas na fazenda. As cabras experimentais apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às cabras intoxicadas espontaneamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitroxinil foi feito com base em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, e confirmado por intoxicação experimental. A administração de nitroxinil em altas doses, associada à alta temperatura ambiente e exercícios físicos, pode causar intoxicação com alta letalidade em caprinos.(AU)

Microbiological characterization of vacuum-packed and conventionally packed sliced turkey hams marketed in Mossoró, Brazil / Caracterização microbiológica de presuntos de peru fatiados embalados a vácuo e em embalagem convencional comercializados em Mossoró, Brasil

The consumption of turkey ham has been increasing considerably. This product can be marketed sliced, and thus, it is subjected to intense manipulation and presents a high microbial load, which compromises its quality and safety. The objective of this study was to characterize microbiologically vacuum-packed and conventionally packed sliced turkey hams marketed in Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The analyses consisted of mold and yeast, viable aerobic mesophilic microorganism, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus counts, determination of the most probable number of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, and presence of Salmonella spp. Turkey hams present high microbiological counts regardless of their packaging, but conformity for coliforms at 45 C. Some samples had low quality, denoting that a greater care in the manipulation and conservation of this product is necessary to ensure the safety and absence of risks of this product to public health.

O consumo de presunto de peru tem aumentado consideravelmente. Esse produto pode ser comercializado fatiado e, portanto, é submetido à intensa manipulação e apresenta alta carga microbiana, o que compromete sua qualidade e segurança. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar microbiologicamente presuntos de peru embalados a vácuo e em embalagens convencionais comercializados em Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. As análises consistiram em contagem de bolores e leveduras, microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos viáveis e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes e presença de Salmonella spp. Presuntos de peru apresentaram altas contagens microbiológicas, independentemente de suas embalagens, mas conformidade quanto aos coliformes a 45° C. Algumas amostras apresentaram baixa qualidade, denotando que um maior cuidado na manipulação e conservação deste produto é necessário para garantir a segurança e ausência de riscos deste produto para a saúde pública.

Microbiological characterization of vacuum-packed and conventionally packed sliced turkey hams marketed in Mossoró, Brazil / Caracterização microbiológica de presuntos de peru fatiados embalados a vácuo e em embalagem convencional comercializados em Mossoró, Brasil

The consumption of turkey ham has been increasing considerably. This product can be marketed sliced, and thus, it is subjected to intense manipulation and presents a high microbial load, which compromises its quality and safety. The objective of this study was to characterize microbiologically vacuum-packed and conventionally packed sliced turkey hams marketed in Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The analyses consisted of mold and yeast, viable aerobic mesophilic microorganism, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus counts, determination of the most probable number of total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, and presence of Salmonella spp. Turkey hams present high microbiological counts regardless of their packaging, but conformity for coliforms at 45 C. Some samples had low quality, denoting that a greater care in the manipulation and conservation of this product is necessary to ensure the safety and absence of risks of this product to public health.(AU)

O consumo de presunto de peru tem aumentado consideravelmente. Esse produto pode ser comercializado fatiado e, portanto, é submetido à intensa manipulação e apresenta alta carga microbiana, o que compromete sua qualidade e segurança. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar microbiologicamente presuntos de peru embalados a vácuo e em embalagens convencionais comercializados em Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. As análises consistiram em contagem de bolores e leveduras, microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos viáveis e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes e presença de Salmonella spp. Presuntos de peru apresentaram altas contagens microbiológicas, independentemente de suas embalagens, mas conformidade quanto aos coliformes a 45° C. Algumas amostras apresentaram baixa qualidade, denotando que um maior cuidado na manipulação e conservação deste produto é necessário para garantir a segurança e ausência de riscos deste produto para a saúde pública.(AU)

Anestesia em cágados-de-barbicha, sob efeito de propofrol administrado por via intracelomática / Anesthesia in Geoffroy’s toadhead turtle, under the effect of propofol administered by intracelomatic route

No presente estudo avaliou-se a influência do regime hídrico sobre os efeitos do propofol em Phrynops geoffroanus. Foram utilizados 10 animais, que foram anestesiados com propofol 1%, na dose de 35 mg/kg, pela via intracelomática, em duas ocasiões, com intervalo de 15 dias. Foram montados aleatoriamente dois grupos experimentas G1 e G2. No G1 os animais foram retirados da água 12 horas antes da anestesia e no G2 permaneceram dentro d’água até o momento da indução anestésica. Se avaliou a duração do período de latência, período hábil, período de recuperação e qualidade da contenção farmacológica. No G1 as médias dos períodos de latência, hábil anestésico e de recuperação foram de 16,8±8,4 minutos, 86,5±79,4 minutos e 1,5±3,8 minutos, respectivamente. Já no G2 as médias foram de 19,9±9,8 minutos, 110,9±104,7 minutos e 28,8±58,2 minutos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a qualidade da contenção farmacológica foi considerada boa em ambos os grupos.

In the present study, the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol on Phrynops geoffroanus was evaluated. Ten animals, which were anesthetized with propofol 1% at a dose of 35 mg / kg, were used intracelomatically on two occasions, with a 15 day interval. Two experimental groups G1 and G2 were set up in learner. In G1 the animals were withdrawn from the water 12 hours before the anesthesia, and in the G2 they remained in the water until the moment of the anesthetic induction. The duration of the latency period, skill period, recovery period and quality of pharmacological containment were evaluated. In G1, the means of the latency, skillful anesthetic and recovery periods were 16.8±8.4 minutes, 86.5±79.4 minutes and 1.5±3.8 minutes, respectively. In the G2, the mean values were 19.9±9.8 minutes, 110.9±104.7 minutes and 28.8±58.2 minutes respectively. It was concluded that the quality of the pharmacological restraint was considered good in both groups.

Parâmetros fisiológicos de cágados-de-barbicha, sob efeito de propofrol por via intracelomática / Physiological parameters of Geoffroy’s toadhead turtle, under the effect of propofol by intracelomatic route

For correct chemical containment, there is a need for an adequate anesthetic protocol for each species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol in Phrynops geoffroanus. Ten animals were used, which were anesthetized with propofol 1%, at a dose of 35 mg/kg, by the intracellular route. All animals were anesthetized on two occasions, with a minimum interval of 15 days between anesthetics, randomly composing two experimental groups, Group 1, in which the animals were submitted to 12 hours of water regime, while in Group 2 they remained within water until the moment of anesthetic induction. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured. There was a significant difference between groups only regarding heart rate. It was concluded that the 12 hour water regime did not influence the physiological parameters of the animals.

Parâmetros fisiológicos de cágados-de-barbicha, sob efeito de propofrol por via intracelomática / Physiological parameters of Geoffroys toadhead turtle, under the effect of propofol by intracelomatic route

For correct chemical containment, there is a need for an adequate anesthetic protocol for each species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol in Phrynops geoffroanus. Ten animals were used, which were anesthetized with propofol 1%, at a dose of 35 mg/kg, by the intracellular route. All animals were anesthetized on two occasions, with a minimum interval of 15 days between anesthetics, randomly composing two experimental groups, Group 1, in which the animals were submitted to 12 hours of water regime, while in Group 2 they remained within water until the moment of anesthetic induction. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured. There was a significant difference between groups only regarding heart rate. It was concluded that the 12 hour water regime did not influence the physiological parameters of the animals.(AU)

Anestesia em cágados-de-barbicha, sob efeito de propofrol administrado por via intracelomática / Anesthesia in Geoffroys toadhead turtle, under the effect of propofol administered by intracelomatic route

No presente estudo avaliou-se a influência do regime hídrico sobre os efeitos do propofol em Phrynops geoffroanus. Foram utilizados 10 animais, que foram anestesiados com propofol 1%, na dose de 35 mg/kg, pela via intracelomática, em duas ocasiões, com intervalo de 15 dias. Foram montados aleatoriamente dois grupos experimentas G1 e G2. No G1 os animais foram retirados da água 12 horas antes da anestesia e no G2 permaneceram dentro dágua até o momento da indução anestésica. Se avaliou a duração do período de latência, período hábil, período de recuperação e qualidade da contenção farmacológica. No G1 as médias dos períodos de latência, hábil anestésico e de recuperação foram de 16,8±8,4 minutos, 86,5±79,4 minutos e 1,5±3,8 minutos, respectivamente. Já no G2 as médias foram de 19,9±9,8 minutos, 110,9±104,7 minutos e 28,8±58,2 minutos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a qualidade da contenção farmacológica foi considerada boa em ambos os grupos.(AU)

In the present study, the influence of the water regime on the effects of propofol on Phrynops geoffroanus was evaluated. Ten animals, which were anesthetized with propofol 1% at a dose of 35 mg / kg, were used intracelomatically on two occasions, with a 15 day interval. Two experimental groups G1 and G2 were set up in learner. In G1 the animals were withdrawn from the water 12 hours before the anesthesia, and in the G2 they remained in the water until the moment of the anesthetic induction. The duration of the latency period, skill period, recovery period and quality of pharmacological containment were evaluated. In G1, the means of the latency, skillful anesthetic and recovery periods were 16.8±8.4 minutes, 86.5±79.4 minutes and 1.5±3.8 minutes, respectively. In the G2, the mean values were 19.9±9.8 minutes, 110.9±104.7 minutes and 28.8±58.2 minutes respectively. It was concluded that the quality of the pharmacological restraint was considered good in both groups.(AU)

Quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors / Qualidade de águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes

Coconut water is a versatile beverage that is rich in nutrients, has few calories, and presents functional and therapeutic characteristics, improving the well-being and health of consumers. However, the growth of deteriorating microorganisms is facilitated by its water activity and high nutrient content; and when combined with improper handling, this product may become a carrier of foodborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors. Twelve samples of coconut water were collected and subjected to physicochemical (total titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) and microbiological (mesophilic, and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, and thermotolerant and total coliforms) analyses. The physicochemical analysis showed variations of 4.3-5.4 for pH, 0.01-0.03 for total titratable acidity, and 2.8-6.3 for total soluble solids. The microbiological analysis showed high contamination in the samples by deteriorating microorganisms, with 58% of the samples contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, regular use of good hygiene practices for handling manually extracted coconut water is necessary to physicochemically and microbiologically standardize this product. Thus, ensuring the quality of the coconut water when it is manually extracted by street vendors and trade as an unprocessed, cooled, and fresh beverage and consequently minimize consumer’s health risks.

A água de coco é uma bebida bastante versátil, pois, além de apresentar grande riqueza nutricional e poucas calorias, tem características funcionais e terapêuticas, auxiliando no bem-estar e na saúde de seus consumidores. Porém, devido a sua atividade de água e nutrientes elevados, o crescimento de micro-organismos deteriorantes é facilitado e, com a manipulação inadequada do produto, a água de coco pode se tornar um veículo de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes. Para tanto, coletaram-se 12 amostras distintas de água de coco, as quais foram submetidas às análises físico-química (acidez total titulável, pH e sólidos solúveis) e microbiológica (micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações de 4,3-5,4 para o pH das amostras, de 0,01-0,03 para a acidez total titulável e de 2,8-6,3 para os sólidos solúveis totais. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, verificou-se elevada contaminação por micro-organismos deteriorantes e 58% das amostras estavam contaminadas com micro-organismos patogênicos. Portanto, sugere-se aplicação regular de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação da água de coco artesanal para uma melhor padronização físico-química e microbiológica desse produto. Desse modo, garantindo melhor qualidade a essa bebida quando comercializada na forma não pasteurizada, in natura, resfriada, extraída artesanalmente por ambulantes e, consequentemente, minimizando os riscos à saúde de seus consumidores.

Quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors / Qualidade de águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes

Coconut water is a versatile beverage that is rich in nutrients, has few calories, and presents functional and therapeutic characteristics, improving the well-being and health of consumers. However, the growth of deteriorating microorganisms is facilitated by its water activity and high nutrient content; and when combined with improper handling, this product may become a carrier of foodborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors. Twelve samples of coconut water were collected and subjected to physicochemical (total titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) and microbiological (mesophilic, and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, and thermotolerant and total coliforms) analyses. The physicochemical analysis showed variations of 4.3-5.4 for pH, 0.01-0.03 for total titratable acidity, and 2.8-6.3 for total soluble solids. The microbiological analysis showed high contamination in the samples by deteriorating microorganisms, with 58% of the samples contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, regular use of good hygiene practices for handling manually extracted coconut water is necessary to physicochemically and microbiologically standardize this product. Thus, ensuring the quality of the coconut water when it is manually extracted by street vendors and trade as an unprocessed, cooled, and fresh beverage and consequently minimize consumer's health risks.(AU)

A água de coco é uma bebida bastante versátil, pois, além de apresentar grande riqueza nutricional e poucas calorias, tem características funcionais e terapêuticas, auxiliando no bem-estar e na saúde de seus consumidores. Porém, devido a sua atividade de água e nutrientes elevados, o crescimento de micro-organismos deteriorantes é facilitado e, com a manipulação inadequada do produto, a água de coco pode se tornar um veículo de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes. Para tanto, coletaram-se 12 amostras distintas de água de coco, as quais foram submetidas às análises físico-química (acidez total titulável, pH e sólidos solúveis) e microbiológica (micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações de 4,3-5,4 para o pH das amostras, de 0,01-0,03 para a acidez total titulável e de 2,8-6,3 para os sólidos solúveis totais. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, verificou-se elevada contaminação por micro-organismos deteriorantes e 58% das amostras estavam contaminadas com micro-organismos patogênicos. Portanto, sugere-se aplicação regular de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação da água de coco artesanal para uma melhor padronização físico-química e microbiológica desse produto. Desse modo, garantindo melhor qualidade a essa bebida quando comercializada na forma não pasteurizada, in natura, resfriada, extraída artesanalmente por ambulantes e, consequentemente, minimizando os riscos à saúde de seus consumidores.(AU)

Quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors / Qualidade de águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes

Coconut water is a versatile beverage that is rich in nutrients, has few calories, and presents functional and therapeutic characteristics, improving the well-being and health of consumers. However, the growth of deteriorating microorganisms is facilitated by its water activity and high nutrient content; and when combined with improper handling, this product may become a carrier of foodborne diseases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of unprocessed cooled fresh coconut water manually extracted by street vendors. Twelve samples of coconut water were collected and subjected to physicochemical (total titratable acidity, pH, and total soluble solids) and microbiological (mesophilic, and psychrotrophic microorganisms, molds, yeasts, and thermotolerant and total coliforms) analyses. The physicochemical analysis showed variations of 4.3-5.4 for pH, 0.01-0.03 for total titratable acidity, and 2.8-6.3 for total soluble solids. The microbiological analysis showed high contamination in the samples by deteriorating microorganisms, with 58% of the samples contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, regular use of good hygiene practices for handling manually extracted coconut water is necessary to physicochemically and microbiologically standardize this product. Thus, ensuring the quality of the coconut water when it is manually extracted by street vendors and trade as an unprocessed, cooled, and fresh beverage and consequently minimize consumers health risks.(AU)

A água de coco é uma bebida bastante versátil, pois, além de apresentar grande riqueza nutricional e poucas calorias, tem características funcionais e terapêuticas, auxiliando no bem-estar e na saúde de seus consumidores. Porém, devido a sua atividade de água e nutrientes elevados, o crescimento de micro-organismos deteriorantes é facilitado e, com a manipulação inadequada do produto, a água de coco pode se tornar um veículo de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Portanto, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas de coco não pasteurizadas, in natura, resfriadas, extraídas artesanalmente por ambulantes. Para tanto, coletaram-se 12 amostras distintas de água de coco, as quais foram submetidas às análises físico-química (acidez total titulável, pH e sólidos solúveis) e microbiológica (micro-organismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes). As análises físico-químicas demonstraram variações de 4,3-5,4 para o pH das amostras, de 0,01-0,03 para a acidez total titulável e de 2,8-6,3 para os sólidos solúveis totais. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, verificou-se elevada contaminação por micro-organismos deteriorantes e 58% das amostras estavam contaminadas com micro-organismos patogênicos. Portanto, sugere-se aplicação regular de boas práticas de higiene e manipulação da água de coco artesanal para uma melhor padronização físico-química e microbiológica desse produto. Desse modo, garantindo melhor qualidade a essa bebida quando comercializada na forma não pasteurizada, in natura, resfriada, extraída artesanalmente por ambulantes e, consequentemente, minimizando os riscos à saúde de seus consumidores.(AU)

Microbiological, parasitic, microscopic, physical and chemical characterization of processed acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart) fruits

Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit consumption has been increasing in recent years. The increasing demand for this fruit increased concerns about its quality. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the microbiological, parasitical, microscopic, physical and chemical characteristics of processed acai. Processed acai of 12 commercial establishments were subjected to microbiological analyses (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds, yeasts and total and thermotolerant coliform quantifications, Staphylococcus catalase positive test and search for Salmonella ssp.), search for parasites, microscopic analysis (search for light and heavy dirt) and physical and chemical characterization (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids °Brix, moisture content, ash, color). The samples had high amounts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria; 75% had total coliforms, molds and yeasts; 58.3% had Staphylococcus (catalase positive); and 8.33% had Salmonella spp. Moreover, the samples were not within the recommended microscopic standards, presenting foreign matter (sand and plastic). However, parasites were not found in the samples evaluated. The physical and chemical characteristics of the samples was within the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (Regulation No 01 of January 7, 2000). The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the processed acai evaluated were unsatisfactory, compromising the harmlessness of this food and consequently, its safety for human health.

Microbiological, parasitic, microscopic, physical and chemical characterization of processed acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart) fruits

Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) fruit consumption has been increasing in recent years. The increasing demand for this fruit increased concerns about its quality. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the microbiological, parasitical, microscopic, physical and chemical characteristics of processed acai. Processed acai of 12 commercial establishments were subjected to microbiological analyses (aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds, yeasts and total and thermotolerant coliform quantifications, Staphylococcus catalase positive test and search for Salmonella ssp.), search for parasites, microscopic analysis (search for light and heavy dirt) and physical and chemical characterization (titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids °Brix, moisture content, ash, color). The samples had high amounts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria; 75% had total coliforms, molds and yeasts; 58.3% had Staphylococcus (catalase positive); and 8.33% had Salmonella spp. Moreover, the samples were not within the recommended microscopic standards, presenting foreign matter (sand and plastic). However, parasites were not found in the samples evaluated. The physical and chemical characteristics of the samples was within the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (Regulation No 01 of January 7, 2000). The hygienic-sanitary conditions of the processed acai evaluated were unsatisfactory, compromising the harmlessness of this food and consequently, its safety for human health.(AU)

Total and thermotolerant coliforms of beef steaks treated with sodium lactate and lactic acid / Coliformes totais e termotolerantes em bifes de carne bovina tratados com ácido lático e lactato de sódio

Beef is a food susceptible to microbial spoilage and, therefore, the use of conservation methods can help in its preservation. One way of assessing meat quality are coliforms analysis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of lactic acid and sodium lactate in the most probable number of total and fecal coliforms in beef steaks. Therefore, from pieces of meat vacuum packed and federal inspection stamp were produced steaks topside submitted to the application of treatments with lactic acid and its sodium salt isolated and combined. Five treatments were applied, the first control, the second immersion in sterile distilled water, the third and fourth correspond respectively to washing in lactic acid solution and sodium lactate alone and the fifth treatment, the steaks were treated with these additives in combination. The steaks were subjected to total coliform count at time zero and every 72 hours for nine days. Analyses were performed with three replicates per treatment. The combined treatment with the additives was effective at inhibiting growth of total coliforms and during storage under refrigerated conditions.(AU)

A carne bovina é um alimento susceptível à deterioração microbiana e, por essa razão, o emprego de métodos de conservação pode ajudar na sua preservação. Uma forma de se avaliar a qualidade de carnes é através da análise de coliformes. Sendo assim, com o presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de ácido lático e lactato de sódio no número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em bifes de carne bovina. Para tanto, a partir de peças de carne embaladas a vácuo e com selo de inspeção federal, foram produzidos bifes de coxão mole submetidos à aplicação de tratamentos com ácido lático e seu sal sódico de forma isolada e combinada. Foram aplicados cinco tratamentos, sendo o primeiro o controle (ausência de imersão), o segundo a imersão em água destilada estéril, o terceiro e quarto corresponderam respectivamente à lavagem em solução de ácido lático e lactato de sódio de forma isolada e no quinto tratamento, os bifes foram tratados com esses aditivos de forma combinada. Os bifes foram submetidos à contagem de coliformes totais no tempo zero e a cada 72 horas durante nove dias. As análises foram realizadas com três repetições por tratamento. O tratamento combinado com os aditivos foi eficiente em inibir crescimento de coliformes totais e termotolerantes durante a estocagem em condições de refrigeração.(AU)

Quality of minimally processed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Qualidade de camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) minimamente processado

This study aimed to investigate the influence of application of sodium lactate, lactic acid and citric acid on the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The samples were submitted right after the collection, to minimum processing and two distinct treatments: no immersion in organic acids and sodium lactate solution (control) and immersion in biopreservatives solution (treated). The portions were vacuum packed and stored under refrigeration. During storage, physico-chemical analysis were performed, which consisted in hydrogenionic potential, water holding capacity, cooking weight loss and color in addition were also performed microbiological analysis for bacterial count including aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic on days zero, two and four, with three replicates per treatment. The data were evaluated by the Student t test at 5% significance level. The data showed the effectiveness of treatment to preserve the quality of shrimp. The results from physicochemical analysis showed a better result in the treatment group when compared to the control group, on the same way, the data from bacteriological analyzes showed a significant reduction of the microorganism growth in the treated group when compared to the control group.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a influência da aplicação de lactato de sódio, ácido lático e ácido cítrico nas propriedades físico-químicas e microbiológicas do camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei). As amostras foram submetidas, logo após a coleta, ao processamento mínimo e dois tratamentos distintos: ausência de imersão em solução de ácidos orgânicos e lactato de sódio (controle) e imersão na solução de bioconservantes (tratado). As porções foram embaladas a vácuo e estocadas sob refrigeração. Durante o armazenamento, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas tais como o potencial hidrogeniônico, a capacidade de retenção de água, a perda de peso por cocção e cor. Foram também realizadas análises microbiológicas para contagem de bactérias aeróbicas mesófilas e psicrotróficas nos dias zero, dois e quatro, em três repetições por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados pelo teste de t Student ao nível de 5% de significância. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a eficácia do tratamento na preservação da qualidade do camarão, onde os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas apresentaram melhores valores no grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle, assim como para as análises bacteriológicas onde os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa no crescimento de microrganismos no grupo tratado quando comparado com o grupo controle.

Quality of minimally processed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Qualidade de camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) minimamente processado

This study aimed to investigate the influence of application of sodium lactate, lactic acid and citric acid on the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The samples were submitted right after the collection, to minimum processing and two distinct treatments: no immersion in organic acids and sodium lactate solution (control) and immersion in biopreservatives solution (treated). The portions were vacuum packed and stored under refrigeration. During storage, physico-chemical analysis were performed, which consisted in hydrogenionic potential, water holding capacity, cooking weight loss and color in addition were also performed microbiological analysis for bacterial count including aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic on days zero, two and four, with three replicates per treatment. The data were evaluated by the Student t test at 5% significance level. The data showed the effectiveness of treatment to preserve the quality of shrimp. The results from physicochemical analysis showed a better result in the treatment group when compared to the control group, on the same way, the data from bacteriological analyzes showed a significant reduction of the microorganism growth in the treated group when compared to the control group.(AU)

O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a influência da aplicação de lactato de sódio, ácido lático e ácido cítrico nas propriedades físico-químicas e microbiológicas do camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei). As amostras foram submetidas, logo após a coleta, ao processamento mínimo e dois tratamentos distintos: ausência de imersão em solução de ácidos orgânicos e lactato de sódio (controle) e imersão na solução de bioconservantes (tratado). As porções foram embaladas a vácuo e estocadas sob refrigeração. Durante o armazenamento, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas tais como o potencial hidrogeniônico, a capacidade de retenção de água, a perda de peso por cocção e cor. Foram também realizadas análises microbiológicas para contagem de bactérias aeróbicas mesófilas e psicrotróficas nos dias zero, dois e quatro, em três repetições por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados pelo teste de t Student ao nível de 5% de significância. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram a eficácia do tratamento na preservação da qualidade do camarão, onde os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas apresentaram melhores valores no grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle, assim como para as análises bacteriológicas onde os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa no crescimento de microrganismos no grupo tratado quando comparado com o grupo controle.(AU)