High-fiber diets with reduced crude protein for commercial layers

This study aimed at evaluating diets containing different fiber sources and two crude protein levels on the performance, egg quality, and nitrogen metabolism of commercial layers. In total, 392 48-wk-old Isa Brown layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 (control) factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of three fiber feedstuffs (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, and rice hulls) and two dietary crude protein levels (12% and 16%). Cottonseed hulls associated with the high crude protein level (16%) resulted in the worst feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs. Diets with 16% crude protein resulted in the highest feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass values, and improved feed conversion ratio (kg eggs/kg feed). The dietary inclusion of soybean hulls determined low yolk pigmentation, and of rice hulls, low egg specific gravity. The 16% crude protein diet with rice hulls promoted the best feed conversion ratio. Hens fed the reference diet presented higher egg mass and better feed conversion ratio per kg eggs and per dozen eggs. Hens fed the diets with low crude protein level (12%) had reduced nitrogen excretion, but presented worse egg production.

High-fiber diets with reduced crude protein for commercial layers

This study aimed at evaluating diets containing different fiber sources and two crude protein levels on the performance, egg quality, and nitrogen metabolism of commercial layers. In total, 392 48-wk-old Isa Brown layers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x2+1 (control) factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. Treatments consisted of three fiber feedstuffs (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, and rice hulls) and two dietary crude protein levels (12% and 16%). Cottonseed hulls associated with the high crude protein level (16%) resulted in the worst feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs. Diets with 16% crude protein resulted in the highest feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass values, and improved feed conversion ratio (kg eggs/kg feed). The dietary inclusion of soybean hulls determined low yolk pigmentation, and of rice hulls, low egg specific gravity. The 16% crude protein diet with rice hulls promoted the best feed conversion ratio. Hens fed the reference diet presented higher egg mass and better feed conversion ratio per kg eggs and per dozen eggs. Hens fed the diets with low crude protein level (12%) had reduced nitrogen excretion, but presented worse egg production.(AU)

Bone densitometry and calcium serum levels in chickens treated with filtered or unfiltered water

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the drinking water of the School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil, affected bone mineral density and serum calcium levels of 14-, 21-, and 45-day-old broilers. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibiae was assessed using optical densitometry radiographic technique and serum calcium levels. Tibial BMD increased as broilers aged, and achieved its peak at 45 days of age. It was higher in the distal epiphysis of the birds that ingested filtered water (p 0.05) compared with those supplied with unfiltered water. Therefore, it is concluded that filtered water promoted better bone quality in relative to those ingested unfiltered water.

Bone densitometry and calcium serum levels in chickens treated with filtered or unfiltered water

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the drinking water of the School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal, Brazil, affected bone mineral density and serum calcium levels of 14-, 21-, and 45-day-old broilers. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibiae was assessed using optical densitometry radiographic technique and serum calcium levels. Tibial BMD increased as broilers aged, and achieved its peak at 45 days of age. It was higher in the distal epiphysis of the birds that ingested filtered water (p 0.05) compared with those supplied with unfiltered water. Therefore, it is concluded that filtered water promoted better bone quality in relative to those ingested unfiltered water.(AU)

Efeito dos níveis de fósforo disponível e fontes de fosfatos sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea de frangos de corte / Effect of available phosphorus levels and sources of phosphates on the performance and bone mineralization of broilers

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as variáveis de desempenho e características ósseas, pôde-se sugerir que a exigência de fósforo disponível, para frangos de corte machos, de 1 a 28 dias de idade, é de 0,48% de fósforo disponível, independente da fonte utilizada.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphate sources and available phosphorus levels present in the diet of male broilers had on performance and bone mineralization. We used 2,400 one-day old chicks that were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, and fed diets containing four types of phosphates: 1) dicalcium phosphate with granules smaller than 1 mm (DP); 2) monocalcium phosphate with up to 10% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP – 10%); 3) monocalcium phosphate with 30 to 40% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP – 30-40%); and, 4) granulated monocalcium phosphate with granules larger than 2 mm (GMP) and four levels (0.30; 0.36; 0.42 and 0.48%) of available phosphorus, totaling 16 treatments with five replicates of 30 birds each. The available phosphorus requirements for each type of phosphates were estimated by polynomial regression models. Considering the biological responses of the variables, performance and bone mineralization, it could be concluded that 0.48% of available phosphorus is required for male broilers aged between 1 and 28 days, independent of the source.

EFFECT OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS LEVELS AND SOURCES OF PHOSPHATES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND BONE MINERALIZATION OF BROILERS / Efeito dos níveis de fósforo disponível e fontes de fosfatos sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea de frangos de corte

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as

Efeito dos níveis de fósforo disponível e fontes de fosfatos sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea de frangos de corte / Effect of available phosphorus levels and sources of phosphates on the performance and bone mineralization of broilers

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as variáveis de desempenho e características ósseas, pôde-se sugerir que a exigência de fósforo disponível, para frangos de corte machos, de 1 a 28 dias de idade, é de 0,48% de fósforo disponível, independente da fonte utilizada.(AU)

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphate sources and available phosphorus levels present in the diet of male broilers had on performance and bone mineralization. We used 2,400 one-day old chicks that were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, and fed diets containing four types of phosphates: 1) dicalcium phosphate with granules smaller than 1 mm (DP); 2) monocalcium phosphate with up to 10% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP 10%); 3) monocalcium phosphate with 30 to 40% of granules between 1 and 2 mm (MP 30-40%); and, 4) granulated monocalcium phosphate with granules larger than 2 mm (GMP) and four levels (0.30; 0.36; 0.42 and 0.48%) of available phosphorus, totaling 16 treatments with five replicates of 30 birds each. The available phosphorus requirements for each type of phosphates were estimated by polynomial regression models. Considering the biological responses of the variables, performance and bone mineralization, it could be concluded that 0.48% of available phosphorus is required for male broilers aged between 1 and 28 days, independent of the source.(AU)

Lysine and methionine + cystine for laying hens during the post-molting phase

One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different lysine and methionine + cystine levels on body weight recovery, performance, and egg quality of laying hens during the post-molting period. In this trial, 432 Isa Brown layers, with 72 weeks of age, were distributed in 54 cages according to a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of eight birds each. During the resting period, six diets with different digestible lysine and methionine + cystine levels were used, as follows: 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.43% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.47% methionine + cystine; 0.48% digestible lysine and 0.52% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.50% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine; 0.56% digestible lysine and 0.62% methionine + cystine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared at by Tukey's test at 5% probability level. The different lysine and methionine + cystine levels in the diets fed during the resting period significantly influenced layer performance. The diet containing 0.56% lysine and 0.56% methionine + cystine promoted higher egg weight eggs during the second production cycle.(AU)

Small intestine development of laying hens fed different fiber sources diets and crude protein levels

he objective of the presente study was to evaluate the effects on different dietary fiber sources and crude protein levels on the intestinal morphometry of commercial layers. Isa Brown® layers with 48 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. At the end of the fourth experimental period (28 days each), birds were 64 weeks of age and were randomly chosen (two birds per replicate, totaling 14 birds per treatment), weighed and sacrificed by neck dislocation. Their intestine was dissected and the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected for subsequent analysis of intestinal morphometry. Treatments consisted of diets containing three different fiber sources (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls or rice husks) and two crude protein levels (12% or 16%). Soybean hulls and 16% crude protein level promoted, in general, an increase in villus height and crypt depth in the three intestinal segments. In the duodenum, the control diet resulted in higher villus height and crypt depth relative to the diets containing fiber. In the jejunum, higher crypt depth values. In the ileum, dietary fiber increased villus height as compared to the control diet.

Small intestine development of laying hens fed different fiber sources diets and crude protein levels

he objective of the presente study was to evaluate the effects on different dietary fiber sources and crude protein levels on the intestinal morphometry of commercial layers. Isa Brown® layers with 48 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, resulting in seven treatments with seven replicates of eight birds each. At the end of the fourth experimental period (28 days each), birds were 64 weeks of age and were randomly chosen (two birds per replicate, totaling 14 birds per treatment), weighed and sacrificed by neck dislocation. Their intestine was dissected and the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected for subsequent analysis of intestinal morphometry. Treatments consisted of diets containing three different fiber sources (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls or rice husks) and two crude protein levels (12% or 16%). Soybean hulls and 16% crude protein level promoted, in general, an increase in villus height and crypt depth in the three intestinal segments. In the duodenum, the control diet resulted in higher villus height and crypt depth relative to the diets containing fiber. In the jejunum, higher crypt depth values. In the ileum, dietary fiber increased villus height as compared to the control diet.(AU)

Utilização de rações de poedeiras comerciais formuladas com fitase e níveis de proteína bruta sobre a excreção de fósforo, nitrogênio e cálcio / Use of formulated diets for laying hens with phytase and levels of crude protein on the excretion of phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de rações de poedeiras comerciais formuladas com fitase e níveis de proteína bruta sobre a excreção de fósforo, nitrogênio e cálcio, visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental. Foram alojadas 96 poedeiras comerciais com 44 semanas de idade da linhagem Isa Brown, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições de quatro aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíram de três níveis de proteína bruta (17, 15 e 13%) e dois níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase (0 e 500 FTU/kg ração). Para a constituição do ensaio, as aves passaram por um período de adaptação de três dias e outros quatro dias foram destinados às coletas das amostras, para posterior avaliação da percentagem de excreção de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que a enzima fitase utilizada permitiu diminuir a quantidade de fosfato bicálcico da ração proporcionando redução de 37,8% na excreção de fósforo. Similarmente, reduções dos níveis de proteína bruta (13%) da ração reduziram a excreção de nitrogênio em 29,4%, diminuindo o impacto ambiental causado pela excreção desses nutrientes. Em relação ao cálcio, não foi observado diferença na sua excreção quando foi adicionada a enzima fitase na ração, porém houve aumento linear da excreção com a redução da proteína bruta da ração.

The objective was to evaluate the use of formulated diets for laying hens with phytase and levels of crude protein on the excretion of phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium in order to reduce environmental impact. Were housed 96 laying hens at 44 weeks old Isa Brown line distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 3 x 2 with four replications of four hens each. The treatments consisted of three levels of crude protein (17, 15 and 13%) and two levels of phytase (0 and 500 FTU/kg diet). For the constitution of the trial, the hens went through an adjustment period of three days and four days were used to collect the sample for further evaluation of the percentage of excretion of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. Through the results can be seen that the enzyme phytase used thus reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate feed providing 37.8% reduction in phosphorus excretion. Similarly, reductions in the levels of crude protein (13%) in the diet reduce nitrogen excretion by 29.4%, reducing the environmental impact caused by the excretion of these nutrients. For calcium, there was no difference in their excretion when phytase was added to the diet, but linearly increased with the reduction in the excretion of dietary crude protein.

EFFECT OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS LEVELS AND SOURCES OF PHOSPHATES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND BONE MINERALIZATION OF BROILERS / Efeito dos níveis de fósforo disponível e fontes de fosfatos sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea de frangos de corte.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de tipos de fosfatos e níveis de fósforo disponível, na alimentação de frangos de corte machos de 1 a 28 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e a mineralização óssea. Dois mil e quatrocentos pintos com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro tipos de fosfatos: 1. fosfato bicálcico em pó com grânulos menores do que 1 mm (FP); 2. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 10% grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 10%); 3. fosfato monobicálcico mistura com máximo de 30 a 40% de grânulos entre 1 e 2 mm (FM – 30 a 40%); 4. fosfato monobicálcico granulado com grânulos maiores que 2 mm (FMG) e quatro níveis (0,30; 0,36; 0,42 e 0,48% de fósforo disponível), totalizando 16 tratamentos com cinco repetições de 30 aves cada. As exigências em fósforo disponível dentro de cada tipo de fosfato utilizado foram estimadas por intermédio dos modelos de regressão polinomial. Considerando as respostas biológicas, para as