Selectivity of insecticide use in soybean crop to the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) / Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura da soja ao predador Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The selectivity of different insecticides to nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus was evaluated in this study. Tests were carried out in the laboratory according to IOBC standard protocol. We evaluated different active ingredients that were applied using a Potter tower. Insect survival was assessed at 24-hour intervals for up to five days after exposure to treatments. Adult survivors of each treatment were assigned to breeding-pairs to evaluate possible effects on fertility. The pyrethroids bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin alone or in mixtures with neonicotinoids and diamides, such as beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxan and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, as well as the organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, were the most harmful (class 4 classification) insecticides for the preservation of P. nigrispinus for both nymph and adult predators. Conversely, the insecticide growth regulators (IGRs) lufenuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmful (class 4) only for P. nigrispinus nymphs. These products were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for adult predators. Among the evaluated products, the most selective for P. nigrispinus were those belonging to the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and the diamides group (flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole), which were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for both P. nigrispinus nymphs and adults. Next, the most selective product was methoxyfenozide, which ranged between slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to nymphs and harmless (class 1) to adults of the natural enemy.

A seletividade de diferentes inseticidas para ninfas e adultos de Podisus nigrispinus foi avaliada neste estudo. Os testes foram realizados em laboratório de acordo com protocolo padrão da IOBC. Foram avaliados diferentes ingredientes ativos que foram aplicados usando uma torre Potter. A sobrevivência dos insetos foi avaliada em intervalos de 24 horas por até cinco dias após a exposição aos tratamentos. Os sobreviventes adultos de cada tratamento foram distribuídos em casais para avaliar possíveis efeitos sobre a fertilidade. Os piretróides bifentrina, zeta-cipermetrina, beta-citflutrina, lambda-cialotrina e deltametrina isolados ou em misturas com neonicotinóides e diamidas, tais como beta-citflutrina + imidacloprid, lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxano e clorantraniliprole + lambda-cialotrina, bem como o organofosforado, clorpirifós, foram os inseticidas mais nocivos (classe 4) para a preservação de ninfas e adultos do predador P. nigrispinus. Por outro lado, os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas (IGRs) lufenuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide e novaluron foram classificados como nocivos (classe 4) apenas para ninfas de P. nigrispinus. Estes produtos foram classificados como inofensivos (classe 1) e levemente nocivo (classe 2) para os predadores adultos. Entre os produtos avaliados, os mais seletivos para P. nigrispinus foram aqueles pertencentes às espinosinas (spinosad e spinetoram) e ao grupo das diamidas (flubendiamida e clorantraniliprole) classificados como inofensivos (classe 1) e levemente nocivos (classe 2) para ninfas e adultos de P. nigrispinus. Em seguida, o produto mais seletivo foi methoxyfenozide, que variou entre ligeiramente prejudicial (classe 2) e moderadamente prejudicial (classe 3) para ninfas e inofensivo (classe 1) para adultos do inimigo natural.

Selectivity of insecticide use in soybean crop to the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) / Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura da soja ao predador Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The selectivity of different insecticides to nymphs and adults of Podisus nigrispinus was evaluated in this study. Tests were carried out in the laboratory according to IOBC standard protocol. We evaluated different active ingredients that were applied using a Potter tower. Insect survival was assessed at 24-hour intervals for up to five days after exposure to treatments. Adult survivors of each treatment were assigned to breeding-pairs to evaluate possible effects on fertility. The pyrethroids bifenthrin, zeta-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin alone or in mixtures with neonicotinoids and diamides, such as beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxan and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, as well as the organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, were the most harmful (class 4 classification) insecticides for the preservation of P. nigrispinus for both nymph and adult predators. Conversely, the insecticide growth regulators (IGRs) lufenuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide and novaluron were classified as harmful (class 4) only for P. nigrispinus nymphs. These products were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for adult predators. Among the evaluated products, the most selective for P. nigrispinus were those belonging to the spinosyns (spinosad and spinetoram) and the diamides group (flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole), which were classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2) for both P. nigrispinus nymphs and adults. Next, the most selective product was methoxyfenozide, which ranged between slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to nymphs and harmless (class 1) to adults of the natural enemy.(AU)

A seletividade de diferentes inseticidas para ninfas e adultos de Podisus nigrispinus foi avaliada neste estudo. Os testes foram realizados em laboratório de acordo com protocolo padrão da IOBC. Foram avaliados diferentes ingredientes ativos que foram aplicados usando uma torre Potter. A sobrevivência dos insetos foi avaliada em intervalos de 24 horas por até cinco dias após a exposição aos tratamentos. Os sobreviventes adultos de cada tratamento foram distribuídos em casais para avaliar possíveis efeitos sobre a fertilidade. Os piretróides bifentrina, zeta-cipermetrina, beta-citflutrina, lambda-cialotrina e deltametrina isolados ou em misturas com neonicotinóides e diamidas, tais como beta-citflutrina + imidacloprid, lambda-cialotrina + tiametoxano e clorantraniliprole + lambda-cialotrina, bem como o organofosforado, clorpirifós, foram os inseticidas mais nocivos (classe 4) para a preservação de ninfas e adultos do predador P. nigrispinus. Por outro lado, os reguladores de crescimento de inseticidas (IGRs) lufenuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron, tebufenozide e novaluron foram classificados como nocivos (classe 4) apenas para ninfas de P. nigrispinus. Estes produtos foram classificados como inofensivos (classe 1) e levemente nocivo (classe 2) para os predadores adultos. Entre os produtos avaliados, os mais seletivos para P. nigrispinus foram aqueles pertencentes às espinosinas (spinosad e spinetoram) e ao grupo das diamidas (flubendiamida e clorantraniliprole) classificados como inofensivos (classe 1) e levemente nocivos (classe 2) para ninfas e adultos de P. nigrispinus. Em seguida, o produto mais seletivo foi methoxyfenozide, que variou entre ligeiramente prejudicial (classe 2) e moderadamente prejudicial (classe 3) para ninfas e inofensivo (classe 1) para adultos do inimigo natural.(AU)

Biology and nutrition of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different food sources

We studied Spodoptera frugiperda development using different food sources in the laboratory and field. Newly hatched larvae were fed soybean, cotton, maize, wheat, and oat leaves. An artificial diet was used as the control. Duration of pre-pupal, pupal, and larva-adult period, pupal weight, sex ratio, survival, larva feeding preferences, oviposition preferences, and nutritional quality of different hosts were evaluated. Insects fed on wheat showed the shortest larva-adult period. The insects fed on cotton and soybean had longer larval development cycles and pupae of lower weight. Feeding preference was evident for third instar larvae and did not differ between wheat, oat, maize, and soybean, which were the preferred hosts. Moths oviposited to a greater extent on the upper canopy of wheat than that of other plants in both the no-choice and free-choice tests. Treatments influenced insect growth, food consumption, and digestion when nutritional variables were analyzed. Thus, grasses were better hosts for S. frugiperda development. Cotton was the least preferred food, followed by soybean. The present study can improve our understanding of S. frugiperda in these different crops and help in developing management strategies. Even though S. frugiperda is considered to be polyphagous, this pest is closely associated with grasses (maize, wheat, oat) and has lower potential as a soybean or cotton feeder. Howerver, S. frugiperda food intake regulation appears to be triggered by a complex of different mechanisms. Thus, S. frugiperda can also damage soybean and cotton and adapt to them in the absence of preferred hosts.

Biology and nutrition of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different food sources

We studied Spodoptera frugiperda development using different food sources in the laboratory and field. Newly hatched larvae were fed soybean, cotton, maize, wheat, and oat leaves. An artificial diet was used as the control. Duration of pre-pupal, pupal, and larva-adult period, pupal weight, sex ratio, survival, larva feeding preferences, oviposition preferences, and nutritional quality of different hosts were evaluated. Insects fed on wheat showed the shortest larva-adult period. The insects fed on cotton and soybean had longer larval development cycles and pupae of lower weight. Feeding preference was evident for third instar larvae and did not differ between wheat, oat, maize, and soybean, which were the preferred hosts. Moths oviposited to a greater extent on the upper canopy of wheat than that of other plants in both the no-choice and free-choice tests. Treatments influenced insect growth, food consumption, and digestion when nutritional variables were analyzed. Thus, grasses were better hosts for S. frugiperda development. Cotton was the least preferred food, followed by soybean. The present study can improve our understanding of S. frugiperda in these different crops and help in developing management strategies. Even though S. frugiperda is considered to be polyphagous, this pest is closely associated with grasses (maize, wheat, oat) and has lower potential as a soybean or cotton feeder. Howerver, S. frugiperda food intake regulation appears to be triggered by a complex of different mechanisms. Thus, S. frugiperda can also damage soybean and cotton and adapt to them in the absence of preferred hosts.(AU)

Selectivity of organic compounds to the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Plastygastridae) / Seletividade de compostos orgânicos ao parasitoide de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

The selectivity of insecticides, bio-protective mixtures, and biofertilizers used in organic soybean production was evaluated for adults and pupae of the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) under laboratory conditions in accordance with protocols proposed by the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). The products sprayed (dosage/180L of water) were: 1) Baculovírus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16.8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina and salamina 9.6 ppm; 4) Rotenoids 4 liters; 5) Nitrogen 1.3%, phosphorus 3.0% and total organic carbon 8.0% 3 liters; 6) Sodium silicate 2% 4 liters; 7) Copper 7% + calcium 3.3% 1.8 liters; 8) Sulfur 20% + quicklime 10% 1.8 liters; 9) Chlorpyrifos 384g (positive control); 10) Distilled H2O (negative control). The results of experiments using pupae indicate that the organic compounds were classified as harmless (Class 1), except for the copper 7% + calcium 3.3% and sulfur 20% + quicklime 10%, which were classified as slightly harmful (Class 2). The contact bioassay with adults showed that all products were classified as harmless (Class 1). Only chlorpyrifos (384g) was classified as harmful (Class 4) for both stages of the parasitoid. However, the use of this product (chlorpyrifos) is not permitted in organic farming, and even in conventional farming is recommended, where feasible, replacement of the product with one compatible with the preservation of T. remus in nature. Thus, the products tested and used in organic soybean production were considered compatible with the parasitoid eggs of T. remus.(AU)

A seletividade de diferentes inseticidas, caldas fitoprotetoras e biofertilizantes utilizados na produção de soja orgânica foi avaliada sobre adultos e pupas do parasitoide de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) em condições de laboratório, de acordo com protocolos propostos pela Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico (IOBC). Os produtos (dose/180 L de água) foram: 1) Baculovírus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16,8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina e salamina 9,6ppm; 4) Rotenoides 4% 4 litros; 5) Nitrogênio 1,3%, fósforo 3,0% e carbono orgânico total 8,0% 3 litros; 6) Silicato de Sódio 2% 4 litros; 7) Cobre 7% + Cálcio 3,3% 1,8 litros; 8) Enxofre 20% + cal virgem 10% 1,8 litros; 9) Clorpirifós 384g (controle positivo); 10) Água destilada (controle negativo). O resultado dos experimentos para a fase de pupa indicaram que os compostos orgânicos foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1), exceto para as misturas cobre 7% + cálcio 3,3% e enxofre 20% + cal virgem 10%, que foram classificados como levemente nocivos (classe 2). O teste de contato com os adultos mostrou que todos os produtos foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1). Somente clorpirifós foi classificado como nocivo (classe 4) para ambas as fases de desenvolvimento do parasitoide. Entretanto, a utilização deste produto (clorpirifós) não é permitida em cultivos orgânicos, e mesmo na agricultura convencional recomenda-se, quando viável, a substituição desse produto por outro compatível com a preservação de T. remus na natureza. Sendo assim, os produtos testados e utilizados na produção orgânica de soja foram considerados compatíveis com o parasitoide de ovos T. remus.(AU)

Selectivity of organic compounds to the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Plastygastridae) / Seletividade de compostos orgânicos ao parasitoide de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

The selectivity of insecticides, bio-protective mixtures, and biofertilizers used in organic soybean production was evaluated for adults and pupae of the egg parasitoid Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) under laboratory conditions in accordance with protocols proposed by the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). The products sprayed (dosage/180L of water) were: 1) Baculovírus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16.8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina and salamina 9.6 ppm; 4) Rotenoids 4 liters; 5) Nitrogen 1.3%, phosphorus 3.0% and total organic carbon 8.0% 3 liters; 6) Sodium silicate 2% 4 liters; 7) Copper 7% + calcium 3.3% 1.8 liters; 8) Sulfur 20% + quicklime 10% 1.8 liters; 9) Chlorpyrifos 384g (positive control); 10) Distilled H2O (negative control). The results of experiments using pupae indicate that the organic compounds were classified as harmless (Class 1), except for the copper 7% + calcium 3.3% and sulfur 20% + quicklime 10%, which were classified as slightly harmful (Class 2). The contact bioassay with adults showed that all products were classified as harmless (Class 1). Only chlorpyrifos (384g) was classified as harmful (Class 4) for both stages of the parasitoid. However, the use of this product (chlorpyrifos) is not permitted in organic farming, and even in conventional farming is recommended, where feasible, replacement of the product with one compatible with the preservation of T. remus in nature. Thus, the products tested and used in organic soybean production were considered compatible with the parasitoid eggs of T. remus.

A seletividade de diferentes inseticidas, caldas fitoprotetoras e biofertilizantes utilizados na produção de soja orgânica foi avaliada sobre adultos e pupas do parasitoide de ovos Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) em condições de laboratório, de acordo com protocolos propostos pela Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico (IOBC). Os produtos (dose/180 L de água) foram: 1) Baculovírus anticarsia 140x109 cpi; 2) Bacillus thuringiensis 16,8g; 3) Azadirachtin-A, azadirachtin-B, nimbina e salamina 9,6ppm; 4) Rotenoides 4% 4 litros; 5) Nitrogênio 1,3%, fósforo 3,0% e carbono orgânico total 8,0% 3 litros; 6) Silicato de Sódio 2% 4 litros; 7) Cobre 7% + Cálcio 3,3% 1,8 litros; 8) Enxofre 20% + cal virgem 10% 1,8 litros; 9) Clorpirifós 384g (controle positivo); 10) Água destilada (controle negativo). O resultado dos experimentos para a fase de pupa indicaram que os compostos orgânicos foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1), exceto para as misturas cobre 7% + cálcio 3,3% e enxofre 20% + cal virgem 10%, que foram classificados como levemente nocivos (classe 2). O teste de contato com os adultos mostrou que todos os produtos foram classificados como inócuos (classe 1). Somente clorpirifós foi classificado como nocivo (classe 4) para ambas as fases de desenvolvimento do parasitoide. Entretanto, a utilização deste produto (clorpirifós) não é permitida em cultivos orgânicos, e mesmo na agricultura convencional recomenda-se, quando viável, a substituição desse produto por outro compatível com a preservação de T. remus na natureza. Sendo assim, os produtos testados e utilizados na produção orgânica de soja foram considerados compatíveis com o parasitoide de ovos T. remus.