Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Icterícia: da manifestação ao manejo clínico-terapêutico / Icterus: from manifestation to clinical-therapeutic management / Ictericia: de la manifestación al manejo clínico-terapéutico

A icterícia é considerada como a pigmentação amarelada de regiões corpóreas como esclera, pele e mucosas. É uma manifestação presente em variadas doenças e pode ser classificada em icterícia pré-hepática, hepática ou pós-hepática. A categorização dos tipos de icterícia e suas identificações são fundamentais para que haja um maior conhecimento acerca do seu local de ocorrência, da sua gravidade e progressão. A condição pode ser observada em cães e gatos, e cada tipo pode estar associado a doenças distintas como processos hemolíticos, doenças hepatocelulares, obstruções de fluxo biliar, dentre outros. O diagnóstico da manifestação pode ser determinado por meio dos dados coletados na anamnese, exame clínico e/ou complementar, este último mediante necessidade. O tratamento varia e depende da causa base que esteja associada como terapias medicamentosas a intervenções cirúrgicas.

Jaundice is considered the yellowish pigmentation of body regions such as the sclera, skin and mucous membranes. It is a manifestation present in several diseases and can be classified as pre-hepatic, hepatic or post-hepatic jaundice. The categorization of types of jaundice and their identification are essential for greater knowledge about its place of occurrence, its severity and progression. The condition can be observed in dogs and cats, and each type can be associated with different diseases such as hemolytic processes, hepatocellular diseases, bile flow obstructions, among others. The diagnosis of the manifestation can be determined through data collected through anamnesis, clinical and/or complementary examination, the latter as needed. Treatment varies and depends on the underlying cause that is associated with drug therapies and surgical interventions.

La ictericia se considera la pigmentación amarillenta de regiones del cuerpo como la esclerótica, la piel y las membranas mucosas. Es una manifestación presente en varias enfermedades y puede clasificarse en ictericia prehepática, hepática o poshepática. La categorización de los tipos de ictericia y su identificación son fundamentales para un mayor conocimiento sobre su lugar de aparición, su gravedad y progresión. La afección se puede observar en perros y gatos, y cada tipo puede asociarse con diferentes enfermedades como procesos hemolíticos, enfermedades hepatocelulares, obstrucciones del flujo biliar, entre otras. El diagnóstico de la manifestación se puede determinar mediante la recogida de datos mediante anamnesis, exploración clínica y / o complementaria, esta última según sea necesario. El tratamiento varía y depende de la causa subyacente asociada con las terapias farmacológicas y las intervenciones quirúrgicas.

Histomorphological and immunophenotypic characterizationof feline injection site-associated sarcoma

Background: Feline Injection Site-Associated Sarcoma (FISS) is a mesenchymal neoplasia of aggressive behavior thatdevelops in sites where vaccine or drugs were administered. FISS is clinically characterized by the appearance of asolitary firm nodule or a diffuse mass, adhered to tissues, in regions associated to vaccine or drug applications. Despitelow prevalence, tumor recurrence rates can reach 80%. FISS present more aggressive histological characteristics whencompared to sarcomas not associated to injection sites. The aim of this paper is to contribute towards the understandingof the biological behavior of FISS.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen samples of FISS were analyzed. Fibrosarcomas were the most frequent histological subtype (62.5%). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was diagnosed in 18.75% cases. Ten (62.5%) FISS wereclassified as grade II; 4/16 (25%) grade I, and 2/16 (12.5%) grade III. Cox-2 overexpression occurred in 3/16 (18.75%)samples, with positive correlation between Cox-2 expression and cellularity (r = 0.696, P = 0.003). Mitotic index lowerthan 9 events was found in 11/16 (68.7%) samples and between 10 and 19 mitotic events in 5/16 (31.3%) cases. MeanKi-67 expression was 2.39 ± 2.48%. FISS characterized as fibrosarcomas presented longer overall survival (median 545days) than other histological subtypes (median 130.5 days) [P = 0.01].Discussion: Patients with FISS generally present with larger nodules than those with sarcomas not associated to injections,suggesting a challenge for pet owners to note subcutaneous tumors in the interscapular region, in addition to the aggressivebiological behavior of FISS. The influence of size on prognosis remains controversial. An association between histologicgrade and the development of metastasis has been observed, with patients with grade III FISS associated with an increasein the metastatic rate. The present study did not find a correlation between overall survival...

Histomorphological and immunophenotypic characterizationof feline injection site-associated sarcoma

Background: Feline Injection Site-Associated Sarcoma (FISS) is a mesenchymal neoplasia of aggressive behavior thatdevelops in sites where vaccine or drugs were administered. FISS is clinically characterized by the appearance of asolitary firm nodule or a diffuse mass, adhered to tissues, in regions associated to vaccine or drug applications. Despitelow prevalence, tumor recurrence rates can reach 80%. FISS present more aggressive histological characteristics whencompared to sarcomas not associated to injection sites. The aim of this paper is to contribute towards the understandingof the biological behavior of FISS.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen samples of FISS were analyzed. Fibrosarcomas were the most frequent histological subtype (62.5%). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was diagnosed in 18.75% cases. Ten (62.5%) FISS wereclassified as grade II; 4/16 (25%) grade I, and 2/16 (12.5%) grade III. Cox-2 overexpression occurred in 3/16 (18.75%)samples, with positive correlation between Cox-2 expression and cellularity (r = 0.696, P = 0.003). Mitotic index lowerthan 9 events was found in 11/16 (68.7%) samples and between 10 and 19 mitotic events in 5/16 (31.3%) cases. MeanKi-67 expression was 2.39 ± 2.48%. FISS characterized as fibrosarcomas presented longer overall survival (median 545days) than other histological subtypes (median 130.5 days) [P = 0.01].Discussion: Patients with FISS generally present with larger nodules than those with sarcomas not associated to injections,suggesting a challenge for pet owners to note subcutaneous tumors in the interscapular region, in addition to the aggressivebiological behavior of FISS. The influence of size on prognosis remains controversial. An association between histologicgrade and the development of metastasis has been observed, with patients with grade III FISS associated with an increasein the metastatic rate. The present study did not find a correlation between overall survival...(AU)

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.

Evaluation of the antifeeding and insecticidal effects of a deltamethrin-impregnated collar on Lutzomyia longipalpis / Avaliação dos efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma coleira impregnada com deltametrina sobre Lutzomyia longipalpis

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a vector-transmitted zoonotic disease that can be prevented using topical insecticides. Deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) are an efficient method applied to dogs to prevent CanL; however, few reports have analyzed the efficiency of these collars, especially in dogs that are frequently bathed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifeeding and insecticidal outcomes of a DMC used in dogs. DMCs were used on 12 mongrel dogs. Dogs were exposed to phlebotomine sand flies before the use of DMC and at 7, 21, 60, and 120 days after donning a DMC. Six dogs were bathed biweekly, and six were not bathed during the experiment. After exposure, sand flies were captured and classified as dead, alive, male, and engorged or non-engorged females to calculate the antifeeding and insecticidal effects. The use of a DMC showed insecticidal effects on male and female sand flies, with minimal effects in engorged females. The prevention of blood-feeding by sand flies were also observed. The insecticidal and antifeeding effects were better in bathed than in non-bathed dogs, showing that baths did not influence the effects and can be continued during control of CanL. Our results indicate that DMC can be used to control CanL but should be used combined with other control measures.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma doença zoonótica transmitida por vetor e que pode ser prevenida através da utilização de inseticidas tópicos. Coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina (CID) são um método eficiente e aplicável em cães para prevenir a LVC; no entanto, poucos estudos analisaram a eficácia dessas coleiras, especialmente em cães que são frequentemente banhados. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos repelência e inseticida de uma CID usada em cães. Foram utilizadas coleiras impregnadas em 12 cães sem raça definida. Os cães foram expostos a flebótomos antes do uso da CID e aos 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias após a colocação das coleiras. Seis dos 12 cães receberam banhos a cada 15 dias e seis cães não foram banhados durante o período do experimento. Após a exposição, flebótomos eram capturados e classificados em mortos, vivos, machos, fêmeas ingurgitadas e fêmeas não ingurgitadas, para calcular os efeitos repelência e inseticida. A utilização da CID demonstrou efeito inseticida em febótomos machos e fêmeas, com mínimos efeitos em fêmeas ingurgitadas A prevenção do ingurgitamento por sangue dos flebótomos foi observado. Os efeitos inseticida e repelência foram melhores em cães submetidos a banho que naqueles que não foram banhados, demonstrando que banhos não influencia os efeitos da coleira e podem ser dados durante o controle da LVC. Nossos resultados indicam que a CID pode ser utilizada no controle da LVC mas deve utilização em conjunto com outras medidas de controle.(AU)

Electrochemotherapy treatment of oral extramedullary plasmacytoma of the tongue: a retrospective study of three dogs / Eletroquimioterapia no tratamento de plasmocitoma extramedular oral na língua: estudo retrospectivo de três cães

Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EPs) are responsible for 2.5% of neoplasms in dogs. They are solitary, smooth, elevated, pink or red nodules, of 1 to 2cm in diameter. Cutaneous and oral extramedullary plasmacytomas in dogs are usually benign tumors, treated with local therapies. Prognosis is generally good. Recurrence and metastatic rates are low. Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment that combines chemotherapy and electroporation and shows objective responses of 70% to 94% with few local and systemic side effects. This scientific communication has the objective to report treatment of three canine patients with oral extramedullary plasmacytoma. Nodules were located on the tongue and patients were submitted to one or two electrochemotherapy sessions, which preserved the tongue without mutilation and cured the patients.

Plasmocitomas extramedulares (PE) são responsáveis por 2,5% das neoplasias em cães. São nódulos solitários, lisos, elevados, rosados ou avermelhados, de 1 a 2cm de diâmetro. O plasmocitoma extramedular cutâneo e oral em cães é um tumor tipicamente benigno tratado com terapias locais. O prognóstico geralmente é bom. As taxas de recorrência e metástase são baixas. A eletroquimioterapia é um tratamento local que combina quimioterapia e eletroporação e mostra respostas objetivas entre 70 a 94% com poucos efeitos colaterais locais e sistêmicos. Esta comunicação científica teve como objetivo relatar o tratamento de três pacientes caninos com plasmocitoma extramedular oral com lesões localizadas na língua submetidos a uma ou duas sessões de eletroquimioterapia, o que permitiu a manutenção da língua sem mutilação e proporcionou a cura dos pacientes.

Electrochemotherapy treatment of oral extramedullary plasmacytoma of the tongue: a retrospective study of three dogs / Eletroquimioterapia no tratamento de plasmocitoma extramedular oral na língua: estudo retrospectivo de três cães

Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EPs) are responsible for 2.5% of neoplasms in dogs. They are solitary, smooth, elevated, pink or red nodules, of 1 to 2cm in diameter. Cutaneous and oral extramedullary plasmacytomas in dogs are usually benign tumors, treated with local therapies. Prognosis is generally good. Recurrence and metastatic rates are low. Electrochemotherapy is a local treatment that combines chemotherapy and electroporation and shows objective responses of 70% to 94% with few local and systemic side effects. This scientific communication has the objective to report treatment of three canine patients with oral extramedullary plasmacytoma. Nodules were located on the tongue and patients were submitted to one or two electrochemotherapy sessions, which preserved the tongue without mutilation and cured the patients.(AU)

Plasmocitomas extramedulares (PE) são responsáveis por 2,5% das neoplasias em cães. São nódulos solitários, lisos, elevados, rosados ou avermelhados, de 1 a 2cm de diâmetro. O plasmocitoma extramedular cutâneo e oral em cães é um tumor tipicamente benigno tratado com terapias locais. O prognóstico geralmente é bom. As taxas de recorrência e metástase são baixas. A eletroquimioterapia é um tratamento local que combina quimioterapia e eletroporação e mostra respostas objetivas entre 70 a 94% com poucos efeitos colaterais locais e sistêmicos. Esta comunicação científica teve como objetivo relatar o tratamento de três pacientes caninos com plasmocitoma extramedular oral com lesões localizadas na língua submetidos a uma ou duas sessões de eletroquimioterapia, o que permitiu a manutenção da língua sem mutilação e proporcionou a cura dos pacientes.(AU)

Use of masitinib mesylate as an adjuvant treatment of metastatic canine mast cell tumor / Utilização do mesilato de masitinibe no tratamento adjuvante do mastocitoma canino metastático

Background: The proliferative disorders of mast cells include, in addition to mast cell tumor, systemic mastocytosis and myeloid leukemia of mast cells. Surgery is the treatment of choice for tumors in the skin, in regions which allow wide excision but adjuvant treatments should be performed in selected patients. However, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy remains empirical, due to the absence of controlled studies. Despite the relevance of the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of mast cell tumors, studies with these drugs have focused primarily on neoadjuvant scenery. Case: A 13-year-old male Poodle dog, weighing 4.6 kg, was presented with bilateral increase in inguinal lymph nodes and a vesicular cutaneous lesion, in the inguinal region, 75 days after surgery for the removal of a scrotum grade II mast cell tumor. Patient was admitted for surgery and the tissues removed were sent for pathological examination that allowed the diagnosis of grade II mast cell tumor and metastasis in all inguinal lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical study for CD117 revealed an aberrant expression of KIT receptor (KIT II), while the PCR for mutations in exon 11 of c-KIT gene revealed internal tandem duplications. The patient underwent a session of chemotherapy with lomustine, however it had serious side effects that resulted in discontinuation of treatment, opting for utilization...(AU)

Use of masitinib mesylate as an adjuvant treatment of metastatic canine mast cell tumor / Utilização do mesilato de masitinibe no tratamento adjuvante do mastocitoma canino metastático

Background: The proliferative disorders of mast cells include, in addition to mast cell tumor, systemic mastocytosis and myeloid leukemia of mast cells. Surgery is the treatment of choice for tumors in the skin, in regions which allow wide excision but adjuvant treatments should be performed in selected patients. However, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy remains empirical, due to the absence of controlled studies. Despite the relevance of the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of mast cell tumors, studies with these drugs have focused primarily on neoadjuvant scenery. Case: A 13-year-old male Poodle dog, weighing 4.6 kg, was presented with bilateral increase in inguinal lymph nodes and a vesicular cutaneous lesion, in the inguinal region, 75 days after surgery for the removal of a scrotum grade II mast cell tumor. Patient was admitted for surgery and the tissues removed were sent for pathological examination that allowed the diagnosis of grade II mast cell tumor and metastasis in all inguinal lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical study for CD117 revealed an aberrant expression of KIT receptor (KIT II), while the PCR for mutations in exon 11 of c-KIT gene revealed internal tandem duplications. The patient underwent a session of chemotherapy with lomustine, however it had serious side effects that resulted in discontinuation of treatment, opting for utilization...

Neoplasias intracranianas em pequenos animais - Revisão de literatura / Intracranial neoplasms in small animals – Review

Tumores intracranianos representam a principal causa de disfunção neurológica em animais de meia idade a idosos. O objetivo dessa revisão foi detalhar os aspectos clínico-patológicos dessas afecções. O acometimento secundário do tecido nervoso intracraniano, por extensão tumoral ou lesões metastáticas, é mais comum em relação às neoplasias primárias. No entanto, o meningioma é a principal neoplasia extra-axial primária de cães e gatos, enquanto os gliomas (astrocitoma e oligodendroglioma), ependimomas e tumores do plexo coróide representam os principais processos intra-axiais. Os sinais neurológicos decorrentes de neoplasias intracranianas dependem da localização, extensão e taxa de crescimento do tumor. O diagnóstico definitivo só é possível após o exame histopatológico do tecido tumoral, no entanto diagnósticos presuntivos podem ser obtidos a partir do exame clínico e exames de imagem, com destaque para a tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética. O prognóstico de cães e gatos com neoplasias intracranianas pode ser significativamente alterado a partir do tratamento com cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia, utilizados isoladamente ou em combinação. No entanto, o elevado custo de implantação da radioterapia e a morbidade e mortalidade associadas à neurocirurgia limitam a biópsia e o tratamento cirúrgico aos centros veterinários que disponham de alta qualificação e técnicas avançadas de anestesia e cuidados críticos.

Intracranial tumors are the leading cause of neurological dysfunction in companion animals of middle aged and older. The objective of this review was to detail the clinical and pathological aspects of these conditions. Primary intracranial neoplasms of the nerve tissue are less frequent than secondary involvement by tumor extension or metastatic lesions. Meningiomais the main extra-axial primary neoplasm of cats and dogs as gliomas (astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma), ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors represent the major intra-axial processes. Neurological signs resulting from intracranial tumors depend on the location, extent and rate of tumor growth. The definitive diagnosisis only possible after histopathological examination of tumor tissue, however clinical suspicion maybe obtained from the clinical examination and imaging studies, particularly computed tomography and magnetic ressonance image.The prognosis for dogs and cats with brain tumors can be significantly improved from the treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, used alone or in combination. However, the high deployment cost of radiation therapy and morbidity and mortality associated with neurosurgery limits biopsy and surgical treatment to veterinary centers that have high qualification and advanced techniques of anesthesia and critical care.

Neoplasias intracranianas em pequenos animais - Revisão de literatura / Intracranial neoplasms in small animals Review

Tumores intracranianos representam a principal causa de disfunção neurológica em animais de meia idade a idosos. O objetivo dessa revisão foi detalhar os aspectos clínico-patológicos dessas afecções. O acometimento secundário do tecido nervoso intracraniano, por extensão tumoral ou lesões metastáticas, é mais comum em relação às neoplasias primárias. No entanto, o meningioma é a principal neoplasia extra-axial primária de cães e gatos, enquanto os gliomas (astrocitoma e oligodendroglioma), ependimomas e tumores do plexo coróide representam os principais processos intra-axiais. Os sinais neurológicos decorrentes de neoplasias intracranianas dependem da localização, extensão e taxa de crescimento do tumor. O diagnóstico definitivo só é possível após o exame histopatológico do tecido tumoral, no entanto diagnósticos presuntivos podem ser obtidos a partir do exame clínico e exames de imagem, com destaque para a tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética. O prognóstico de cães e gatos com neoplasias intracranianas pode ser significativamente alterado a partir do tratamento com cirurgia, radioterapia e quimioterapia, utilizados isoladamente ou em combinação. No entanto, o elevado custo de implantação da radioterapia e a morbidade e mortalidade associadas à neurocirurgia limitam a biópsia e o tratamento cirúrgico aos centros veterinários que disponham de alta qualificação e técnicas avançadas de anestesia e cuidados críticos.(AU)

Intracranial tumors are the leading cause of neurological dysfunction in companion animals of middle aged and older. The objective of this review was to detail the clinical and pathological aspects of these conditions. Primary intracranial neoplasms of the nerve tissue are less frequent than secondary involvement by tumor extension or metastatic lesions. Meningiomais the main extra-axial primary neoplasm of cats and dogs as gliomas (astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma), ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors represent the major intra-axial processes. Neurological signs resulting from intracranial tumors depend on the location, extent and rate of tumor growth. The definitive diagnosisis only possible after histopathological examination of tumor tissue, however clinical suspicion maybe obtained from the clinical examination and imaging studies, particularly computed tomography and magnetic ressonance image.The prognosis for dogs and cats with brain tumors can be significantly improved from the treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, used alone or in combination. However, the high deployment cost of radiation therapy and morbidity and mortality associated with neurosurgery limits biopsy and surgical treatment to veterinary centers that have high qualification and advanced techniques of anesthesia and critical care.(AU)

Fisiopatologia da dor em pequenos animais revisão de literatura / Pathophysiology of pain in sm all anim als - review

A dor é conceituada como uma sensação ou experiência emocional desagradável associada a uma lesão tecidualreal ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. A nocicepção, compreende a transdução, transmissão,modulação e projeção do estímulo nocivo a nível periférico e central com conseqüências autonômicas ecomportamentais mas que não incluem, necessariamente, a experiência dolorosa. A dor vai além da sensaçãonociceptiva, pois envolve componentes emocionais e cognitivos variáveis conforme a experiência de cadaindivíduo. Embora negligenciada por muito tempo na Medicina Veterinária, a dor é uma condição clínicaimportante que resulta em sofrimento, redução da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar do paciente, além deprovocar efeitos deletérios multissistêmicos graves. Esse artigo tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicosda dor em pequenos animais, abordando a nocicpeçpção, percepção e modulação do estímulonociceptivo, até os efeitos sistêmicos da dor, o fenômeno de hipersensibilização e finalmente a classificação dador, com destaque para o impacto dessa condição para a saúde e bem-estar desses pacientes.(AU)

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Nociception comprises transduction, transmission,modulation and projection of noxious stimuli at peripheral and central level with autonomic and behavioralconsequences that does not necessarily include a painful experience. The pain goes beyond thenociceptive sensation, because it involves emotional and cognitive components according to individualexperience. Although long neglected in veterinary medicine, pain is an important clinical condition thatresults in suffering, reduction of patients quality of life and welfare. Besides, it can cause severe multisystemicdeleterious effects. This article aims to describe the pathophysiology of pain in small animalsby approaching nociception, perception and modulation of noxious stimuli, the systemic effects of pain,the phenomenon of sensitization and finally the current classification of pain, emphasizing the impactof this condition to the health and well-being of these patients.(AU)

Fisiopatologia da dor em pequenos animais – revisão de literatura / Pathophysiology of pain in sm all anim als - review

A dor é conceituada como uma sensação ou experiência emocional desagradável associada a uma lesão tecidualreal ou potencial, ou descrita em termos de tal lesão. A nocicepção, compreende a transdução, transmissão,modulação e projeção do estímulo nocivo a nível periférico e central com conseqüências autonômicas ecomportamentais mas que não incluem, necessariamente, a experiência dolorosa. A dor vai além da sensaçãonociceptiva, pois envolve componentes emocionais e cognitivos variáveis conforme a experiência de cadaindivíduo. Embora negligenciada por muito tempo na Medicina Veterinária, a dor é uma condição clínicaimportante que resulta em sofrimento, redução da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar do paciente, além deprovocar efeitos deletérios multissistêmicos graves. Esse artigo tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicosda dor em pequenos animais, abordando a nocicpeçpção, percepção e modulação do estímulonociceptivo, até os efeitos sistêmicos da dor, o fenômeno de hipersensibilização e finalmente a classificação dador, com destaque para o impacto dessa condição para a saúde e bem-estar desses pacientes.

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potentialtissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Nociception comprises transduction, transmission,modulation and projection of noxious stimuli at peripheral and central level with autonomic and behavioralconsequences that does not necessarily include a painful experience. The pain goes beyond thenociceptive sensation, because it involves emotional and cognitive components according to individualexperience. Although long neglected in veterinary medicine, pain is an important clinical condition thatresults in suffering, reduction of patient’s quality of life and welfare. Besides, it can cause severe multisystemicdeleterious effects. This article aims to describe the pathophysiology of pain in small animalsby approaching nociception, perception and modulation of noxious stimuli, the systemic effects of pain,the phenomenon of sensitization and finally the current classification of pain, emphasizing the impactof this condition to the health and well-being of these patients.

Diagnóstico diferencial entre sarcoma histiocítico e tumor venéreo transmissível com disseminação extragenital – relato de caso / Differential diagnosis between histiocytic sarcoma and transmissible venereal tumor with extragenital dissemination – case report / Diagnóstico diferencial entre sarcoma histiocítico y tumor venéreo trasmisible con diseminación extragenital - relato de caso

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) e o sarcoma histiocítico (SH) são neoplasias malignas de células redondas e origem mesenquimal. Apesar das semelhanças, o comportamento tumoral, o prognóstico e o tratamento são muito distintos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de TVT com disseminação extragenital, cujo diagnóstico histopatológico inicial havia sido sugestivo de SH. A cadela foi submetida ao tratamento quimioterápico com doxorrubicina e apresentou remissão completa das lesões após quatro sessões, o que não era esperado para o SH. A revisão das características histológicas, associadas à marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva para vimentina e negativa para E-caderina, permitiu concluir que se tratava de um TVT de apresentação extragenital. Este trabalho evidencia a importância do uso de marcadores imuno-histoquímicos nos casos em que se suspeita de TVT com disseminação extragenital, principalmente naqueles em que o diagnóstico inicial não foi conclusivo.

The transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) and histiocytic sarcoma (HS) are both malignant round cell neoplasms that have mesenchymal origin. Despite the similarities, tumor behavior, prognosis and treatment are very different. This article reports a case of TVT with extragenital dissemination, with an initial histopathological diagnosis that was suggestive of HS. The dog was submitted to chemotherapy with doxorubicin and showed complete remission of lesions after four sessions, which was not expected for HS. A review of the histological features of the tumor, associated with positive immunohistochemical staining for vimentin and negative for E-cadherin, allowed us to conclude that it was an extragenital TVT. This paper shows the importance of immunohistochemical stainings in TVT cases with extragenital dissemination, mainly when initial diagnosis is not conclusive.

El tumor venéreo trasmisible (TVT o Tumor de Sticker) y el sarcoma histiocítico (SH) son tumores malignos de células redondas de origen mesenquimático. A pesar de ser semejantes, ambos tumores tienen diferentes comportamientos, pronósticos y tratamientos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un caso de TVT con diseminación extragenital, cuyo diagnóstico histopatológico inicial había sugierido la presencia de un SH. La perra recibió un tratamiento quimioterápico con doxorrubicina y tuvo remisión completa de las lesiones después de la cuarta sesión, hecho no esperado para un SH. La revisión histológica a través de marcación inmunohistoquímica, fue positiva para vimentina y negativa para E-caderina, permitiendo concluir que se trataba de un TVT de presentación extra genital. Este trabajo evidencia la importancia del uso de marcadores inmuno-histoquímicos en casos de TVT con diseminación extragenital, principalmente en casos en los que el diagnóstico inicial genera algún tipo de duda.

Diagnóstico diferencial entre sarcoma histiocítico e tumor venéreo transmissível com disseminação extragenital relato de caso / Differential diagnosis between histiocytic sarcoma and transmissible venereal tumor with extragenital dissemination case report / Diagnóstico diferencial entre sarcoma histiocítico y tumor venéreo trasmisible con diseminación extragenital - relato de caso

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) e o sarcoma histiocítico (SH) são neoplasias malignas de células redondas e origem mesenquimal. Apesar das semelhanças, o comportamento tumoral, o prognóstico e o tratamento são muito distintos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de TVT com disseminação extragenital, cujo diagnóstico histopatológico inicial havia sido sugestivo de SH. A cadela foi submetida ao tratamento quimioterápico com doxorrubicina e apresentou remissão completa das lesões após quatro sessões, o que não era esperado para o SH. A revisão das características histológicas, associadas à marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva para vimentina e negativa para E-caderina, permitiu concluir que se tratava de um TVT de apresentação extragenital. Este trabalho evidencia a importância do uso de marcadores imuno-histoquímicos nos casos em que se suspeita de TVT com disseminação extragenital, principalmente naqueles em que o diagnóstico inicial não foi conclusivo.(AU)

The transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) and histiocytic sarcoma (HS) are both malignant round cell neoplasms that have mesenchymal origin. Despite the similarities, tumor behavior, prognosis and treatment are very different. This article reports a case of TVT with extragenital dissemination, with an initial histopathological diagnosis that was suggestive of HS. The dog was submitted to chemotherapy with doxorubicin and showed complete remission of lesions after four sessions, which was not expected for HS. A review of the histological features of the tumor, associated with positive immunohistochemical staining for vimentin and negative for E-cadherin, allowed us to conclude that it was an extragenital TVT. This paper shows the importance of immunohistochemical stainings in TVT cases with extragenital dissemination, mainly when initial diagnosis is not conclusive.(AU)

El tumor venéreo trasmisible (TVT o Tumor de Sticker) y el sarcoma histiocítico (SH) son tumores malignos de células redondas de origen mesenquimático. A pesar de ser semejantes, ambos tumores tienen diferentes comportamientos, pronósticos y tratamientos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar un caso de TVT con diseminación extragenital, cuyo diagnóstico histopatológico inicial había sugierido la presencia de un SH. La perra recibió un tratamiento quimioterápico con doxorrubicina y tuvo remisión completa de las lesiones después de la cuarta sesión, hecho no esperado para un SH. La revisión histológica a través de marcación inmunohistoquímica, fue positiva para vimentina y negativa para E-caderina, permitiendo concluir que se trataba de un TVT de presentación extra genital. Este trabajo evidencia la importancia del uso de marcadores inmuno-histoquímicos en casos de TVT con diseminación extragenital, principalmente en casos en los que el diagnóstico inicial genera algún tipo de duda.(AU)

Megaesôfago devido à persistência do quarto arco aórtico direito: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos: relato de caso / Megaesophagus due to fourth right aortic persistence: clinical and therapeutic features: case report

O megaesôfago tem sido descrito como uma dilatação esofágica difusa, com diminuição ou ausência da função motora, podendo ocorrer devido a uma desordem congênita, adquirida ou, em adultos, como uma doença de princípio idiopático. Este relato de caso é de uma cadela da raça Fila Brasileiro de três meses de idade que regurgitava sempre após a ingestão de alimento, tinha apetite voraz e apresentava quadro de emagrecimento progressivo. Ao exame clínico, apresentou temperatura retal de 39,9°C, estado geral regular devido à marcante desnutrição e retardo no crescimento, mucosas normocoradas, estertores pulmonares e estridor traqueal. Foram realizados exames radiográficos simples e contrastados, das regiões cervical e torácica, na projeção látero-lateral obtendo o diagnóstico de megaesôfago por persistência do quarto arco aórtico direito. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia e manejo alimentar diferenciado no pós-operatório, sendo o tratamento eficaz para correção do problema e recuperação do paciente(AU)

Megaesophagus has been discribed as an esophagal diffuse dilatation, with the decrease or even absence of the motor function. It may occur owing to a congenital or acquired disorder or, in adults, as an idiopathic one. This report is about a three-month Fila Brasileiro that was always used to regurgitating after food ingestion. The animal presented a voracious appetite, nevertheless progressive loss of weight. Clinical examination documented rectal temperature of 39,9°C, regular general status due to the accentuated underfeeding and growth retardation, normal mucous membranes color, pulmonary crackles and tracheal murmur. Simple and contrasted radiographic examinations from cervical and thoracic regions, in latero-lateral projection, were realized outpointing the diagnosis of Megaesophagus, due to fourth right aortic arch persistence. The animal underwent surgery and a differentiated food handling in post-operatory period was indicated. The therapy was effective to the problem correction and animal recovery(AU)

Megaesôfago devido à persistência do quarto arco aórtico direito: aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos: relato de caso / Megaesophagus due to fourth right aortic persistence: clinical and therapeutic features: case report

O megaesôfago tem sido descrito como uma dilatação esofágica difusa, com diminuição ou ausência da função motora, podendo ocorrer devido a uma desordem congênita, adquirida ou, em adultos, como uma doença de princípio idiopático. Este relato de caso é de uma cadela da raça Fila Brasileiro de três meses de idade que regurgitava sempre após a ingestão de alimento, tinha apetite voraz e apresentava quadro de emagrecimento progressivo. Ao exame clínico, apresentou temperatura retal de 39,9°C, estado geral regular devido à marcante desnutrição e retardo no crescimento, mucosas normocoradas, estertores pulmonares e estridor traqueal. Foram realizados exames radiográficos simples e contrastados, das regiões cervical e torácica, na projeção látero-lateral obtendo o diagnóstico de megaesôfago por persistência do quarto arco aórtico direito. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia e manejo alimentar diferenciado no pós-operatório, sendo o tratamento eficaz para correção do problema e recuperação do paciente

Megaesophagus has been discribed as an esophagal diffuse dilatation, with the decrease or even absence of the motor function. It may occur owing to a congenital or acquired disorder or, in adults, as an idiopathic one. This report is about a three-month Fila Brasileiro that was always used to regurgitating after food ingestion. The animal presented a voracious appetite, nevertheless progressive loss of weight. Clinical examination documented rectal temperature of 39,9°C, regular general status due to the accentuated underfeeding and growth retardation, normal mucous membranes color, pulmonary crackles and tracheal murmur. Simple and contrasted radiographic examinations from cervical and thoracic regions, in latero-lateral projection, were realized outpointing the diagnosis of Megaesophagus, due to fourth right aortic arch persistence. The animal underwent surgery and a differentiated food handling in post-operatory period was indicated. The therapy was effective to the problem correction and animal recovery