Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...

Avaliação pós-cirúrgica do impacto analgésico do tramadol epidural, quando associado à levobupivacaína, em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à ovariohisterectomia / Post-surgical evaluation of the analgesic impact of epidural tramadol, when associated with levobupivacaine, in bitches undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Surgical removal of the mammary glandchain is considered the standard treatment and is usually performed along with ovariohysterectomy (OH) to suppressovarian hormonal influence. Mastectomies cause moderate to severe pain and require preferential multimodal analgesicprotocols. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy and the recovery times on femaledogs undergoing mastectomies and OH between those treated with epidural levobupivacaine alone and those treated withassociated doses of tramadol and anesthetized with propofol.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs were pretreated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg), using propofol(4 mg/kg) for induction and anesthesia maintenance. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) treatedwith epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine alone at 1.5 mg/kg (GL) or associated with tramadol at doses of 2 mg/kg(GLT2) or 4 mg/kg (GLT4). After anesthesia, the mean propofol infusion rate for each group were calculed. During thepostoperative period, the degree of analgesia according to the University of Melbourne Pain Scale for 6 hours were determined, considering seven time points for evaluation (M30, M60, M90, M120, M180, M240, and M360). Supplementalanalgesia with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) to those dogs with scores ≥13 were provided. During the recovery period, the timeintervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation (EX), the first head movement (MC), and theestablishment of sternal (PE) and quadrupedal (PQ) positions were measured. Data were subjected to the Friedman testfor analysis of non-parametric variables within the same group and to the Mann–Whitney test for independent variables,comparing the mean scores between groups (statistical significance was set at P < 0.05). In the GL group, a higher meanpropofol infusion rate than in either the ...

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2’”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an...

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...

Avaliação pós-cirúrgica do impacto analgésico do tramadol epidural, quando associado à levobupivacaína, em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia e à ovariohisterectomia / Post-surgical evaluation of the analgesic impact of epidural tramadol, when associated with levobupivacaine, in bitches undergoing mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. Surgical removal of the mammary glandchain is considered the standard treatment and is usually performed along with ovariohysterectomy (OH) to suppressovarian hormonal influence. Mastectomies cause moderate to severe pain and require preferential multimodal analgesicprotocols. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy and the recovery times on femaledogs undergoing mastectomies and OH between those treated with epidural levobupivacaine alone and those treated withassociated doses of tramadol and anesthetized with propofol.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs were pretreated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg), using propofol(4 mg/kg) for induction and anesthesia maintenance. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) treatedwith epidural anesthesia with levobupivacaine alone at 1.5 mg/kg (GL) or associated with tramadol at doses of 2 mg/kg(GLT2) or 4 mg/kg (GLT4). After anesthesia, the mean propofol infusion rate for each group were calculed. During thepostoperative period, the degree of analgesia according to the University of Melbourne Pain Scale for 6 hours were determined, considering seven time points for evaluation (M30, M60, M90, M120, M180, M240, and M360). Supplementalanalgesia with morphine (0.5 mg/kg) to those dogs with scores ≥13 were provided. During the recovery period, the timeintervals between the end of anesthesia, and the following events: extubation (EX), the first head movement (MC), and theestablishment of sternal (PE) and quadrupedal (PQ) positions were measured. Data were subjected to the Friedman testfor analysis of non-parametric variables within the same group and to the Mann–Whitney test for independent variables,comparing the mean scores between groups (statistical significance was set at P < 0.05). In the GL group, a higher meanpropofol infusion rate than in either the ...(AU)

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...(AU)

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an... (AU)

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...]

Morfina epidural contínua no controle da dor pós-operatória em ovino / Postoperative pain management in a sheep using continuous epidural morphine

Background: Although ruminants experience pain like other species, diagnosis and treatment may be imprecise and challenging, especially because of lack of recognition and restraint of therapeutic resources. In addition to the restrictions inherent in the species, organic dysfunctions may further restrict the analgesic arsenal, making it necessary to find viable and effective alternative for pain control. The continuous administration of opioids in the epidural space has been highlighted as an analgesic resource in several species. However, until this moment, there are few information on this practice in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the use of continuous epidural infusion of morphine in a sheep undergoing to urethrostomy with a history of chronic pain and urolithiasis.Case: A 3-year-old Santa Ines sheep, weighting 110 kg, was presented to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Bahia with history of recurrent urolithiasis, lameness, severe pain and continuous use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The findings of the physical examination, imaging and laboratory tests revealed possible abomasum inflammation, chronic laminitis, left humerus-radioulnar osteoarthritis and urethral urolithiasis with uremia. A clinical stabilization of the animal was performed, including an interruption of the use of the NSAID and the administration of fluid, urinary acidifier (ammonium chloride), histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ranitidine), cytoprotectant (sucralfate), antibiotic (norfloxacin) and dipyrone. After 3 days, urethrostomy was performed followed by the implantation of an epidural catheter (19G) in the lumbosacral space (L7 - S1) by means of a Tuohy needle (18G), after the surgical procedure. Administration of morphine (0.1 mg kg-1) through the catheter at 24-h intervals, associated with dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV), every 8 h, over a 5-day period, was the postoperative analgesic protocol chosen.[...](AU)

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.(AU)

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.

EFEITOS HEMODINÂMICOS DA INFUSÃO CONTÍNUA DE BUTORFANOL EM CÃES ANESTESIADOS COM PROPOFOL

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs were used. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesia with intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation was instituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume. The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group (BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 g/kg/h). The placebo group (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration (M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resulted in decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiac output (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association provides safe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol (10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60% e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésica foi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeu butorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeu somente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveis hemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0) e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanol resultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM) e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação proporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.(AU)

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

PRESSÃO INTRAOCULAR, PRESSÃO ARTERIAL MÉDIA E DIÂMETRO PUPILAR EM COELHOS ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) SUBMETIDOS AO BLOQUEIO RETROBULBAR COM DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS ANESTÉSICOS

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmic procedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressure stable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform local anesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animal received an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposed anesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure, invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting the time of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacaine promoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentos oftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressão intraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através do bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associada ao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL. Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbo do olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolos anestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressão arterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Os anestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico que ocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

Hemodinâmica de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol sob ventilação espontânea / Hemodyinamic effects of several inspired oxygen fractions in spontaneously breathing dogs submitted to continuous infusion of propofol

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO2) sobre os parâmetros hemodinâmicos em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol e mantidos em ventilação espontânea. Foram utilizados oito cães, os quais foram empregados em cinco grupos com diferentes FiO2, G100 (FiO2 = 1), G80 (FiO2 = 0,8), G60 (FiO2 = 0,6), G40 (FiO2 = 0,4) e G20 (FiO2 = 0,21), respeitando-se um intervalo de dez dias entre cada procedimento anestésico. Os animais foram induzidos e mantidos sob anestesia com propofol na dose de 0,7mg kg-1 min-1 e, após a intubação orotraqueal, iniciou-se o fornecimento de oxigênio conforme a FiO2 determinada para cada grupo. As primeiras mensurações, da freqüência cardíaca (FC), das pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média (PAS, PAD e PAM), da resistência vascular periférica e pulmonar (RPT e RPV), do débito cardíaco (DC); da pressão venosa central (PVC), da pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PMAP), da pressão média capilar pulmonar (PMCP), da pressão parcial de oxigênio (PaO2) e do dióxido de carbono (PaCO2) no sangue arterial, foram efetuadas 30 minutos após o início da infusão do anestésico (M0), seguidas de intervalos de 15 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60). Os dados numéricos obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância, seguida pelo teste Tukey (P<0,05). Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos não apresentaram diferenças significativas ao longo do tempo e entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as variáveis hemodinâmicas não são afetadas pelo emprego de diferentes FiO2.(AU)

The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) in hemodynamics parameters in spontaneously breathing dogs submitted to continuous infusion of propofol were evaluated. Eight adult mongrel dogs were studied and the animals underwent five anesthesias. In each procedure the patient was submitted to a different FiO2, thereby resulting in five groups, namely: G100 (FiO2 = 1), G80 (FiO2 = 0.8), G60 (FiO2 =0.6), G40 (FiO2 = 0.4), and G20 (FiO2 = 0.21). The dose of propofol was sufficient to abolish protector reflex and ensure endotracheal intubation, followed by immediate continuous infusion of that drug (0.7mg kg-1 min-1). The initial measurement (M0) of heart rate (HR); systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean pressure (MAP), systemic (SVR) and pulmoary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac output (CO); central venous pressures (CVP); mean pulmonary pressure (MPAP); pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) were recorded thirty minutes after the beginning of propofol infusion. Additional recordings were performed at each 15-minute interval during 60 minutes (M15, M30, M45, and M60). Numeric data were submitted to Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey Test (P<0.05). Significant values of hemodynamic parameters were not recorded neither during the experiment period nor among the groups. In conclusion, different FiO2 does not impair hemodynamic parameters.(AU)

Avaliação de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio em coelhos submetidos ao pneumoperitônio e mantidos em cefalodeclive

Avaliaram-se os efeitos respiratórios, hemogasométricos e cardiovasculares do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO2) em coelhos submetidos ao pneumoperitônio e mantidos em cefalodeclive (?Trendelenburg a 30°). Foram utilizados oito coelhos adultos em cada grupo, os quais foram pré-medicados com acepromazina (0,5 mg/kg) e submetidos a anestesia com propofol (10 mg/kg, seguido de infusão contínua de 1,2 mg/kg/min) e rocurônio (0,6 mg/kg bolus e infusão contínua de 0,6 mg/kg/h), sendo que, cada procedimento anestésico foi diferenciados pela FiO2 fornecida ao paciente, permitindo formar os seguintes grupos: G40 (FiO2 = 0,4), G60 (FiO2 = 0,6) e G100 (FiO2 = 1,0). Os parâmetros foram mensurados uma hora após a indução anestésica (M0) e a cada 20 minutos, durante um período de 100 minutos (M20 a M100). Os animais foram mantidos em ventilação controlada a tempo, e receberam PEEP de 2 cmH2O em M80 e M100. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Perfil (p<0,05). A comparação das diferentes frações inspiradas foi caracterizada por aumento da PAO2, PaO2, PvO2 e AaDO2 e redução da relação PaO2/FiO2 quanto mais altas foram as FiO2. Nos grupos tratados com maiores e menores frações inspiradas constatou-se alteração da SaO2, PvCO2 e SvO2 . Conclui-se que as diferentes FiO2 não alteram as variáveis hemodinâmicas e que o fornecimento de oxigênio a 40% é o mais indicado por melhor manter as trocas gasosas e a estabilidade dos parâmetros ventilatórios. A inclusão de PEEP promoveu discretas alterações hemodinâmicas e ventilatórias, e quando associada a elevadas FiO2, resultou em incremento da oxigenação arterial e prejuízos na eliminação de dióxido de carbono

The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on the blood gases, respiratory and cardiovascular parameters were evaluated in rabbits undergoing pneumoperitoneum under head-down tilt position (?Trendelenburg? position at 30°). Eight adult rabbits were used in each group. The animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and, thereafter underwent general anesthesia with propofol (10 mg//kg, followed by continuous infusion of 1.2 mg/kg/min) and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg, followed by continuous infusion of 0.6 mg/kg/h). The patients were distributed into three groups according to the FiO2 regimen during general anesthesia: G40 (FiO2 = 0,4), G60 (FiO2 = 0,6) and G100 (FiO2 = 1,0). The first data sampling (M0) was carried out one hour after anesthesia induction (M0). Additional recordings were performed every 20-minute intervals for 100 minutes (M20 to M100). The animals were maintained in time controlled ventilation. Additionally, PEEP (2 cmH2O) was performed in M80 and M100. Numeric data were submitted to Profile Analysis (p<0.05). The comparison among the different FiO2 regimen was based on the variation of the values of PAO2, PaO2, PvO2 and AaDO2, which increased in patients submitted to higher FiO2 regimen. Significant changes in SaO2, PvCO2 e SvO2 were documented in the patients belonging to the groups that underwent higher and lower FiO2. Results showed that FiO2 does not impair hemodynamic parameters and 40% oxygen is the most suitable for better maintenance of gas exchange and stability of ventilatory parameters. The PEEP inclusion promoted discrete hemodynamic and ventilatory changes and when combined with high FiO2 it resulted in increased blood oxygenation and damage on the elimination of carbon dioxide

Efeitos da ventilação com pressão de suporte sobre as variáveis cardiovasculares e respiratóriasem cães anestesiados com propofol / Effects of ventilation with pressure support on cardiovascular and respiratory

Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da ventilação com pressão de suporte (VPS) sobre asvariáveis cardiovasculares e respiratórias em cães anestesiados com propofol. Para tanto, induziu-seanestesia geral por meio de administração intravenosa de propofol na dose de 8 mg/kg, em 10 cães.Ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão contínua do mesmo na dose de 0,6 mg/kg/min e a ventilação pressãode suporte. A VPS foi ajustada estabelecendo uma pressão inspiratória de 5 cmH2O. As variáveisavaliadas foram: frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, frequência respiratória, volume corrente,volume minuto, pressões parciais de oxigênio e de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial, saturaçãode oxihemoglobina e pH do sangue arterial. Os tempos para mensuração dos parâmetros foram:30 minutos após a indução anestésica (M0), e a partir daí, a cada 15 minutos (M15 a M60), completando60 minutos de observação. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida peloteste de Tukey (p< 0,05). Conclui-se que as variáveis cardiovasculares não são afetadas pelo empregoda ventilação espontânea associada à VPS, em cães anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of ventilation with pressure support (VPS) on thecardiovascular and respiratory variables in dogs anesthetized with propofol. Ten dogs were inducedto general anesthesia by intravenous administration of propofol at the dose of 8 mg/kg. After that,began the intravenous infusion of propofol at the dose of 0,6 mg/kg/min and the VPS was set inspiratorypressure of 5 cmH2O. The variables were: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate,tidal volume, minute volume, arterial oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxyhemoglobin saturationand pH of arterial blood. The time to measure the variables were: 30 minutes after anestheticinduction (M0), and there after every 15 minutes (M15 to M60), completing 60 minutes of observation.The variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (p <0.05). It was observedthat the cardiovascular variables are not affected by the use of to spontaneous breathing associatedwith pressure support in anesthetized dogs with continuous infusion of propofol(AU)

Efeitos da ventilação com pressão de suporte sobre as variáveis cardiovasculares e respiratóriasem cães anestesiados com propofol / Effects of ventilation with pressure support on cardiovascular and respiratory

Com este trabalho objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da ventilação com pressão de suporte (VPS) sobre asvariáveis cardiovasculares e respiratórias em cães anestesiados com propofol. Para tanto, induziu-seanestesia geral por meio de administração intravenosa de propofol na dose de 8 mg/kg, em 10 cães.Ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão contínua do mesmo na dose de 0,6 mg/kg/min e a ventilação pressãode suporte. A VPS foi ajustada estabelecendo uma pressão inspiratória de 5 cmH2O. As variáveisavaliadas foram: frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, frequência respiratória, volume corrente,volume minuto, pressões parciais de oxigênio e de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial, saturaçãode oxihemoglobina e pH do sangue arterial. Os tempos para mensuração dos parâmetros foram:30 minutos após a indução anestésica (M0), e a partir daí, a cada 15 minutos (M15 a M60), completando60 minutos de observação. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância seguida peloteste de Tukey (p< 0,05). Conclui-se que as variáveis cardiovasculares não são afetadas pelo empregoda ventilação espontânea associada à VPS, em cães anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of ventilation with pressure support (VPS) on thecardiovascular and respiratory variables in dogs anesthetized with propofol. Ten dogs were inducedto general anesthesia by intravenous administration of propofol at the dose of 8 mg/kg. After that,began the intravenous infusion of propofol at the dose of 0,6 mg/kg/min and the VPS was set inspiratorypressure of 5 cmH2O. The variables were: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate,tidal volume, minute volume, arterial oxygen partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxyhemoglobin saturationand pH of arterial blood. The time to measure the variables were: 30 minutes after anestheticinduction (M0), and there after every 15 minutes (M15 to M60), completing 60 minutes of observation.The variables were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test (p <0.05). It was observedthat the cardiovascular variables are not affected by the use of to spontaneous breathing associatedwith pressure support in anesthetized dogs with continuous infusion of propofol