L-lysine and dietary fiber improve the physicochemical properties of sausage without added phosphate and reduced salt levels

The demand for clean label foods has driven research in the meat product sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical properties of adding L-lysine, wheat fiber (WTF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in sausage without the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and with reduced salt levels. Eight treatments were produced in total. Three control treatments were: CON1 - 0.5 % sodium tripolyphosphate and 2 % salt; CON2 - without STPP and 2 % salt; CON3 - without STPP and 1 % salt. Five other treatments were carried out without STPP and 1 % of salt: LYS - 0.8 % L-lysine; WTF - 2 % wheat fiber; MCC - 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber; LYSWTF - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % wheat fiber; LYSMCC - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber. L-lysine and wheat fiber provided good emulsion stability for sausages. L-lysine and MCC increased the yield of the products. Microcrystalline cellulose increased the red color value (a*) of sausages. The intensity of the yellow color value (b*) was significantly affected by the removal of STPP and the reduction of salt levels, but L-lysine and MCC improved this parameter, providing similar results to CON1. Adding of L-lysine and dietary fiber increased hardness in sausages without added STPP and with salt reduction. L-lysine and wheat fiber are promising for reformulating emulsified meat product without phosphate added and with reduced salt levels due to lipid oxidation control and improvement in emulsion stability.

Natural colorants improved the physicochemical and sensorial properties of frozen Brazilian sausage (linguiça) with reduced nitrite

The use of natural colorants in meat products can keep its coloring attractive as well as meet the demand from consumers interested in products that are healthier. Nitrite is added as a preservative to these products and it is also a precursor of the generation of a specifically desired color in meat products. However, its use has been associated with the development of certain kinds of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced levels of nitrite in Brazilian sausage (linguiça) with natural colorants on the physicochemical and sensorial properties following frozen storage. Nine treatments were tested: 0.015 % nitrite (C150), 0.0075 % nitrite (C75) and 0 % nitrite (C0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME75), 0 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP75), 0 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC75) and 0 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC0). Oxidative stability, residual nitrite and instrumental color were the determinant factors. Sensory analysis was directed at color, texture, taste and global acceptance. Natural colorants did not have any antioxidant effect. Sausages prepared with betalain and 0.0075 % nitrite showed the highest a* values. The addition of colorants improved both color and overall acceptance. The addition of betalain and cochineal carmine with 0.0075 % nitrite proved to be effective in achieving high acceptability in Brazilian sausage (linguiça).

Mass transfer in beef: effect of crossbreeding and ultrasound application

Cuts of muscle (biceps femoris) from three crossbreeds between the Nelore, Angus and Wagyu breeds of cattle (Crossbreed 1 (C1): ½ Angus and ½ Nelore; Crossbreed 2 (C2): ¾ Angus and » Nelore; Crossbreed 3 (C3): ½ Wagyu, » Nelore and » Angus) were characterized by their chemical composition, pH, water activity and lipid oxidation. The cuts were submitted to wet brining in a 5 % NaCl concentration at 5 °C with either static brine (SB) or brine assisted with ultrasound (US). Samples of the treatments were taken after 30, 60, and 120 min of wet brining for later analysis. The experimental data were adjusted using the Peleg and Page models, and the Page template best described the experimental data. The crossbreeding did not affect the water and ash content; however, it significantly affected the levels of lipids and proteins. C3 presented higher fat content than C2, which, in turn, was higher than C1. C1 had higher protein content than C2, which had more protein than C3. When ultrasound was applied, crossbreeding influenced the water content and the water absorption rate during brining, which had the highest values for the highest protein content. The crossbreeding and ultrasound application also affected the NaCl content of the cuts. However, only ultrasound application increased the rate of NaCl absorption during wet brining. The results demonstrate that ultrasound accelerates the mass transfer in wet brining of the cuts of beef, regardless of the crossbreeds studied.

Natural colorants improved the physicochemical and sensorial properties of frozen Brazilian sausage (linguiça) with reduced nitrite

The use of natural colorants in meat products can keep its coloring attractive as well as meet the demand from consumers interested in products that are healthier. Nitrite is added as a preservative to these products and it is also a precursor of the generation of a specifically desired color in meat products. However, its use has been associated with the development of certain kinds of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced levels of nitrite in Brazilian sausage (linguiça) with natural colorants on the physicochemical and sensorial properties following frozen storage. Nine treatments were tested: 0.015 % nitrite (C150), 0.0075 % nitrite (C75) and 0 % nitrite (C0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME75), 0 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP75), 0 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC75) and 0 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC0). Oxidative stability, residual nitrite and instrumental color were the determinant factors. Sensory analysis was directed at color, texture, taste and global acceptance. Natural colorants did not have any antioxidant effect. Sausages prepared with betalain and 0.0075 % nitrite showed the highest a* values. The addition of colorants improved both color and overall acceptance. The addition of betalain and cochineal carmine with 0.0075 % nitrite proved to be effective in achieving high acceptability in Brazilian sausage (linguiça).(AU)

Mass transfer in beef: effect of crossbreeding and ultrasound application

Cuts of muscle (biceps femoris) from three crossbreeds between the Nelore, Angus and Wagyu breeds of cattle (Crossbreed 1 (C1): ½ Angus and ½ Nelore; Crossbreed 2 (C2): ¾ Angus and » Nelore; Crossbreed 3 (C3): ½ Wagyu, » Nelore and » Angus) were characterized by their chemical composition, pH, water activity and lipid oxidation. The cuts were submitted to wet brining in a 5 % NaCl concentration at 5 °C with either static brine (SB) or brine assisted with ultrasound (US). Samples of the treatments were taken after 30, 60, and 120 min of wet brining for later analysis. The experimental data were adjusted using the Peleg and Page models, and the Page template best described the experimental data. The crossbreeding did not affect the water and ash content; however, it significantly affected the levels of lipids and proteins. C3 presented higher fat content than C2, which, in turn, was higher than C1. C1 had higher protein content than C2, which had more protein than C3. When ultrasound was applied, crossbreeding influenced the water content and the water absorption rate during brining, which had the highest values for the highest protein content. The crossbreeding and ultrasound application also affected the NaCl content of the cuts. However, only ultrasound application increased the rate of NaCl absorption during wet brining. The results demonstrate that ultrasound accelerates the mass transfer in wet brining of the cuts of beef, regardless of the crossbreeds studied.(AU)

Aplicação de fibras como substituto de gordura em mortadela e influência sobre as propriedades sensoriais / Application of fiber as a fat substitute in bologna and influence on the sensory properties

Recentemente, novos ingredientes têm sido pesquisados para atuarem como substitutos de gordura em produtos cárneos processados. Entre os mais estudados, estão as fibras alimentares, as quais representam componentes funcionais amplamente utilizados na indústria de alimentos pelos efeitos benéficos à saúde e propriedades tecnológicas. A partir dessas considerações, o estudo realizado teve por objetivo avaliar oito ingredientes selecionados como substitutos de gordura com potencial de aplicação em produtos cárneos quanto às propriedades de retenção de água. Os compostos estudados foram: Simplesse®, Proteína Isolada de Soja (Supro ® 500L), Raftiline HPX® (inulina), fibra de aveia Vitacel® HF600; fibra de trigo Vitacel ® Wf200; fibra de trigo Vitacel® HF600, fibra de maçã Vitacel®, fibra de laranja Vitacel®. Posteriormente, foram formuladas mortadelas com baixos teores de gordura utilizando três fibras selecionadas do estudo anterior nas seguintes faixas de concentrações: fibra de trigo Vitacel® WF200 (0-5%), fibra de aveia Vitacel" HF600 (0-5%) e Raftiline HPX®(inulina) (0-10%). Os atributos de textura e impressão global foram avaliados através da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Níveis de até 5% de inulina e 1% fibra de aveia não comprometeram o produto quanto às respostas para textura e impressão global. Os atributos de textura e impressão global foram avaliados através da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Níveis de até 5% de inulina e 1% fibra de aveia não comprometeram o produto quanto às respostas para textura e impressão global. O presente estudo permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma mortadela prebiótica, funcional, com alto teor de fibras e baixo teor de gordura com propriedades sensoriais próximas à mortadela controle.(AU)

In the search of new ingredients focusing the reduction of fat content in meat products, dietary fiber has shown positive results. Today, fibers are among the main ingredients present in functional foods, contributing to the development of new products with beneficial appeals to health. Within thisaspect, the objective of this work was to study the ingredients: Simplesse", Isolate Soy Protein (Supro" 500L), Raftiline HPX® (inulin), vitacet" HF600 oat fiber; Vitacel® WF200 wheat fiber; vuacel" HF600 wheat fiber, Yitacet" apple fiber; Yitacet" orange fiber as fat substitutes by their water holding capacity properties. Subsequently, the addition of Vitacel® WF200 wheat .fiber (0-5%), Yitacel" HF600 oat fiber (0-5%) and Raftiline HPX®(inulin) (0-10%) has been studied by response surface methodology to valuate texture and global impression of low fat bologna sausages. A control sample (20% pork fat, 0% fiberaddition) was prepared and analyzed I for comparison. It was possible in the addition levels fiber produce a low fat and prebiotic bologna sausage. Levels of up to 5% inulin and 1% oat fiber did not compromise the product in the responses to texture and global impression scores. (AU)