How do relocation time and length of storage after relocation affect fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage?

This study aimed to determine the effects of relocation time (RT; Experiment 1) and storage time after relocation (ST; Experiment 2) on microbial population, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silage was stored for 30 d, subjected to different RT (0­60 h), and stored again for 30 d. Thirty experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 2, after 150 d of ensiling, silage was removed from a bunker silo, exposed to air for 9 h, relocated to experimental silos, and stored for periods ranging from 0 to 128 d. Twenty-eight experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Relocation time had no effect on fungi counts and concentrations of lactic and propionic acids in corn silage but resulted in a significant increase in dry matter content. In experiment 2, dry matter recovery and concentration of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased in corn silage stored for more than 32 d after relocation. Exposure of corn silage to air during relocation for up to 60 h followed by 30 d of storage did not compromise the fermentation profile or nutritive value of the silage. Increased storage time of relocated corn silage (up to 128 d) consistently decreases its nutritional value. The storage period seems to have an increased impact on nutrient loss in relocated silage than the relocation period.

Twenty-five-centimeter pre-grazing canopy height in palisade grass and forage peanut

Short-term grazing behavior variables are sensitive to the canopy structure and have an impact on daily forage intake. This study evaluated the effect of pre- and post-grazing canopy heights on the forage harvesting process at a patch scale in a mixture of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (palisade grass) and Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. cv. Belomonte (forage peanut). Treatments were allocated to a split-plot arrangement in a completely randomized design. The plots, in their entirety, consisted of two pre-grazing canopy heights: 25 cm (CH25) and 35 cm (CH35); subplots consisted of three levels of defoliation severity: no defoliation (DS0); 20% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS20); and 40% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS40), with eight replications. Heifers were allowed to graze the patches (0.7 × 0.7 m) and their grazing behavior was recorded. Canopy structure measurements were taken both before and after grazing. Patches from CH35 presented greater stem mass for grass (p = 0.001) and legume (p = 0.002) than did patches from CH25. Bite rate, bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were greater for CH25 than for CH35 (p < 0.001, p = 0.068, and p = 0.074), and bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were lower for DS20 compared to DS0 (p = 0.032 and p = 0.016). Greater stem mass in the grazing strata negatively influenced the instantaneous intake rate.

Twenty-five-centimeter pre-grazing canopy height in palisade grass and forage peanut

ABSTRACT: Short-term grazing behavior variables are sensitive to the canopy structure and have an impact on daily forage intake. This study evaluated the effect of pre- and post-grazing canopy heights on the forage harvesting process at a patch scale in a mixture of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf. syn. Urochloa brizantha R.D. Webster cv. Marandu (palisade grass) and Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. cv. Belomonte (forage peanut). Treatments were allocated to a split-plot arrangement in a completely randomized design. The plots, in their entirety, consisted of two pre-grazing canopy heights: 25 cm (CH25) and 35 cm (CH35); subplots consisted of three levels of defoliation severity: no defoliation (DS0); 20% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS20); and 40% depletion of pre-grazing canopy height (DS40), with eight replications. Heifers were allowed to graze the patches (0.7 × 0.7 m) and their grazing behavior was recorded. Canopy structure measurements were taken both before and after grazing. Patches from CH35 presented greater stem mass for grass (p = 0.001) and legume (p = 0.002) than did patches from CH25. Bite rate, bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were greater for CH25 than for CH35 (p 0.001, p = 0.068, and p = 0.074), and bite mass and instantaneous intake rate were lower for DS20 compared to DS0 (p = 0.032 and p = 0.016). Greater stem mass in the grazing strata negatively influenced the instantaneous intake rate.

Xaraés palisadegrass remains productive after the disappearance of stylo in tropical legume-grass pasture

Gradual reduction of legumes in mixed tropical pastures requires periodic oversowing. Exploiting the carrying capacity of grass for an extra year after the disappearance of legumes can be economically advantageous to the farmer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of Xaraés palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) pastures in response to its historical association with stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) under two canopy heights to determine whether different grazing management conditions affect the defoliation pattern left by grazing animals. The split-plot experimental design was used, with the historical botanical composition (HBC) (24, 34, 45 and 52 % legume composition) corresponding to the main plots and the canopy frequency of defoliation determined at heights of 30 and 45 cm for Xaraés palisadegrass corresponding to the subplots with two replicates (500 m2) grazed by Tabapuã cows. Pastures with over 34 % stylo in the botanical composition remained productive for one year after legume disappearance, accumulating more than 8 mg ha1 of forage per year. Xaraés palisadegrass pastures at a height of 30 cm provided better canopy structure, with 64 % less stem production and 43 % less dead material. The 30-cm pre-grazing canopy height provided a grazing environment conducive to forage intake by animals that resulted in efficient use of the pasture. In response to the improved canopy structure, the cows grazed an average of 60 fewer minutes. A HBC greater than 34 % of legumes in the pastures allows for the postponement of legume oversowing until the next growing season.

Xaraés palisadegrass remains productive after the disappearance of stylo in tropical legume-grass pasture

Gradual reduction of legumes in mixed tropical pastures requires periodic oversowing. Exploiting the carrying capacity of grass for an extra year after the disappearance of legumes can be economically advantageous to the farmer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of Xaraés palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) pastures in response to its historical association with stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis) under two canopy heights to determine whether different grazing management conditions affect the defoliation pattern left by grazing animals. The split-plot experimental design was used, with the historical botanical composition (HBC) (24, 34, 45 and 52 % legume composition) corresponding to the main plots and the canopy frequency of defoliation determined at heights of 30 and 45 cm for Xaraés palisadegrass corresponding to the subplots with two replicates (500 m2) grazed by Tabapuã cows. Pastures with over 34 % stylo in the botanical composition remained productive for one year after legume disappearance, accumulating more than 8 mg ha1 of forage per year. Xaraés palisadegrass pastures at a height of 30 cm provided better canopy structure, with 64 % less stem production and 43 % less dead material. The 30-cm pre-grazing canopy height provided a grazing environment conducive to forage intake by animals that resulted in efficient use of the pasture. In response to the improved canopy structure, the cows grazed an average of 60 fewer minutes. A HBC greater than 34 % of legumes in the pastures allows for the postponement of legume oversowing until the next growing season.(AU)

Palm kernel meal as additive in the elephant-grass silage / Farelo de dendê como aditivo em silagens de capim elefante

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding palm kernel meal (BP) as an additive in elephant grass silage. The chemical qualitative and fermentation were analysed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, one with no BP (C) and six replications, where the averages of the results of days of closing and opening were analysed by regression analysis. We collected samples at the time of ensiling and after 190 days of storage for evaluation of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrates (total, non-fibrous, water-soluble, cellulose and hemicellulose), ash, lignin and ether extract. In aerobic phase, we collected samples for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, fungi and yeasts. The elephant grass of this experiment showed values of 13.9% DM and 8.25% CP while the BP has 77.2% DM and 16.9% CP. The inclusion of BP had inhibited the growth of fungi and yeasts. The increase in the content of BP decreased the concentration of NH3-N. Higher concentrations of BP in silage were more stable, and the stability breaks in 72 hours, while the stability of C was 19 hours. Concentrations above 15% BP had no significant variations in pH in the aerobic phase. The inclusion of palm kernel meal at concentrations 10% to 15% can be used in silage of elephant grass, inhibiting undesired fermentation and making them more stable. Concentrations above this value may affect the nutritive va

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de farelo de dendê (BP) como aditivo na silagem de capim-elefante. A composição química e fermentação foram analisadas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, sendo um sem BP (C) e seis repetições, em que as médias dos resultados dos dias de fechamento e abertura foram analisadas por análise de regressão. As amostras foram coletadas no momento da ensilagem e após 190 dias de armazenamento para avaliação da matéria seca, proteína bruta, carboidratos (total, não fibrosos, solúvel em água, celulose e hemicelulose), cinzas, lignina e extrato etéreo. Na fase aeróbia, foram coletadas amostras para pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, fungos e leveduras. O capim-elefante do experimento apresentou valores de 13,9% de MS e 8,25% de PB, enquanto a BP tem 77,2% de MS e 16,9% de PB. A inclusão de BP inibiu o crescimento de fungos e leveduras. O aumento do teor de BP diminuiu a concentração de NH3-N. Maiores concentrações de BP tornaram as silagens mais estáveis, tendo sua quebra em 72 horas, enquanto que a estabilidade de C foi de 19 horas. As silagens com concentrações superiores a 15% BP não apresentaram variações significativas no pH, na fase aeróbica. A inclusão de farelo de palma, em concentrações de 10% a 15% pode ser usado em silagem de elefante, inibindo fermentação indesejável e tornando-as mais estáveis. Concentrações acima deste valor podem afetar o valor nutritivo da silagem pelo alto teor de lignina do aditivo.(AU)

Palm kernel meal as additive in the elephant-grass silage / Farelo de dendê como aditivo em silagens de capim elefante

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding palm kernel meal (BP) as an additive in elephant grass silage. The chemical qualitative and fermentation were analysed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, one with no BP (C) and six replications, where the averages of the results of days of closing and opening were analysed by regression analysis. We collected samples at the time of ensiling and after 190 days of storage for evaluation of dry matter, crude protein, carbohydrates (total, non-fibrous, water-soluble, cellulose and hemicellulose), ash, lignin and ether extract. In aerobic phase, we collected samples for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, fungi and yeasts. The elephant grass of this experiment showed values of 13.9% DM and 8.25% CP while the BP has 77.2% DM and 16.9% CP. The inclusion of BP had inhibited the growth of fungi and yeasts. The increase in the content of BP decreased the concentration of NH3-N. Higher concentrations of BP in silage were more stable, and the stability breaks in 72 hours, while the stability of C was 19 hours. Concentrations above 15% BP had no significant variations in pH in the aerobic phase. The inclusion of palm kernel meal at concentrations 10% to 15% can be used in silage of elephant grass, inhibiting undesired fermentation and making them more stable. Concentrations above this value may affect the nutritive va

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de farelo de dendê (BP) como aditivo na silagem de capim-elefante. A composição química e fermentação foram analisadas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, sendo um sem BP (C) e seis repetições, em que as médias dos resultados dos dias de fechamento e abertura foram analisadas por análise de regressão. As amostras foram coletadas no momento da ensilagem e após 190 dias de armazenamento para avaliação da matéria seca, proteína bruta, carboidratos (total, não fibrosos, solúvel em água, celulose e hemicelulose), cinzas, lignina e extrato etéreo. Na fase aeróbia, foram coletadas amostras para pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, fungos e leveduras. O capim-elefante do experimento apresentou valores de 13,9% de MS e 8,25% de PB, enquanto a BP tem 77,2% de MS e 16,9% de PB. A inclusão de BP inibiu o crescimento de fungos e leveduras. O aumento do teor de BP diminuiu a concentração de NH3-N. Maiores concentrações de BP tornaram as silagens mais estáveis, tendo sua quebra em 72 horas, enquanto que a estabilidade de C foi de 19 horas. As silagens com concentrações superiores a 15% BP não apresentaram variações significativas no pH, na fase aeróbica. A inclusão de farelo de palma, em concentrações de 10% a 15% pode ser usado em silagem de elefante, inibindo fermentação indesejável e tornando-as mais estáveis. Concentrações acima deste valor podem afetar o valor nutritivo da silagem pelo alto teor de lignina do aditivo.

Technological innovations in silage production and utilization / Inovações tecnológicas na produção e uso da silagem

Technology innovation is the process through which new technologies are developed. Silage research addresses the various agronomical, biochemical, microbiological, nutritional and engineering aspects of the process. Forage harvesters, additives (inoculants), and plastic films for sealing are important recent developments. The corn silage is the major source of energy in rations, but recently the use of other ensiled crops, such as sugarcane and legumes, has been increased. Two newer ensiling techniques are the pressed bag and the wrapped bale. Polyethylene film has been the most common method used to protect silage near the surface, but new plastic films are available or in the process of development. A co-extruded polyethylene-polyamide film and new polyvinyl alcohol film also have been used to seal corn silage. Various types of additives have been developed in order to improve the ensiling process. Lactobacillus buchneri, that is an obligate heterolactic acid bacterium, might improve the aerobic stability of silages and have been more effective in corn silage than in other silages. Energy production from silage has also attracted much interest in recent years, as perennial grasses that have been stored as biomass to produce biofuels in the United States, and silage as feedstock for biogas in Europe.(AU)

Inovação tecnológica é o processo que representa o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e o aperfeiçoamento das já existentes. A pesquisa referente à silagem envolve vários aspectos agronômicos, bioquímicos, microbiológicos, nutricionais e a engenharia do processo. Colhedoras de forragem, inoculantes e filmes plásticos para a vedação do silo são importantes e recentes desenvolvimentos. A silagem de milho é a principal fonte de energia em rações, mas, atualmente, o uso de outras forrageiras, tais como cana-de-açúcar e leguminosas tem sido incrementado. Duas técnicas de ensilagem são consideradas inovadoras: estocagem em silos tubulares horizontais e silos/fardos revestidos por filme plásticos. Quanto à vedação de silos trincheira ou superfície, o filme de polietileno tem sido o método mais comumente utilizado para proteger a silagem próxima da superficie, porém novos filmes já estão disponíveis ou em processo de desenvolvimento. O filme coextruzado de polietileno/poliamida e o novo filme de polivinil álcool são, recorrentemente, utilizados para cobrir a silagem. Diversos tipos de aditivos são desenvolvidos, na atualidade, com o intuito de melhorar o processo de ensilagem. Lactobacilus buchneri, uma bactéria heterolática obrigatória, pode melhorar a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens e, nos tempos vigentes, é mais efetiva na preservação da silagem de milho do que em outras. A produção de energia a partir de silagem tem despertado o interesse nos últimos anos. Como fruto desse crescente interesse gramíneas perenes tem sido estocadas como biomassa para produzir biocombustíveis nos Estados Unidos, e silagem tem sido utilizada como matéria prima para produção de biogás na Europa.(AU)

Technological innovations in silage production and utilization / Inovações tecnológicas na produção e uso da silagem

Technology innovation is the process through which new technologies are developed. Silage research addresses the various agronomical, biochemical, microbiological, nutritional and engineering aspects of the process. Forage harvesters, additives (inoculants), and plastic films for sealing are important recent developments. The corn silage is the major source of energy in rations, but recently the use of other ensiled crops, such as sugarcane and legumes, has been increased. Two newer ensiling techniques are the pressed bag and the wrapped bale. Polyethylene film has been the most common method used to protect silage near the surface, but new plastic films are available or in the process of development. A co-extruded polyethylene-polyamide film and new polyvinyl alcohol film also have been used to seal corn silage. Various types of additives have been developed in order to improve the ensiling process. Lactobacillus buchneri, that is an obligate heterolactic acid bacterium, might improve the aerobic stability of silages and have been more effective in corn silage than in other silages. Energy production from silage has also attracted much interest in recent years, as perennial grasses that have been stored as biomass to produce biofuels in the United States, and silage as feedstock for biogas in Europe.

Inovação tecnológica é o processo que representa o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e o aperfeiçoamento das já existentes. A pesquisa referente à silagem envolve vários aspectos agronômicos, bioquímicos, microbiológicos, nutricionais e a engenharia do processo. Colhedoras de forragem, inoculantes e filmes plásticos para a vedação do silo são importantes e recentes desenvolvimentos. A silagem de milho é a principal fonte de energia em rações, mas, atualmente, o uso de outras forrageiras, tais como cana-de-açúcar e leguminosas tem sido incrementado. Duas técnicas de ensilagem são consideradas inovadoras: estocagem em silos tubulares horizontais e silos/fardos revestidos por filme plásticos. Quanto à vedação de silos trincheira ou superfície, o filme de polietileno tem sido o método mais comumente utilizado para proteger a silagem próxima da superficie, porém novos filmes já estão disponíveis ou em processo de desenvolvimento. O filme coextruzado de polietileno/poliamida e o novo filme de polivinil álcool são, recorrentemente, utilizados para cobrir a silagem. Diversos tipos de aditivos são desenvolvidos, na atualidade, com o intuito de melhorar o processo de ensilagem. Lactobacilus buchneri, uma bactéria heterolática obrigatória, pode melhorar a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens e, nos tempos vigentes, é mais efetiva na preservação da silagem de milho do que em outras. A produção de energia a partir de silagem tem despertado o interesse nos últimos anos. Como fruto desse crescente interesse gramíneas perenes tem sido estocadas como biomassa para produzir biocombustíveis nos Estados Unidos, e silagem tem sido utilizada como matéria prima para produção de biogás na Europa.

Características fermentativas, microbiológicas e químicas do capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu) ensilado com polpa cítrica peletizada

pt

With the goal to evaluate chemical composition, fermentative and microbiological profiles, and losses during ensilage process and after silos opening of Marandu-grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu) silages, three experiments were carried out at FCAV/UNESP - Jaboticabal. In experiment 1, the objective was to know the fermentative, chemical and microbiological profile of Marandu-grass silage plus pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). In experiment 2, the goal was to quantify the losses caused by effluent production and to analyze the PCP potential for its production reduction. In experiment 3, the microbial population was characterized and the aerobic steady was analyzed in Marandu-grass silage plus PCP. In experiment 1, PCP addition increased soluble carbohydrate levels and, instead of its low concentration in the studied treatments, PCP provided silages with satisfactory quality. The pH decreased with the increasing in additive proportion and stabilized quickly from fourth day of ensilage. N-NH3 levels (% of total N) were affected by PCP, but when it was not added these levels were low too, and it did not prejudice the silage quality. In relation to chemical composition, the additive utilization increased CP, NDF-N, ADF-N and B3 fraction levels, and it reduced cellular wall components which increased DMIVD coefficients. Considering microbiological profile, results showed increase in enterobacteria population only at the first day of fermentation because of the high density and acid conditions. There was a small development of clostridium and dominance of homofermentative in relation to heterofermentative bacteria. Additive utilization improved chemical composition, fermentative and microbial profile of Marandu-grass silages...

20060828 / Controle da deterioração aeróbia de silagens

Com o objetivo de avaliar técnicas, como o uso de aditivos direcionados ao controle de microrganismos aeróbios, bem como a utilização de filme plástico de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio no controle da deterioração aeróbia durante a armazenagem e na remoção da silagem, foram conduzidos três estudos. No primeiro, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens de capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) submetido a inclusão de benzoato de sódio e inoculantes bacterianos, bem como o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente das rações contendo esta gramínea ensilada com bactérias homo e heterofermentativa. No segundo estudo, o objetivo foi de avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens de milho (Zea mays) e de sorgo granífero (Sorghum bic%r cv. Kalblanc) inoculadas com Lactobacillus buchneri e L. p/antarum. No terceiro, objetivou-se avaliar as perdas na região periférica e central do silo e o efeito do filme plástico com baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio na vedação de silagem de milho, armazenada em silo tipo trincheira. As plantas de capim-Marandu, quando ensiladas com alta concentração de umidade (20 % de MS), apresentaram perdas elevadas na fase fermentativa e foram estáveis em condições de aerobiose. O uso de benzoato de sódio ou de bactérias não reduziram as perdas de matéria seca durante a fermentação e nem favoreceram a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens de capim-Marandu com alta concentração de umidade. A inoculação com bactérias homo e heterofermentativas, isolada ou associada, não alterou o consumo ou a digestibilidade das rações. A inoculação com L. buchneri na ensilagem de plantas de milho e de sorgo granífero promoveu fermentação heterolática e reduziu a deterioração aeróbia destas silagens após a abertura do silo

Aiming to evaluate techniques, as additives specific for aerobic microorganism control and plastic film with low oxygen permeability for aerobic deterioration control during silage storage and removing, three trials were carried out. The first trial aimed to describe the fermentation profile and the aerobic stability of Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) silages submitted to treatment with sodium benzoate or bacteria inoculates, as well as to evaluate intake and apparent digestibility of diets containing this grass silage with homo and heterofermentative bacteria. The second trial was for evaluating the aerobic stability of com (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bic%r cv. Kalblanc) silages inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri or L. p/antarum. The third trial goal was to evaluate losses in peripheral and central regions of silo and the effect of plastic film with low oxygen permeability on com silage covering in bunker silo. When Marandu grass was ensilaged with high levels of moisture (20 % of DM) there was great losses during fermentation and was stable at aerobic conditions. The use of sodium benzoate or bacteria did not reduce the dry matter losses during fermentation and even did not help aerobic stability in silages of Marandu grass with high moisture concentration. The inoculation with homo and heterofermentative bacteria isolated or associated did not change diet intak