O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique at an orthotopic site in rabbits

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique in rabbits. Methods: Twelve Norfolk rabbits at approximately 3 months of age were used. A 1-cm segmental defect was induced in both radii, which were filled with polymethylmethacrylate cylinder. LLLT was used postoperatively in the bone defect of one of the forelimbs every 48 hours for 15 days. Six rabbits were euthanatized on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Results: In both forelimbs, radiographs showed new bone growth from radius cut ends on the third postoperative week and more advanced stage on the sixth postoperative week. Ultrasound showed induced membrane one week after the surgery. Histologically, there were no significant differences in the semi-quantitative score of inflammation intensity, total number of blood vessels, bone metaplasia, and collagen. The average thicknesses were 2,050.17 and 1,451.96 μm for control membranes and 2,724.26 and 2,081.03 μm for irradiated membranes, respectively, on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) expression were present in the induced membranes of control and irradiated forelimbs, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Based on assessment methods, it was not possible to demonstrate the effect of LLLT on the induced membrane.

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs - retrospective study

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed.[...]

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs - retrospective study

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed.[...](AU)

Osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa: revisão de literatura

A técnica de Osteossíntese Minimamente Invasiva (MIPO) ainda não é difundida em medicina veterinária.Tendo em vista que as fraturas de ossos longos são frequentemente atendidas na rotina clínica cirúrgica veterinária, o médico veterinário deve ter pleno conhecimento sobre as técnicas de osteossíntese disponíveis; dentre as mais comuns, destacam-se as placas metálicas, pinos intramedulares, fios de cerclagem, fixadores externos e hastes bloqueadas. Na MIPO busca-se a mínima manipulação do foco de fratura, preservando o suprimento vascular, permitindo melhor e mais rápida consolidação óssea. Assim, esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever alguns métodos de osteossíntese, especialmente a MIPO.(AU)

The technique of osteosynthesis Minimally Invasive (MIPO) is not widespread in veterinary medicine. Given that the long bone fractures are often treated at veterinary surgical clinic routine, the veterinarian must have full knowledge about the osteosynthesis techniques available; among the most common have metal plates, intramedullary pin, cerclage wires, external fixators and interlocking nails. On the MIPO technique follows the which seeks to minimal manipulation of the fracture core, preserving the vascular supply, enabling better and faster bone healing. Therefore, this review aims to describe some concepts on the consolidation of fractures, internal fixation methods, especially the MIPO.(AU)

Osteossíntese minimamente invasiva com placa: revisão de literatura

A técnica de Osteossíntese Minimamente Invasiva (MIPO) ainda não é difundida em medicina veterinária.Tendo em vista que as fraturas de ossos longos são frequentemente atendidas na rotina clínica cirúrgica veterinária, o médico veterinário deve ter pleno conhecimento sobre as técnicas de osteossíntese disponíveis; dentre as mais comuns, destacam-se as placas metálicas, pinos intramedulares, fios de cerclagem, fixadores externos e hastes bloqueadas. Na MIPO busca-se a mínima manipulação do foco de fratura, preservando o suprimento vascular, permitindo melhor e mais rápida consolidação óssea. Assim, esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever alguns métodos de osteossíntese, especialmente a MIPO.

The technique of osteosynthesis Minimally Invasive (MIPO) is not widespread in veterinary medicine. Given that the long bone fractures are often treated at veterinary surgical clinic routine, the veterinarian must have full knowledge about the osteosynthesis techniques available; among the most common have metal plates, intramedullary pin, cerclage wires, external fixators and interlocking nails. On the MIPO technique follows the which seeks to minimal manipulation of the fracture core, preserving the vascular supply, enabling better and faster bone healing. Therefore, this review aims to describe some concepts on the consolidation of fractures, internal fixation methods, especially the MIPO.

Reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) de líquido cefalorraquidiano, um meio alternativo para o diagnóstico de neosporose canina - relato de 2 casos

A neosporose é uma enfermidade parasitária causada pelo protozoário Neospora caninum, que vem sendo pesquisada em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A enfermidade está associada a distúrbios neuromusculares em cães, além de ser uma importante causa de abortos em bovinos. Relata-se dois casosde pacientes caninos, apresentando histórico de sinais neuromusculares e encefalomielite,respectivamente, diagnosticado com Neosporose Canina através de líquido cefalorraquidiano pelo método de Reação em Cadeia em Polimerase (PCR).

Neosporose is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoa Neospora Caninum, which has been researched in several countries, including Brazil. The illness is associated with neuromuscular disorders in dogs, besides being an important cause of abortions in bovine animals. Two cases of canine patients are reported, presenting a history of neuromuscular signals and encephalomyelitis, respectively, diagnosed with Neosporosis canine through cerebrospinal fluid by the polymerase chain Reaction method (PCR).

Traumatic spinal cord injury with Schiff-Sherrington posture and spontaneous resolution in a dog: MRI evaluation / Trauma medular com postura de schiff-sherrington e resolução espontânea em um cão: avaliação com ressonância magnética

The Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon is an extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs that occurs when there is a severe injury in the thoracolumbar segment. A 4-years-old, intact female, mixed breed dog, presented with vehicle trauma history followed by non-ambulatory paraparesis, extensor rigidity of forelimb and allodynia pain sensation. Superficial pain sensation was decreased. The treatment was based on unique dose of dexamethasone followed by oral administration of meloxicam, tramadol hydrochloride, dypirone, omeprazole and, poly vitamin complex. Low field magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed hyperintensity signal between T12 and T13 on T2-wheighting image compatible with neuronal edema. In the day after, allodynia and extensor rigidity presented spontaneously resolution. At 10th day, return to voluntary ambulation without assistance. Schiff-Sherrington posture is usually associated with poor prognosis and grade V traumatic injury of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. We report a grade III traumatic spinal cord injury confirmed with MRI as only neuronal edema causing the posture. The Schiff-Sherrington posture often resolves spontaneously in 10-14 days, but neurological signs of trauma can persist. The conservative treatment proposed was efficient, promoting forelimb recovery on the day after and total recovery of motor function in 10 days.

O fenômeno Schiff-Sherrington é a hipertonicidade extensores dos membros torácicos que ocorre quando há lesão severa do seguimento de medula espinhal toracolombar. Uma canina, fêmea, sem raça definida de 4 anos de idade foi apresentada após trauma por automóvel seguido de paraparesia não ambulatória, rigidez extensora dos membros torácicos e sensação dolorosa classificada como alodinia. A dor superficial estava diminuída. O tratamento se baseou na administração única de dexametasona seguida da prescrição de meloxicam, cloridrato de tramadol, dipirona, omeprazol e complexos vitamínicos. A ressonância magnética de baixo campo demonstrou hiperintesidade de sinal entre T12 e T13 nas sequencias ponderadas em T2, o que é compatível com edema neuronal. No dia seguinte, alodinia e a rigidez extensora apresentaram resolução espontânea. No 10º dia, houve retorno a deambulação voluntária sem assistência. A postura de Schiff-Sherington está geralmente associada a prognóstico ruim e lesões traumáticas grau V da medula espinhal toracolombar. Relata-se uma lesão medular traumática grau III confirmada por ressonância magnética somente como edema neuronal levando à posição. A postura de Schiff-Sherrington frequentemente se resolve espontaneamente em 10- 14 dias, mas sinais neurológicos podem persistir. O tratamento conservativo proposto foi eficiente, promovendo recuperação dos membros torácicos no dia seguinte e a recuperação total da função motora em 10 dias.

Traumatic spinal cord injury with Schiff-Sherrington posture and spontaneous resolution in a dog: MRI evaluation / Trauma medular com postura de schiff-sherrington e resolução espontânea em um cão: avaliação com ressonância magnética

The Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon is an extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs that occurs when there is a severe injury in the thoracolumbar segment. A 4-years-old, intact female, mixed breed dog, presented with vehicle trauma history followed by non-ambulatory paraparesis, extensor rigidity of forelimb and allodynia pain sensation. Superficial pain sensation was decreased. The treatment was based on unique dose of dexamethasone followed by oral administration of meloxicam, tramadol hydrochloride, dypirone, omeprazole and, poly vitamin complex. Low field magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed hyperintensity signal between T12 and T13 on T2-wheighting image compatible with neuronal edema. In the day after, allodynia and extensor rigidity presented spontaneously resolution. At 10th day, return to voluntary ambulation without assistance. Schiff-Sherrington posture is usually associated with poor prognosis and grade V traumatic injury of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. We report a grade III traumatic spinal cord injury confirmed with MRI as only neuronal edema causing the posture. The Schiff-Sherrington posture often resolves spontaneously in 10-14 days, but neurological signs of trauma can persist. The conservative treatment proposed was efficient, promoting forelimb recovery on the day after and total recovery of motor function in 10 days.(AU)

O fenômeno Schiff-Sherrington é a hipertonicidade extensores dos membros torácicos que ocorre quando há lesão severa do seguimento de medula espinhal toracolombar. Uma canina, fêmea, sem raça definida de 4 anos de idade foi apresentada após trauma por automóvel seguido de paraparesia não ambulatória, rigidez extensora dos membros torácicos e sensação dolorosa classificada como alodinia. A dor superficial estava diminuída. O tratamento se baseou na administração única de dexametasona seguida da prescrição de meloxicam, cloridrato de tramadol, dipirona, omeprazol e complexos vitamínicos. A ressonância magnética de baixo campo demonstrou hiperintesidade de sinal entre T12 e T13 nas sequencias ponderadas em T2, o que é compatível com edema neuronal. No dia seguinte, alodinia e a rigidez extensora apresentaram resolução espontânea. No 10º dia, houve retorno a deambulação voluntária sem assistência. A postura de Schiff-Sherington está geralmente associada a prognóstico ruim e lesões traumáticas grau V da medula espinhal toracolombar. Relata-se uma lesão medular traumática grau III confirmada por ressonância magnética somente como edema neuronal levando à posição. A postura de Schiff-Sherrington frequentemente se resolve espontaneamente em 10- 14 dias, mas sinais neurológicos podem persistir. O tratamento conservativo proposto foi eficiente, promovendo recuperação dos membros torácicos no dia seguinte e a recuperação total da função motora em 10 dias.(AU)