Laparoscopic approaches in bovine fetuses' umbilical structures: lateral or ventral approach?

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o melhor acesso laparoscópico para visualização e manipulação das estruturas umbilicais no interior da cavidade abdominal de fetos bovinos. Foram utilizados nove fetos de bezerros de vacas no terço final da gestação, todos submetidos à laparoscopia com dois portais de acesso, primeiro no flanco direito e depois na região ventral do abdômen, onde foram verificadas as possibilidades de acesso às estruturas umbilicais. Em ambas as abordagens, os portais de acesso permitiram visualizar e manipular as estruturas de interesse, mas a abordagem lateral foi mais eficaz com melhor visualização e manipulação. Os acessos ventrais não proporcionavam a mesma facilidade de visualização e manipulação, pois as estruturas umbilicais fixadas na parede abdominal ficavam muito próximas aos portais. Esses resultados demonstram que a laparoscopia pode ser utilizada para manipulação e visualização das estruturas umbilicais, sendo a abordagem lateral mais eficaz.

Molecular diagnostic of chicken parvovirus (ChPV) affecting broiler flocks in Ecuador

Enteric diseases affect poultry and cause important economic losses in many countries worldwide. Avian parvovirus has been linked to enteric conditions, such as malabsorption and runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), characterized by diarrhoea, and reduced weight gain and growth retardation. In 2013 and 2016, 79 samples were collected from different organs of chickens in Ecuador that exhibited signs of diarrhea and stunting syndrome, and analysed for the presence of chicken parvovirus (ChPV). The detection method of ChPV applied was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using primers designed from the conserved region of the viral genome that encodes the non-structural protein NS1. Out of the 79 samples, 50.6% (40/79) were positive for ChPV, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analysed to determine their phylogenetic relationship with the sequences reported in the United States, Canada, China, South Korea, Croatia, Poland, Hungary, and Brazil. Strong similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all analyzed sequences and between the analysed and reference sequences was demonstrated, and the phylogenetic analysis clustered all the sequences within the same group, demonstrating a strong relation between the studied strains and the reference chicken parvovirus strains.(AU)

Detection by Rt-Pcr and Molecular Characterization of Tremovirus A Obtained from Clinical Cases of Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) Outbreaks in Brazil

This study determined the presence of Tremovirus A as the possible agent related to Avian Encephalomyelitis in broiler chicks from the states of São Paulo (SP) Paraná (PR), Goiás (GO), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), between the years 2006 and 2015. Samples of the nervous, digestive, respiratory, immune, and renal systems, plus muscular organs from broiler chicks with neurological problems such as ataxia and muscle tremors, and four (4) commercial vaccines as positive control, were tested by reverse-transcriptase (RT-PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. A highly conserved region (P1) of the viral genome, was used to amplify a segment which encodes a structural protein VP4. Out of 112 samples, 46 were positive (42%) for Tremovirus A, that was identified in the nervous, digestive, respiratory, renal and immune systems. The phylogenetic analysis clustered together the nucleotide sequences of the 46 samples, the four commercial vaccine strains and the reference sequence of Calnek strain obtained from the GenBank. According to these results, we conclude that the presence of Tremovirus A in these Brazilian chicken flocks distributed in all states was due to flaws in the biosecurity measurements.(AU)

Detection by Rt-Pcr and Molecular Characterization of Tremovirus A Obtained from Clinical Cases of Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) Outbreaks in Brazil

This study determined the presence of Tremovirus A as the possible agent related to Avian Encephalomyelitis in broiler chicks from the states of São Paulo (SP) Paraná (PR), Goiás (GO), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), between the years 2006 and 2015. Samples of the nervous, digestive, respiratory, immune, and renal systems, plus muscular organs from broiler chicks with neurological problems such as ataxia and muscle tremors, and four (4) commercial vaccines as positive control, were tested by reverse-transcriptase (RT-PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. A highly conserved region (P1) of the viral genome, was used to amplify a segment which encodes a structural protein VP4. Out of 112 samples, 46 were positive (42%) for Tremovirus A, that was identified in the nervous, digestive, respiratory, renal and immune systems. The phylogenetic analysis clustered together the nucleotide sequences of the 46 samples, the four commercial vaccine strains and the reference sequence of Calnek strain obtained from the GenBank. According to these results, we conclude that the presence of Tremovirus A in these Brazilian chicken flocks distributed in all states was due to flaws in the biosecurity measurements.

Molecular diagnostic of chicken parvovirus (ChPV) affecting broiler flocks in Ecuador

Enteric diseases affect poultry and cause important economic losses in many countries worldwide. Avian parvovirus has been linked to enteric conditions, such as malabsorption and runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), characterized by diarrhoea, and reduced weight gain and growth retardation. In 2013 and 2016, 79 samples were collected from different organs of chickens in Ecuador that exhibited signs of diarrhea and stunting syndrome, and analysed for the presence of chicken parvovirus (ChPV). The detection method of ChPV applied was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), using primers designed from the conserved region of the viral genome that encodes the non-structural protein NS1. Out of the 79 samples, 50.6% (40/79) were positive for ChPV, and their nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analysed to determine their phylogenetic relationship with the sequences reported in the United States, Canada, China, South Korea, Croatia, Poland, Hungary, and Brazil. Strong similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all analyzed sequences and between the analysed and reference sequences was demonstrated, and the phylogenetic analysis clustered all the sequences within the same group, demonstrating a strong relation between the studied strains and the reference chicken parvovirus strains.

Occurrence of infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) in 2009-2013 in the State of São Paulo - Brazil

Infectious laryngotracheitis is a very important respiratory disease because it causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The target of ILTV infections is the respiratory system, and the main organ in which the virus remains latent is the trigeminal ganglia. However, the virus has demonstrated tropism for other organs as well. The present study was conducted to determine the presence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) in the state of São Paulo. Samples submitted to LABOR- USP during the last four years (2009-2013) analyzed by a nested/PCR technique. Out of the 682 samples from layers tested for LTIV, 12.46 % were positive, and derived from in both traditional (trachea and trigeminal ganglion) and untraditional (cecal tonsils, digestive tract and kidneys) organs utilized for ILTV diagnosis. The present work showed that ILTV is circulating in commercial layer flocks in São Paulo State, and that the LTIV is present in other organs in addition to the respiratory tract and trigeminal ganglion; however, it was not determined if the circulating virus is a vaccinal or field strain.

Occurrence of infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) in 2009-2013 in the State of São Paulo - Brazil

Infectious laryngotracheitis is a very important respiratory disease because it causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The target of ILTV infections is the respiratory system, and the main organ in which the virus remains latent is the trigeminal ganglia. However, the virus has demonstrated tropism for other organs as well. The present study was conducted to determine the presence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) in the state of São Paulo. Samples submitted to LABOR- USP during the last four years (2009-2013) analyzed by a nested/PCR technique. Out of the 682 samples from layers tested for LTIV, 12.46 % were positive, and derived from in both traditional (trachea and trigeminal ganglion) and untraditional (cecal tonsils, digestive tract and kidneys) organs utilized for ILTV diagnosis. The present work showed that ILTV is circulating in commercial layer flocks in São Paulo State, and that the LTIV is present in other organs in addition to the respiratory tract and trigeminal ganglion; however, it was not determined if the circulating virus is a vaccinal or field strain.(AU)

Enteric viruses in turkey flocks: a historic review

In this review, diagnostic techniques and viral agents involved in enteric diseases affecting turkeys are described. Data from field observations and laboratory researches have been reported in turkey flocks for over 70 years, and several viruses have been identified. After a period of 30 years of inoculation experiments and neutralization studies, adequate visualization of the viruses was achieved using electronic microscopy. During the following years, several studies were then conducted to isolate and classify those viruses using cell-culture, embryo-propagation, serological tests, genome electropherotyping by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of double-stranded RNA viruses, and recently, nucleic acid studies. Thus, since the 1990s, the nucleic-acid technology has focused on genomic surveys and on the detection of specific segments of the genome of each virus using the polymerase-chain reaction, resulting in several prevalence studies and phylogenetic analyses of different isolates and proper classification of the viruses.

Enteric viruses in turkey flocks: a historic review

In this review, diagnostic techniques and viral agents involved in enteric diseases affecting turkeys are described. Data from field observations and laboratory researches have been reported in turkey flocks for over 70 years, and several viruses have been identified. After a period of 30 years of inoculation experiments and neutralization studies, adequate visualization of the viruses was achieved using electronic microscopy. During the following years, several studies were then conducted to isolate and classify those viruses using cell-culture, embryo-propagation, serological tests, genome electropherotyping by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of double-stranded RNA viruses, and recently, nucleic acid studies. Thus, since the 1990s, the nucleic-acid technology has focused on genomic surveys and on the detection of specific segments of the genome of each virus using the polymerase-chain reaction, resulting in several prevalence studies and phylogenetic analyses of different isolates and proper classification of the viruses.(AU)

Intensidad de plagas y sus enemigos naturales en una asociación de maíz y fríjol fertilizados con diferentes formas de lodo de alcantarillado / Intensidade de pragas e inimigos naturais em um consórcio de milho e feijão adubados com diferentes formas de lodo de esgoto / Intensity of pests and natural enemies in a corn and beans fertilized with different forms of sewage sludge

Se evaluó la intensidad del ataque de plagas y enemigos naturales en una asociación de maíz (Zea maiz) y fríjol caupí (Vigna unguiculata), así como la incidencia de plagas en granos almacenados de los respectivos cultivos. Los tratamientos consistieron en: Suelo sin fertilización, Encalado y fertilización química, Lodo no higienizado, Lodo higienizado con extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica), Lodo tratado con cal virgen, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y Ipomoea carnea, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y I. carnea + fosfato natural al inicio del compostaje, Lodo no higienizado + fosfato natural en el campo, Lodo higienizado con neem + fosfato natural en el campo, Lodo tratado con cal virgen + fosfato natural en el campo, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y I. carnea + fosfato natural en el campo. Se realizaron observaciones semanales de plagas y enemigos naturales y los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y la prueba de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidad. El suelo que recibió lodo de alcantarillado tratado con neem fue el que presentó el menor ataque de plagas. Otro tratamiento poco atacado por plagas fue el que recibió lodo de alcantarillado seco higienizado con extracto de neem + aplicación en el campo de fosfato natural reactivo. Por lo tanto, esos dos tratamientos son los recomendados para los productores.

Avaliou-se a intensidade de pragas e inimigos naturais em um consórcio de milho (Zea maiz) e feijão (Vigna unguiculata), assim como a incidência de pragas em grãos armazenados dos respectivos cultivos. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Solo sem adubação, Calagem e adubação química, Lodo não higienizado, Lodo higienizado com extrato de neem (Azadirachta indica), Lodo tratado com cal virgen, Composto orgânico de lodo e Ipomoea carnea, Composto orgânico de lodo e I. carnea + fosfato natural no início da compostagem, Lodo não higienizado + fosfato natural no campo, Lodo higienizado com neem + fosfato natural no campo, Lodo tratado com cal virgen + fosfato natural no campo, Composto orgânico de lodo e I. carnea + fosfato natural no campo. As avaliações de pragas e inimigos naturais foram semanais e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. O tratamento onde se avaliou o lodo higienizado com neem foi o que apresentou o menor ataque de pragas. Outro tratamento pouco atacado por pragas foi o que se avaliou o lodo higienizado com neem e fosfato no solo. Portanto, esses tratamentos são recomendados para os produtores.

INTENSIDAD DE PLAGAS Y SUS ENEMIGOS NATURALES EN UNA ASOCIACIÓN DE MAÍZ Y FRÍJOL FERTILIZADOS CON DIFERENTES FORMAS DE LODO DE ALCANTARILLADO

RESUMEN Se evaluó la intensidad del ataque de plagas y enemigos naturales en una asociación de maíz (Zea maiz) y fríjol caupí (Vigna unguiculata), así como la incidencia de plagas en granos almacenados de los respectivos cultivos. Los tratamientos consistieron en: Suelo sin fertilización, Encalado y fertilización química, Lodo no higienizado, Lodo higienizado con extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica), Lodo tratado con cal virgen, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y Ipomoea carnea, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y I. carnea + fosfato natural al inicio del compostaje, Lodo no higienizado + fosfato natural en el campo, Lodo higienizado con neem + fosfato natural en el campo, Lodo tratado con cal virgen + fosfato natural en el campo, Compuesto orgánico de lodo y I. carnea + fosfato natural en el campo. Se realizaron observaciones semanales de plagas y enemigos naturales y los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y la prueba de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidad. El suelo que recibió lodo de alcantarillado tratado con neem fue el que presentó el menor ataque de plagas. Otro tratamiento poco atacado por plagas fue el que recibió lodo de alcantarillado seco higienizado con extracto de neem + aplicación en el campo de fosfato natural reactivo. Por lo tanto, esos dos tratamientos son los recomendados para los productores.

RESUMO Avaliou-se a intensidade de pragas e inimigos naturais em um consórcio de milho (Zea maiz) e feijão (Vigna unguiculata), assim como a incidência de pragas em grãos armazenados dos respectivos cultivos. Os tratamentos consistiram em: Solo sem adubação, Calagem e adubação química, Lodo não higienizado, Lodo higienizado com extrato de neem (Azadirachta indica), Lodo tratado com cal virgen, Composto orgânico de lodo e Ipomoea carnea, Composto orgânico de lodo e I. carnea + fosfato natural no início da compostagem, Lodo não higienizado + fosfato natural no campo, Lodo higienizado com neem + fosfato natural no campo, Lodo tratado com cal virgen + fosfato natural no campo, Composto orgânico de lodo e I. carnea + fosfato natural no campo. As avaliações de pragas e inimigos naturais foram semanais e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. O tratamento onde se avaliou o lodo higienizado com neem foi o que apresentou o menor ataque de pragas. Outro tratamento pouco atacado por pragas foi o que se avaliou o lodo higienizado com neem e fosfato no solo. Portanto, esses tratamentos são recomendados para os produtores.

Ocorrência de bemisia tabaci biótipo b em eucalyptus camaldulensis

ABSTRACT The occurrence of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is record for the first time in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. seedlings in Lavras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The attack was seen on 16/1/2007 at 30 seedlings of E. camaldulensis kept in greenhouse. The infested plants were yellowish and in initial stage of weakening as response to the attack of the insect.

RESUMO A ocorrência da mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) foi registrada pela primeira vez em mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. em Lavras, Estado de Minas Gerais. O ataque foi observado no dia 16/1/2007 em 30 mudas de E. camaldulensis mantidas em casa-de-vegetação. As plantas infestadas apresentavam-se amarelecidas e em estágio inicial de definhamento como resposta ao ataque do inseto.

Isolamento e identificação de Bacillus spp de leite UHT: detecção de toxina / Isolation and identification of Bacillus Spp of milk UHT: detection of toxin

O leite produzido a ultra alta temperatura, denominado UHT, é o leite de maior aceitação no mercado consumidor brasileiro. Neste estudo, determinou-se o número de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios estritos e facultativos viáveis em 65 amostras de leite UHT, procedente de indústrias sob Inspeção Federal no Estado de São Paulo, coletadas durante 2002 e primeiro semestre de 2003. Observou-se que sete amostras (10,76 por cento) estavam fora dos padrões. As produções relativas a duas amostras foram inutilizadas pelo controle de qualidade das empresas, enquanto as demais (7,69 por cento) foram para o mercado consumidor, sendo estas provenientes de duas indústrias processadoras. Analisou-se a presença de Bacillus spp, assim como os eventuais esporos sobreviventes ao processamento, foram isoladas oito cepas de Bacillus spp. Utilizou-se também três (3) cepas de Bacillus spp isoladas pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz, da cidade de São Paulo, de leite UHT alvo de reclamações de consumidores. Após a identificação morfológica, bioquímica e genética de culturas do Bacillus spp, estudou-se a produção de toxinas por estas amostras, através de inoculação de sobrenadante de cultura estéril em alça ileal ligada de coelho, teste de Dean e em células Vero, Hep2 e fibroblasmo de embrião de galinha. A identificação através de espectroscopio infra-vermelha de Fourier (FT-IR) das amostras isoladas pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz caracterizou Bacillus flexus, enquanto as amostras isoladas de leite procedente de indústrias apresentaram a presença de B. flexus e B. sporothermodurans (...)(AU)

The milk produced at ultra high temperature, denominated UHT, is the most popular milk in the Brazilian market. With the intention of increasing the knowledge of microbiologic safety in UHT milk, we concentrated our study on the Bacillus spp - described as the most important contaminants of UHT milk in Brazil-, and on possible survivors of the Processing procedures. From the 65 analysis of UHT milk Collected to determine the presence of strict, aerobe, mesophile microorganisms and viable options, coming from industries under Federal Inspection in São Paulo state, 7 presented a microbial count higher than 100CFU/ml, indicating a percentage of 10.76% samples outside the standard for this determination, in the period between July and November2003. However, due to the quality control industries, batches were rendered useless and the milk that went consumption presented 7.69% mesohile microorganisms above standard, being these organisms considered Bacillus sporothermodurans. (…)(AU)