Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.(AU)

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.

Preputial repair as an alternative to penectomy in dogs - report of two cases / Reconstrução prepucial como alternativa à penectomia em cães - relato de dois casos

Extensive foreskin and penile lesions are the main indications of penectomy in the dog. Such a surgical approach results in high morbidity and risk of infection. A viable alternative to penectomy comprises preputial reconstruction after resection of extensive benign lesions. The aim of this study was to report the case of two dogs with extensive preputial lesions submitted to different reconstructive foreskin techniques. In both cases there were no postoperative complications, the animals did not present difficulty for penile exposure or retraction. Therefore, the techniques used in the present study are viable as alternative techniques to replace the penectomy.(AU)

Lesões extensas em prepúcio e pênis constituem as principais indicações de penectomia no cão. Tal abordagem cirúrgica resulta em elevada morbidade e risco de infecção. Uma alternativa viável à penectomia compreende a reconstrução prepucial após a ressecção de lesões extensas benignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de dois cães com lesões prepuciais extensas, submetidos a diferentes técnicas reconstrutivas de prepúcio. Nos dois casos não foram verificadas complicações pós-operatórias, os animais não apresentaram dificuldade para exposição ou retração peniana. Diante disso, as técnicas utilizadas no presente estudo são viáveis como técnicas alternativas em substituição à penectomia.(AU)

Preputial repair as an alternative to penectomy in dogs - report of two cases / Reconstrução prepucial como alternativa à penectomia em cães - relato de dois casos

Extensive foreskin and penile lesions are the main indications of penectomy in the dog. Such a surgical approach results in high morbidity and risk of infection. A viable alternative to penectomy comprises preputial reconstruction after resection of extensive benign lesions. The aim of this study was to report the case of two dogs with extensive preputial lesions submitted to different reconstructive foreskin techniques. In both cases there were no postoperative complications, the animals did not present difficulty for penile exposure or retraction. Therefore, the techniques used in the present study are viable as alternative techniques to replace the penectomy.

Lesões extensas em prepúcio e pênis constituem as principais indicações de penectomia no cão. Tal abordagem cirúrgica resulta em elevada morbidade e risco de infecção. Uma alternativa viável à penectomia compreende a reconstrução prepucial após a ressecção de lesões extensas benignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de dois cães com lesões prepuciais extensas, submetidos a diferentes técnicas reconstrutivas de prepúcio. Nos dois casos não foram verificadas complicações pós-operatórias, os animais não apresentaram dificuldade para exposição ou retração peniana. Diante disso, as técnicas utilizadas no presente estudo são viáveis como técnicas alternativas em substituição à penectomia.

Cranioplasty using autologous fasciae latae graft for nasal bone fracture repair in a dog

Background: In facial reconstruction, several kinds of grafts can be used, like bone grafting, cutaneous grafting, biological membranes, fasciae latae, biomaterials, and others. The advantage of using fasciae latae in the tissue reparation is the need of little blood supply, making it a viable option in the restoration of biological functions. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a female poodle, 12-year-old, and with subcutaneous emphysema due to fracture of the nasal bone, submitted to cranioplasty using fasciae latae. Case: It was attended a 12-year-old female poodle due to a traumatic brain injury. At physical examination, the animal had presented facial swelling and respiratory distress with inspiratory effort. Additionally, were verified subcutaneous emphysema and a depression in the nasal plane region with crepitus on palpation. Radiographic examinations revealed nasal bone and maxilla fractures. The animal was submitted to cranioplasty for nasal bone fracture repair. To access the nasal bone and frontal sinus was performed an incision in the dorsal midline from the level of medial orbital rim to the nasal plane. The subcutaneous tissue was divulsioned to allow the exposure of the nasal bone fracture, whose small fragments prevented the internal fixation. The bone defect was then repaired using free autologous fasciae latae of 2 cm wide x 3 cm long, sutured to the periosteum. Subcutaneous emphysema gradually decreased until its resolution at three days postoperatively. The surgical wound had complete healing at 10 days after surgery without concomitant complications. Discussion: The choice of the reconstructive technique is based on the operative planning and the surgeons experience. In the present case we opted for the autologous fasciae latae graft since its ready availability and lesser predisposition to immunogenic sensibilization and rejection.[…](AU)

Cranioplasty using autologous fasciae latae graft for nasal bone fracture repair in a dog

Background: In facial reconstruction, several kinds of grafts can be used, like bone grafting, cutaneous grafting, biological membranes, fasciae latae, biomaterials, and others. The advantage of using fasciae latae in the tissue reparation is the need of little blood supply, making it a viable option in the restoration of biological functions. The objective of this study was to describe the case of a female poodle, 12-year-old, and with subcutaneous emphysema due to fracture of the nasal bone, submitted to cranioplasty using fasciae latae. Case: It was attended a 12-year-old female poodle due to a traumatic brain injury. At physical examination, the animal had presented facial swelling and respiratory distress with inspiratory effort. Additionally, were verified subcutaneous emphysema and a depression in the nasal plane region with crepitus on palpation. Radiographic examinations revealed nasal bone and maxilla fractures. The animal was submitted to cranioplasty for nasal bone fracture repair. To access the nasal bone and frontal sinus was performed an incision in the dorsal midline from the level of medial orbital rim to the nasal plane. The subcutaneous tissue was divulsioned to allow the exposure of the nasal bone fracture, whose small fragments prevented the internal fixation. The bone defect was then repaired using free autologous fasciae latae of 2 cm wide x 3 cm long, sutured to the periosteum. Subcutaneous emphysema gradually decreased until its resolution at three days postoperatively. The surgical wound had complete healing at 10 days after surgery without concomitant complications. Discussion: The choice of the reconstructive technique is based on the operative planning and the surgeon’s experience. In the present case we opted for the autologous fasciae latae graft since its ready availability and lesser predisposition to immunogenic sensibilization and rejection.[…]

External skeletal fixator intramedullary pin "tie-in" for the repair of comminuted tibial fracture in a Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus)

Background: The Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus, Lund 1842) is a naturally endemic specie of the Brazilian savanna vegetation. Due to the rapid destruction of its habitat, the specie is considered vulnerable and subject to different kinds of trauma that usually results in fractures and dislocations. Among the methods of fractures fixation, highlights the external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in which consists of the intramedullary pin associated to the external fixator. The aim of the present report was to describe the case of a Brazilian fox with a comminuted tibial fracture, submitted to osteosynthesis using an external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in. Case: It was attended an exemplar of Pseudalopex vetulus, male, young adult, with 3.9 kg body weight and history of functional impotence of the left hindlimb. At the physical and orthopedic evaluations were observed loss of bone continuity and crepitus in tibial region, and the presence of a contaminated lacerating skin wound about 3 cm in diameter in the lateral side of the injured limb. Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographic projections of the left hindlimb revealed the presence of a complete comminuted fracture at the proximal and distal shaft of the left tibia; and a complete transverse fracture at mid shaft of the left fibula. Due to this, the animal was submitted to fracture fixation [...]

External skeletal fixator intramedullary pin "tie-in" for the repair of comminuted tibial fracture in a Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus)

Background: The Brazilian fox (Pseudalopex vetulus, Lund 1842) is a naturally endemic specie of the Brazilian savanna vegetation. Due to the rapid destruction of its habitat, the specie is considered vulnerable and subject to different kinds of trauma that usually results in fractures and dislocations. Among the methods of fractures fixation, highlights the external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in which consists of the intramedullary pin associated to the external fixator. The aim of the present report was to describe the case of a Brazilian fox with a comminuted tibial fracture, submitted to osteosynthesis using an external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in. Case: It was attended an exemplar of Pseudalopex vetulus, male, young adult, with 3.9 kg body weight and history of functional impotence of the left hindlimb. At the physical and orthopedic evaluations were observed loss of bone continuity and crepitus in tibial region, and the presence of a contaminated lacerating skin wound about 3 cm in diameter in the lateral side of the injured limb. Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographic projections of the left hindlimb revealed the presence of a complete comminuted fracture at the proximal and distal shaft of the left tibia; and a complete transverse fracture at mid shaft of the left fibula. Due to this, the animal was submitted to fracture fixation [...](AU)

Follicular histomorphometry and evaluation of ovarian apoptosis in queens of different age groups

Background: In humans and bitchs the age is another factor that may affect the size of ovarian structures, verifying alterations in the quality of the pool and size of follicular structures, which can compromise the use of these structures for in vitro maturation. There are no reports correlating the morphometric characteristics of the follicles and ovarian apoptosis at different ages in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphometric parameters of follicular growth and the relationship with the occurrence of apoptosis in ovarian tissue of young, adult and senile queens. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen domestic queens, multiparous, of different breeds and age groups were used in this study and divided into three groups according to their ages: five months to one year - young; (7.8 ± 1.0 months); one to six years - adults (2.8 ± 0.5 years); and more than six years - senile (8.0 ± 0.9 years). Vaginal cytology was performed in order to characterize the estrous phase associated with plasma concentrations of progesterone. The morphology and percentage of the vaginal epithelium cells were evaluated and queens were classified into estrous and non-estrus and plasma concentrations of progesterone were determined. Ovarian samples were collected after ovariohysterectomy to routine histological processin and all follicles were counted and categorized into two [...](AU)

Follicular histomorphometry and evaluation of ovarian apoptosis in queens of different age groups

Background: In humans and bitchs the age is another factor that may affect the size of ovarian structures, verifying alterations in the quality of the pool and size of follicular structures, which can compromise the use of these structures for in vitro maturation. There are no reports correlating the morphometric characteristics of the follicles and ovarian apoptosis at different ages in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphometric parameters of follicular growth and the relationship with the occurrence of apoptosis in ovarian tissue of young, adult and senile queens. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen domestic queens, multiparous, of different breeds and age groups were used in this study and divided into three groups according to their ages: five months to one year - young; (7.8 ± 1.0 months); one to six years - adults (2.8 ± 0.5 years); and more than six years - senile (8.0 ± 0.9 years). Vaginal cytology was performed in order to characterize the estrous phase associated with plasma concentrations of progesterone. The morphology and percentage of the vaginal epithelium cells were evaluated and queens were classified into estrous and non-estrus and plasma concentrations of progesterone were determined. Ovarian samples were collected after ovariohysterectomy to routine histological processin and all follicles were counted and categorized into two [...]

Alteração do índice biespectral antes e após estimulação elétrica ou mecânica em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano / Bispectral index changes before and after electrical or mechanical stimulation in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs

Uma das formas atuais para se avaliar o grau de hipnose e depressão do sistema nervoso central durante a anestesia é o índice biespectral (BIS), que fornece um valor de 0 a 100. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações do BIS de cães durante a estimulação elétrica e mecânica supra-máxima e sob diferentes concentrações de isofluorano, a fim de verificar se existe uma relação entre este índice e a resposta motora frente à nocicepção. Utilizaram-se sete cães da raça Beagle, dois machos e cinco fêmeas, anestesiados com isofluorano nas concentrações de 2,0; 1,8; 1,6; 1,4 e 1,2%. Os diferentes tipos de estímulo foram utilizados em procedimentos anestésicos diferentes nos mesmos animais, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias. Os valores de BIS foram anotados por 60 segundos em cada avaliação, derivando médias antes (AE) e depois (DE) de cada estímulo. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de teste t pareado ou Wilcoxon pareado (P 0,05). Houve diferença significativa entre os valores AE e DE em todas as concentrações de isofluorano, exceto 2,0% no estímulo mecânico. Também foi significativa entre a subtração desses valores, quando comparados entre estímulos, em 1,8 e 2,0%. Conclui-se que a resposta frente a estímulos supra-máximos modifica os valores de BIS em cães por meio da superficialização do plano anestésico. Sugere-se o emprego do modelo mecânico para evitar possíveis interferências de corrente elétrica e perda da confiabilidade dos dados.(AU)

One of the current methods to assess hypnosis and central depression during anesthesia is the bispectral index (BIS), which generates a number from 0 to 100. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the changes in BIS during electrical or mechanical supra-maximal stimulation in order to investigate whether there is a relation between this index and motor response to nociception. Seven beagle dogs were included, two males and five females, which were anesthetized with isoflurane at 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.2%. Different types of stimuli were employed at different procedures in the same animals with at least 15 days of interval. The BIS values were recorded during 60 seconds each time and mean values were obtained before (AE) and after (DE) the stimulus. Results were compared through paired t test or Wilcoxon's paired test (P 0.05). Significant differences were found between AE and DE values in almost every isoflurane concentration, as well as between the subtraction of these values, when compared between types of stimuli at 1.8 and 2.0%. In conclusion, the response to supra-maximal stimulation does change BIS values in dogs by decreasing the depth of anesthesia. The use of mechanical stimulation is suggested in order to avoid possible interferences of the electrical current and loss of data reliability.(AU)

Bloqueio peribulbar com ropivacaína a 0,75% para facectomia em cães : padronização e comparação de técnicas

Objetivou-se comparar as técnicas de punções única e dupla e estabelecer uma dose (mL/kg) de ropivacaína 0,75% para realização do bloqueio peribulbar em cães. Vinte e dois cães com indicação para cirurgia de catarata, machos ou fêmeas, de diferentes raças, idades e pesos foram utilizados no experimento. Os pacientes foram alocados em três grupos: punção única inferior (PUI), superior (PUS) ou dupla (PD). Em todos os grupos foram realizadas no máximo três punções em intervalo de 20 minutos tendo-se como critério para repetição a não centralização bulbar. Os volumes administrados foram de 0,2 mL/kg (primeira punção) e, caso necessário, de 0,1 mL/kg nas segunda e terceira punções. Avaliou-se a duração dos bloqueios motor e sensitivo (estesiometria) em intervalos de 15 minutos, número de punções e complicações. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância com medidas repetidas e análise de resíduos. Aquelas com distribuição normal foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey enquanto as não normais foram analisadas pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Friedman com pós-teste de Dunn. As análises foram efetuadas empregando-se o programa SAS e foram consideradas significativas quando P < 0,05. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos PUI, PUS e PD com relação ao número de punções, duração dos bloqueios motor e sensitivo. As complicações foram significativamente menos frequentes no grupo PUI, diferindo dos grupos PUS e PD. O bloqueio peribulbar realizado pela PUI é melhor e mais seguro comparado a PUS e PD sendo o volume ideal de 0,3 mL/kg de ropivacaína a 0,75%

The objective of this study was to compare the techniques of single and double puncture and to establish the dosage (mL/kg) of ropivacaine 0.75% for peribulbar blockade. Twenty two dogs with indication for extracapsular facectomy, of both genders and various breeds and ages were used. The dogs were allocated into three groups: inferior single puncture (PUI), superior single puncture (PUS) and double puncture (PD). In all groups up to three punctures were made at 20 minute intervals, being non centralization of the bulb the criteria for each next puncture. The volumes administered were 0.2 mL/kg (first puncture) and 0.1 mL/kg (second and third punctures). The duration of motor and sensitive (estesiometry) blockades was evaluated at 15 minutes intervals, as well as number of punctures and complications. Variables were submitted to ANOVA. Variables with normal distribution were analyzed using a Tukey?s test, and the ones that didn?t pass normality test were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests with post-test of Dunn. Such analyses were made by the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System Institut Inc.; Version 9.2, NC, USA) and were considered significant when P < 0.05. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between groups PUI, PUS and PD concerning number of punctures, duration of motor and sensitive blockades. Complications were significantly lower in the PUI group, differing from groups PUS and PD. Peribulbar blockade performed by PUI is better and safer when compared to PUS and PD, being the ideal volume for it 0.3 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.75%

Conduta anestésica em procedimentos oftálmicos de pequenos animais / Anesthetic conduct in ophthalmic procedures for small animals

Intervenções oftálmicas são cada vez mais freqüentes e requerem atenção especial do anestesista as particularidades da técnica e as necessidades de cada paciente. È de fundamental importância conhecimentos de anatomia , farmacologia, fisiologia e de técnicas anestésicas locais oftálmicas para a formulação de um protocolo seguro para cada situação. Assim, objetivo-se com este artigo de revisão destacar os principais fármacos e técnicas anestésicas utilizados em procedimentos oftálmicos(AU)

Ophthalmic interventions are increasingly common and require close attention to the anesthesiologist beyond their specific needs on each patient. It is vital knowledge of anatomy, pharmacology, physiology and ophthalmic local anesthetic techniques for the formulation of a secure protocol for each situation. This article highlights review of major drugs and anesthetic techniques for ophthalmic procedures(AU)

Conduta anestésica em procedimentos oftálmicos de pequenos animais / Anesthetic conduct in ophthalmic procedures for small animals

Intervenções oftálmicas são cada vez mais freqüentes e requerem atenção especial do anestesista as particularidades da técnica e as necessidades de cada paciente. È de fundamental importância conhecimentos de anatomia , farmacologia, fisiologia e de técnicas anestésicas locais oftálmicas para a formulação de um protocolo seguro para cada situação. Assim, objetivo-se com este artigo de revisão destacar os principais fármacos e técnicas anestésicas utilizados em procedimentos oftálmicos

Ophthalmic interventions are increasingly common and require close attention to the anesthesiologist beyond their specific needs on each patient. It is vital knowledge of anatomy, pharmacology, physiology and ophthalmic local anesthetic techniques for the formulation of a secure protocol for each situation. This article highlights review of major drugs and anesthetic techniques for ophthalmic procedures