Hypersensitivity in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) due to the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in neural-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block

Background: Osteosyntheses, orthopedic surgeries that cause highly painful stimulation, are increasingly common inveterinary medicine. Epidural anesthesia is used to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in mammals undergoing pelvic limb surgery. In birds, the synsacrum, the bone originating from the fusion of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae,makes this route inapplicable, thus peripheral nerve block is an easier option in this species. This report describes a caseof local hypersensitivity following the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in anesthetic blocks of the femoral andsciatic nerves in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).Case: A study was conducted in chickens evaluating the effectiveness of anesthetic sciatic and femoral nerve blocks, guidedby a neural stimulator. Thirty-two 42-day-old male chickens of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, double breasted,weighing 1.86 ± 0.5 kg, were randomly divided into four groups: control (CG), lidocaine (LG), bupivacaine (BC) andthe association of lidocaine and bupivacaine (LBG). The doses used were 4 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine and 2 mg/kg of 0.5%bupivacaine, without vasoconstrictor. For CG, 0.9% NaCl solution was used, respecting the total volume of 1 mL/kg.Only one bird from the LBG showed side effects, presenting sensory and motor loss for 24 h after the administration ofthese drugs, before euthanasia was performed using anesthetic induction with isoflurane through a face mask, followedby the intravenous administration of propofol and then potassium chloride. The chicken was submitted to a necropsy andmacroscopically, soft, irregular, brownish lesions with a grayish focus were observed...

Hypersensitivity in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) due to the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in neural-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block

Background: Osteosyntheses, orthopedic surgeries that cause highly painful stimulation, are increasingly common inveterinary medicine. Epidural anesthesia is used to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in mammals undergoing pelvic limb surgery. In birds, the synsacrum, the bone originating from the fusion of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae,makes this route inapplicable, thus peripheral nerve block is an easier option in this species. This report describes a caseof local hypersensitivity following the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in anesthetic blocks of the femoral andsciatic nerves in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).Case: A study was conducted in chickens evaluating the effectiveness of anesthetic sciatic and femoral nerve blocks, guidedby a neural stimulator. Thirty-two 42-day-old male chickens of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, double breasted,weighing 1.86 ± 0.5 kg, were randomly divided into four groups: control (CG), lidocaine (LG), bupivacaine (BC) andthe association of lidocaine and bupivacaine (LBG). The doses used were 4 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine and 2 mg/kg of 0.5%bupivacaine, without vasoconstrictor. For CG, 0.9% NaCl solution was used, respecting the total volume of 1 mL/kg.Only one bird from the LBG showed side effects, presenting sensory and motor loss for 24 h after the administration ofthese drugs, before euthanasia was performed using anesthetic induction with isoflurane through a face mask, followedby the intravenous administration of propofol and then potassium chloride. The chicken was submitted to a necropsy andmacroscopically, soft, irregular, brownish lesions with a grayish focus were observed...(AU)

Aplicação intravenosa de metronidazol, ceftriaxona e enrofloxacina em cadelas anestesiadas com isoflurano: repercussão dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios / Intravenous application of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane: impact of hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the...

Effects of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and subjected to pressure-controlled ventilation / Efeitos do óxido nitroso sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada à pressão

This paper evaluated the effects of the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% of each) on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained in ventilation with intermittent positive pressure. Sixteen Large White pigs, weighing between 15 and 20 kg, were divided into two groups of eight animals, and designated as follows: GPN (propofol/nitrous oxide) and GPA (propofol/compressed air). In order to allow endotracheal intubation, the animals received azaperone (2 mg kg-1, IM) followed, after 20 minutes, by intravenous propofol. After successful intubation, continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1minute-1. From this point, the GPN group received N2O (diluted in 50% oxygen), while the GPA group received compressed air (diluted in 50% oxygen). Rocuronium was then administered by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.6 mg kg-1h-1. Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) was started and adjusted to 15 cmH2O, and the respiratory rate was set to reach capnometry readings between 35-45 mmHg. The measurement of parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke index) begun 15 minutes after the administration of rocuronium, and was repeated in 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio combination of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% each) did not alter the mentioned parameters in pigsanesthetized with propofol and maintained at pressure-controlled ventilation, indicating that it is a safeprotocol for the cardiovascular system.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da associação de óxido nitroso (N2O) ao oxigênio, na proporção de 50% cada, sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente. Para isso, foram utilizados 16 suínos da raça Large White com pesos entre 15 e 20 kg, distribuídos em dois grupos de oito animais cada, assim nomeados: GPN (GrupoPropofol/Óxidonitroso) e GPA (GrupoPropofol/Arcomprimido). Os animais receberam azaperona (2mgkg-1,IM) e após 20 minutos, administrou-se propofol por via intravenosa, em doses suficientes para permitir a intubação traqueal. Após intubação, iniciou-se a infusão contínua de propofol na dose de 0,4mgkg-1minuto-1. A partir deste momento, os animais do GPN receberam N2O diluído em 50% de oxigênio e os do GPA, ar comprimido diluído em 50% de oxigênio. Ato contínuo, administrou-se, por infusão intravenosa contínua, rocurônio a 0,6mgkg-1h-1. A ventilação controlada a pressão (VCP) foi iniciada e ajustada a 15cmH2O e a freqüência respiratória foi regulada para alcançar valores de capnometria entre 35-45mmHg. A medição dos parâmetros (freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, índice cardíaco, índice da resistência periférica total, índice sistólico) iniciou-se após 15 minutos da administração de rocurônio, repetindo-se a cada 15 minutos, durante um intervalo de 60 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni.Os resultados mostraram que a associação do óxido nitroso ao oxigênio na proporção de 50% cada emsuíno anestesiado com propofol e mantido em ventilação controlada à pressão não provoca alteraçõescardiovasculares clinicamente relevantes.(AU)

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória. (AU)

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative. (AU)

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória.

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative.

Avaliação de duas doses de lidocaína, administradas à altura da primeira vértebra lombar sobre a analgesia trans-cirúrgica e parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia

A anestesia epidural, quando comparada à anestesia geral, apresenta algumas vantagens como redução dos custos, minimização dos riscos anestésicos por ocasionar poucas alterações respiratórias e cardiovasculares. Mas tem sido utilizada basicamente para cirurgias no membro posterior e inguinais já que o anestésico local quando administrado no espaço compreendido entre a sétima vértebra lombar e a primeira vértebra sacral proporciona bloqueio máximo até a quarta vértebra lombar. Uma alternativa para bloqueios mais craniais é a utilização do cateter epidural. Tal estudo avaliou, comparativamente os efeitos de duas doses de lidocaína (4 e 6 mg/Kg) administradas por via epidural na altura da primeira vértebra lombar em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Foram utilizadas 16 cadelas SRD, pesando entre 4 e 20 Kg e entre 1 e 6 anos. Todas receberam butorfanol e etomidato, ambos por via intravenosa nas doses de 0,4 mg/Kg e 2 mg/Kg respectivamente. Foram avaliados parâmetros cardiovasculares, hemogasométricos, ventilometricos e relacionados à analgesia. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados não apresentaram diferença entre os grupos em com o uso de diferentes doses de lidocaína. Relativamente à analgesia, 25% dos animais do G4 apresentaram escore de dor considerado insuficiente. Contudo conclui-se que as duas doses de lidocaína, depositadas na altura da primeira vértebra lombar, não interferem nos parâmetros ventilométricos, hemogasométricos e cardiovasculares. E a dose de 6 mg/Kg determina melhor analgesia que a de 4 mg/Kg

Epidural anesthesia compared to general anesthesia has some advantages such as reducing cost, minimizing the risks of anesthesia by causing fewer respiratory and cardiovascular changes. But it has been used primarily for surgery in the posterior limb and inguinal as the local anesthetic when administered in the space between the seventh lumbar and first sacral vertebra provides maximum block until the fourth lumbar vertebra. An alternative to more bloks cranial is the use of epidural catheter. This study evaluated the comparative effects of two doses of lidocaine (4 and 6 mg/Kg) administered epidurally at the time of the first lumbar vertebra en bitches submitted to ovariohisterectomy. !6 mongrel dogs were used, weighing between 4 and 20 Kg ande between 1 and 6 years old. All received butorphanos and etomidate, both intravenously ins doses of 0,4mg/Kg to 2 mg/Kg respectively. We assessed cardiovascular, blood gas ventilometric and analgesia. The physiological parameters evaluated did not differ between the groups using different doses of lidocaine. For analgesia, 25% of animals in G4 had a pain score considered insufficient. However, it is conclused that two doses os lidocaine, deposited at the time of the first lumbar vertebra, the parameters do not interfere ventilometric, blood gas and cardiovascular diseases. And the dose of 6 mg/Kg determines the better analgesia of 4 mg/Kg

Effects of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and subjected to pressure-controlled ventilation / Efeitos do óxido nitroso sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada à pressão

This paper evaluated the effects of the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% of each) on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained in ventilation with intermittent positive pressure. Sixteen Large White pigs, weighing between 15 and 20 kg, were divided into two groups of eight animals, and designated as follows: GPN (propofol/nitrous oxide) and GPA (propofol/compressed air). In order to allow endotracheal intubation, the animals received azaperone (2 mg kg-1, IM) followed, after 20 minutes, by intravenous propofol. After successful intubation, continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1minute-1. From this point, the GPN group received N2O (diluted in 50% oxygen), while the GPA group received compressed air (diluted in 50% oxygen). Rocuronium was then administered by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.6 mg kg-1h-1. Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) was started and adjusted to 15 cmH2O, and the respiratory rate was set to reach capnometry readings between 35-45 mmHg. The measurement of parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke index) begun 15 minutes after the administration of rocuronium, and was repeated in 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio combination of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% each) did not alter the mentioned parameters in pigsanesthetized with propofol and maintained at pressure-controlled ventilation, indicating that it is a safeprotocol for the cardiovascular system.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da associação de óxido nitroso (N2O) ao oxigênio, na proporção de 50% cada, sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente. Para isso, foram utilizados 16 suínos da raça Large White com pesos entre 15 e 20 kg, distribuídos em dois grupos de oito animais cada, assim nomeados: GPN (GrupoPropofol/Óxidonitroso) e GPA (GrupoPropofol/Arcomprimido). Os animais receberam azaperona (2mgkg-1,IM) e após 20 minutos, administrou-se propofol por via intravenosa, em doses suficientes para permitir a intubação traqueal. Após intubação, iniciou-se a infusão contínua de propofol na dose de 0,4mgkg-1minuto-1. A partir deste momento, os animais do GPN receberam N2O diluído em 50% de oxigênio e os do GPA, ar comprimido diluído em 50% de oxigênio. Ato contínuo, administrou-se, por infusão intravenosa contínua, rocurônio a 0,6mgkg-1h-1. A ventilação controlada a pressão (VCP) foi iniciada e ajustada a 15cmH2O e a freqüência respiratória foi regulada para alcançar valores de capnometria entre 35-45mmHg. A medição dos parâmetros (freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, índice cardíaco, índice da resistência periférica total, índice sistólico) iniciou-se após 15 minutos da administração de rocurônio, repetindo-se a cada 15 minutos, durante um intervalo de 60 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni.Os resultados mostraram que a associação do óxido nitroso ao oxigênio na proporção de 50% cada emsuíno anestesiado com propofol e mantido em ventilação controlada à pressão não provoca alteraçõescardiovasculares clinicamente relevantes.

Effects of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and subjected to pressure-controlled ventilation / Efeitos do óxido nitroso sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada à pressão

This paper evaluated the effects of the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% of each) on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained in ventilation with intermittent positive pressure. Sixteen Large White pigs, weighing between 15 and 20 kg, were divided into two groups of eight animals, and designated as follows: GPN (propofol/nitrous oxide) and GPA (propofol/compressed air). In order to allow endotracheal intubation, the animals received azaperone (2 mg kg-1, IM) followed, after 20 minutes, by intravenous propofol. After successful intubation, continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1minute-1. From this point, the GPN group received N2O (diluted in 50% oxygen), while the GPA group received compressed air (diluted in 50% oxygen). Rocuronium was then administered by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.6 mg kg-1h-1. Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) was started and adjusted to 15 cmH2O, and the respiratory rate was set to reach capnometry readings between 35-45 mmHg. The measurement of parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke index) begun 15 minutes after the administration of rocuronium, and was repeated in 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed that the 1:1 rati

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da associação de óxido nitroso (N2O) ao oxigênio, na proporção de 50% cada, sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente. Para isso, foram utilizados 16 suínos da raça Large White com pesos entre 15 e 20 kg, distribuídos em dois grupos de oito animais cada, assim nomeados: GPN (GrupoPropofol/Óxidonitroso) e GPA (GrupoPropofol/Arcomprimido). Os animais receberam azaperona (2mgkg-1,IM) e após 20 minutos, administrou-se propofol por via intravenosa, em doses suficientes para permitir a intubação traqueal. Após intubação, iniciou-se a infusão contínua de propofol na dose de 0,4mgkg-1minuto-1. A partir deste momento, os animais do GPN receberam N2O diluído em 50% de oxigênio e os do GPA, ar comprimido diluído em 50% de oxigênio. Ato contínuo, administrou-se, por infusão intravenosa contínua, rocurônio a 0,6mgkg-1h-1. A ventilação controlada a pressão (VCP) foi iniciada e ajustada a 15cmH2O e a freqüência respiratória foi regulada para alcançar valores de capnometria entre 35-45mmHg. A medição dos parâmetros (freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, índice cardíaco, índice da resistência periférica total, índice sistólico) iniciou-se após 15 minutos da administração de rocurônio, repetindo-se a cada 15 minutos, durante um intervalo de 60 minutos