Leukocyte adhesion and MDA serum levels in naturally infected dogs by Leishmania infantum / Adesão leucocitária e MDA sérico em cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania infantum

The present study evaluated the oxidative stress and leukocyte adhesion (LA) in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Healthy dogs (HD = 10) and dogs affected by canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in symptomatic form (SD= 10) were previously submitted to indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of parasites in bone marrow aspirates. Serum was used to assess malondialdeid (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) assay and AL was determined by nylon column method using whole blood stored in EDTA, citrate and heparin. AL data was expressed as percentage and MDA data as mean ± standard deviation, both submitted to the unpaired students T test (p < 0.05). Heparin samples showed higher levels of AL in CS group (55.62 %, p < 0.05) when compared with EDTA and citrate (10.46% and 5.28%). Citrate and EDTA inhibit AL in healthy and sick dogs, while heparin preserved AL in both groups. Neutrophil proportion in heparin samples were lower (85% to 67%, p < 0.05) compared with citrate and EDTA, which in turn remained practically unchanged (83% to 80%). MDA levels were higher in SD (0.0117uM ± 0.002) when compared to HD (0.0057uM ± 0.001) (p < 0.05). These data support the conclusion that CVL induces oxidative stress enhance and leukocyte adhesion increase, indicating systemic inflammatory response. The choice of anticoagulant is an important decision for implementing LA assays.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o estresse oxidativo e a adesão de leucócitos (AL) em cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania infantum. Foram utilizados cães saudáveis (CN = 10) e cães acometidos por leishmaniose visceral na forma sintomática (CS = 10), submetidos previamente a exames de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e pesquisa do parasito em aspirados de medula óssea. Soro foi utilizado para avaliação de malondialdeído (MDA) no ensaio para espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e AL foi determinada pelo método da coluna de náilon em sangue em EDTA, heparina e citrato. Os dados de AL foram expressos em porcentagem e MDA em média ± desvio padrão, submetidos ao teste T de student não pareado (p < 0,05). Amostras em heparina apresentaram níveis mais elevados de AL no grupo CS (55,62%, p < 0,05) quando comparadas com EDTA e citrato (10,46% e 5,28%). Citrato e EDTA inibiram AL em cães doentes e saudáveis, enquanto a heparina preservou a AL. A proporção neutrofílica se apresentou reduzida nas amostras em heparina (85% para 67%, p < 0,05) quando comparadas com citrato e EDTA, que por sua vez mantiveram-se estáveis (83% para 80%). Os níveis de MDA apresentaram-se mais elevados em CS (0,0117µM ± 0,002) quando comparado com CN (0,0057µM ± 0,001) (p < 0,05). Estes dados dão suporte à conclusão de que na LVC ocorre elevação do estresse oxidativo e aumento da expressão das moléculas de adesão nos leucócitos, evidenciandoresposta inflamatória sistêmica. A escolha do anticoagulante é importante para a implementação do ensaio de AL.(AU)

Catalase and glutathione peroxidase in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum

Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by an obligatory intracellular parasite of Leishmania genus that affects organs and tissues. Several studies evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The overproduction of ROS on infectious diseases can induce an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants at cellular or systemic level. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in CanL. Materials, Methods & Results: Females (n = 17) and males (n = 10), at different ages and with different weight, were selected for this study. Dogs were divided into two groups according classical clinical signs and sorological test to CanL. Animals were considered infected based on indirect immunofluorescent assay and ELISA titration 1:40. Group B (n = 15) composed by positive dogs to CanL from Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil) and group A (n = 12) was composed by dogs from private kennel that were serologically negative to L. infantum and had absence of clinical signs to CanL. Blood sample were collected for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity. Data were analyzed by Students t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (P 0.05). Total proteins (TP, mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/L) [...](AU)

Catalase and glutathione peroxidase in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum

Background: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by an obligatory intracellular parasite of Leishmania genus that affects organs and tissues. Several studies evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The overproduction of ROS on infectious diseases can induce an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants at cellular or systemic level. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in CanL. Materials, Methods & Results: Females (n = 17) and males (n = 10), at different ages and with different weight, were selected for this study. Dogs were divided into two groups according classical clinical signs and sorological test to CanL. Animals were considered infected based on indirect immunofluorescent assay and ELISA titration 1:40. Group B (n = 15) composed by positive dogs to CanL from Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (Ceará, Brazil) and group A (n = 12) was composed by dogs from private kennel that were serologically negative to L. infantum and had absence of clinical signs to CanL. Blood sample were collected for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity. Data were analyzed by Students t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (P 0.05). Total proteins (TP, mg/dL) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/L) [...]

Serum TNF- and IL-10 in Ehrlichia spp. naturally infected dogs

Background: Canine ehrlichiosis (CE) is a disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and dogs can present variable clinical manifestations, ranging from subclinical, acute to chronic illness. This pathogen preferentially infects leukocytes. In Brazil illness is described nationwide with the seropositivity varying from 4.8% to over 50%. The control of Ehrlichia spp. infection was related to cellular immune response mediated by Th1 while the CE acute phase is related to humoral immune response mediated by Th2, with high production of antibodies. Th1 and Th2 balance can be measured by cytokine profile. TNF-α is associated with inflammatory responses while IL-10 inhibits mechanisms which prevent tissue damage caused by the intense inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in naturally infected dogs by Ehrlichia spp.Material, Methods & Results: Twenty five dogs, both sexes, one to eight years old, weighing 5 to 40 kg, undefined breed were divided in two groups: Control (CT, n = 14) and naturally infected by Ehrlichia spp. dogs (EH, n = 11). Naturally infected dogs were from Zoonosis Control Center. Ehrlichia spp. morulae was visualized in bone marrow aspirates. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis and serum dosages of TNF-α and IL-10 (commercial kits by sandwich ELISA). The frequency of clinical signs was expressed as percentage. T test, Spearman correlation and linear regression were used when necessary (P ≤ 0.05). Alopecia (45%), generalized lymphadenopathy (36%), onychogryphosis (27%) and conjunctivitis (27%) were the most frequent clinical signs in the EH group. No difference was found between studied groups in hematological and biochemical parameters. TNF-α concentration was 43.3 ± 16.9 pg/mL in CT and 41.1 ± 3.8 pg/mL in EH, while IL-10 concentration was 20.2 ± 8.4 pg/mL in CT and 21.0 ± 5.1 pg/mL in EH.[...](AU)

Serum TNF- and IL-10 in Ehrlichia spp. naturally infected dogs

Background: Canine ehrlichiosis (CE) is a disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and dogs can present variable clinical manifestations, ranging from subclinical, acute to chronic illness. This pathogen preferentially infects leukocytes. In Brazil illness is described nationwide with the seropositivity varying from 4.8% to over 50%. The control of Ehrlichia spp. infection was related to cellular immune response mediated by Th1 while the CE acute phase is related to humoral immune response mediated by Th2, with high production of antibodies. Th1 and Th2 balance can be measured by cytokine profile. TNF-α is associated with inflammatory responses while IL-10 inhibits mechanisms which prevent tissue damage caused by the intense inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in naturally infected dogs by Ehrlichia spp.Material, Methods & Results: Twenty five dogs, both sexes, one to eight years old, weighing 5 to 40 kg, undefined breed were divided in two groups: Control (CT, n = 14) and naturally infected by Ehrlichia spp. dogs (EH, n = 11). Naturally infected dogs were from Zoonosis Control Center. Ehrlichia spp. morulae was visualized in bone marrow aspirates. Blood samples were collected for hematological analysis and serum dosages of TNF-α and IL-10 (commercial kits by sandwich ELISA). The frequency of clinical signs was expressed as percentage. T test, Spearman correlation and linear regression were used when necessary (P ≤ 0.05). Alopecia (45%), generalized lymphadenopathy (36%), onychogryphosis (27%) and conjunctivitis (27%) were the most frequent clinical signs in the EH group. No difference was found between studied groups in hematological and biochemical parameters. TNF-α concentration was 43.3 ± 16.9 pg/mL in CT and 41.1 ± 3.8 pg/mL in EH, while IL-10 concentration was 20.2 ± 8.4 pg/mL in CT and 21.0 ± 5.1 pg/mL in EH.[...]

TNF-α and IL-10 Modulate CK and CK-MB Activities in Naturally Infected Dogs byLeishmania infantum

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the Leishmania genusprotozoa, characterized by increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators. The parasite presence has been reportedin various organs and tissues, such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and skin, in addition the cardiac muscle.Cardiac muscle lesions provide the substances release, among which we can mention the creatine kinase (CK), its MBsubunit (CK-MB) and troponin. The changes that cause these injuries depend not only of the parasite presence, but alsothe increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. Although most studies focus on the proinflammatory cytokinesaction, regulatory cytokines of the inflammatory process has gained evidence in the immune response to the Leishmaniainfantum and can be directly associated with the cardiac damage pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate theTNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in naturally infected dogs by L. infantum and relates them to cardiac biomarkers, in thedifferent clinical forms of disease.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 adult dogs were used, being 10 negative (ND) and 20 positive for CVL.All seropositive animals were subjected to clinical examination, observing the presence of characteristic clinical signs ofdisease, being divided into two groups: asymptomatic (AD, n = 10) and symptomatic (SD, n = 10) dogs. Blood samplesfrom all animals were collected to obtain serum for subsequent measurement of TNF-α, IL-10, CK and CK-MB. Datawere analyzed by Kruskal-Wallys test, followed by Dunns test. The correlation and influence of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α on CK, CK-MB and CK-MB/CK, were determined by Spearman correlation test and linear regression. To evaluatethe relationship between the clinical signs onset and the TNF-α, IL-10, IL-10/TNF-α, CK, CK-MB and CK-MB/CK serum...(AU)

TNF-α and IL-10 Modulate CK and CK-MB Activities in Naturally Infected Dogs byLeishmania infantum

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the Leishmania genusprotozoa, characterized by increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators. The parasite presence has been reportedin various organs and tissues, such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and skin, in addition the cardiac muscle.Cardiac muscle lesions provide the substances release, among which we can mention the creatine kinase (CK), its MBsubunit (CK-MB) and troponin. The changes that cause these injuries depend not only of the parasite presence, but alsothe increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. Although most studies focus on the proinflammatory cytokinesaction, regulatory cytokines of the inflammatory process has gained evidence in the immune response to the Leishmaniainfantum and can be directly associated with the cardiac damage pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate theTNF-α and IL-10 serum levels in naturally infected dogs by L. infantum and relates them to cardiac biomarkers, in thedifferent clinical forms of disease.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 adult dogs were used, being 10 negative (ND) and 20 positive for CVL.All seropositive animals were subjected to clinical examination, observing the presence of characteristic clinical signs ofdisease, being divided into two groups: asymptomatic (AD, n = 10) and symptomatic (SD, n = 10) dogs. Blood samplesfrom all animals were collected to obtain serum for subsequent measurement of TNF-α, IL-10, CK and CK-MB. Datawere analyzed by Kruskal-Wallys test, followed by Dunn’s test. The correlation and influence of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-10/TNF-α on CK, CK-MB and CK-MB/CK, were determined by Spearman correlation test and linear regression. To evaluatethe relationship between the clinical signs onset and the TNF-α, IL-10, IL-10/TNF-α, CK, CK-MB and CK-MB/CK serum...

Analysis of seasonality, tendencies and correlations in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Leishmaniosis are a chronic disease complex, which may vary from simple cutaneous lesions to a fatal visceral form, with elevated expansion within the urban centers. Fortaleza is an endemic area for VL and it has been presenting registers of human death in the past decade. The HVL seasonality, the HVL and CVL tendencies have been evaluated, along with the correlation and influence of the seroreactive dogs, of the euthanized dogs, of the abiotic environmental factors and the human and canine population over the coefficient of the HVL incidence, in the Fortaleza town between 2006 and 2012. Materials, Methods & Results: The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for the State University of Ceará Animal Use (CEUA/UECE), protocol nº 08622833-1. As a data source for the analysis of HVL and CVL, the monthly quantitative of notified and registered cases in the State of Ceará Health Secretariat (SESA) and in the Fortaleza Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) was utilized respectively from 2006 to 2012. Fortaleza's population estimate during and after the census period, the rainfall average monthly rate (mm), the air relative humidity (%) and the temperature (°C), were provided, at the same period, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)., The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey, linear regression and Spearman correlation test. The monthly average of HVL registered cases, between 2006 and 2012, did not differ significantly between the months of the year. The HVL incidence coefficient, per 100.000 inhabitants, presented a negative tendency, while the human lethality and mortality coefficients and the percentage of seroreactive dogs presented a positive, stationary and negative tendency, respectively. The percentage of euthanized dogs presented a slight correlation and did not influence the HVL incidence coefficient. On the other hand, the percentage of seroreactive dogs presented correlation and positive influence over the HVL incidence coefficient. The human population presented negative influence over the HVL, furthermore, the canine population also presented negative influence over the number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) human cases over the evaluated period. The average monthly values of the rainfall rate, of the air humidity and of the temperature demonstrate correlation, having the rainfall rate not presenting infl uence over the HVL incidence coeffi cient. On the other hand, the relative air humidity and the average temperature negatively influenced the LVH incidence coeffi cient. Discussion: In this study, a direct dependency between the canine and human cases according to the percentage of seroreactive dogs, a non-relation with the percentage of euthanized dogs and an inverse relation with the human and canine populations and the abiotic environmental factors (relative air humidity and average temperature) were observed. Therefore, it was concluded, that the seroreactive canine population control has influence over the HVL. This research creates perspectives for the identification of other factors that may influence the incidence of canine and human cases, such as vector density and the participation of other possible reservoirs within the domestic disease cycle. Furthermore, a deeper evaluation of the native vegetation, appointed by human action, is suggested.

Dermatite idiopática facial do gato persa: relato de caso / Face dermatitis idiopathic in a persian cat: a case report

A dermatite facial Idiopática do gato Persa (DFIGP) é uma dermatite facial rara, progressiva e sem etiologiadefinida, apresentando maior incidência em filhotes e adultos jovens. O presente trabalho descreve um caso de DFIGP em um gato persa, de 2 anos de idade. Após a realização de exames, o tratamento foi iniciado com prednisolona, cefalexina, vermifugação em dose única e fipronil spray. Com intuito de fazer um diagnóstico diferencial, realizou-se dieta de eliminação com uma ração hipoalergênica comercial por12 semanas. Após 10 dias do término do tratamento o paciente não apresentava melhora significativa doquadro. Optou-se então por iniciar um tratamento com ciclosporina, lavagem com xampu constituído por 2% de ácido salicílico e 2% de enxofre, e posterior aplicação de uma pomada com nistatina, sulfato de neomicina, tiostrepton e acetonil triancinolona. O gato demonstrou melhora acentuada do quadro com 10 dias do novo tratamento e remissão do quadro ao fim do tratamento, no entanto, após 30 dias sem tratamento, o animal voltou a apresentar o quadro clínico. Conclui-se que DFIGP persiste como umaenfermidade sem tratamento eficiente descrito. (AU)

Idiopathic facial dermatitis of the Persian cat (DFIGP) is a rare, progressive disease of unknown etiology. It has an higher incidence in puppies and young adults. This paper describes a case of DFIGPin a Persian cat, 2 years old. It was initially treated with prednisolone, cephalexin and fipronil spray.It was also prescribed an elimination diet with a commercial hypoallergenic diet for 12 weeks in orderto make a differential diagnosis. No significant improvent was observed after this treatment. It was then decided to start a treatment with cyclosporine and shampoo consisting of 2% salicylic acid and 2% sulfur. Addicionally it was prescribed the topical application of an ointment with nystatin, neomycin sulfate, triamcinolone tiostrepton and acetonyl. The patient showed marked improvement after 10 days of this new treatment and complete remission after 40 days of treatment, however, after30 days without treatment, the cat presented the previous skin injury. It is concluded that DFIGP isa persistent disease without effective treatment. (AU)

Dermatite idiopática facial do gato persa: relato de caso / Face dermatitis idiopathic in a persian cat: a case report

A dermatite facial Idiopática do gato Persa (DFIGP) é uma dermatite facial rara, progressiva e sem etiologiadefinida, apresentando maior incidência em filhotes e adultos jovens. O presente trabalho descreve um caso de DFIGP em um gato persa, de 2 anos de idade. Após a realização de exames, o tratamento foi iniciado com prednisolona, cefalexina, vermifugação em dose única e fipronil spray. Com intuito de fazer um diagnóstico diferencial, realizou-se dieta de eliminação com uma ração hipoalergênica comercial por12 semanas. Após 10 dias do término do tratamento o paciente não apresentava melhora significativa doquadro. Optou-se então por iniciar um tratamento com ciclosporina, lavagem com xampu constituído por 2% de ácido salicílico e 2% de enxofre, e posterior aplicação de uma pomada com nistatina, sulfato de neomicina, tiostrepton e acetonil triancinolona. O gato demonstrou melhora acentuada do quadro com 10 dias do novo tratamento e remissão do quadro ao fim do tratamento, no entanto, após 30 dias sem tratamento, o animal voltou a apresentar o quadro clínico. Conclui-se que DFIGP persiste como umaenfermidade sem tratamento eficiente descrito.

Idiopathic facial dermatitis of the Persian cat (DFIGP) is a rare, progressive disease of unknown etiology. It has an higher incidence in puppies and young adults. This paper describes a case of DFIGPin a Persian cat, 2 years old. It was initially treated with prednisolone, cephalexin and fipronil spray.It was also prescribed an elimination diet with a commercial hypoallergenic diet for 12 weeks in orderto make a differential diagnosis. No significant improvent was observed after this treatment. It was then decided to start a treatment with cyclosporine and shampoo consisting of 2% salicylic acid and 2% sulfur. Addicionally it was prescribed the topical application of an ointment with nystatin, neomycin sulfate, triamcinolone tiostrepton and acetonyl. The patient showed marked improvement after 10 days of this new treatment and complete remission after 40 days of treatment, however, after30 days without treatment, the cat presented the previous skin injury. It is concluded that DFIGP isa persistent disease without effective treatment.