Thymomodulin in association with antifungal drugs in the therapy of cats with disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis: a prospective study / Associação de timomodulina na terapia de gatos com esporotricose cutânea disseminada: um estudo prospectivo

Feline sporotrichosis is a relevant mycose in veterinary medicine due to its severity and zoonotic potential and the fact that it can be difficult to treat. The immune status of the animal exerts influence on the prognosis of the disease and determines its clinical outcome. This study evaluated the efficacy of the immunomodulatory thymomodulin as an adjunct to antifungal therapy in cats with disseminated sporotrichosis; thymomodulin was used in association with itraconazole (ITL) and potassium iodide (KI) to treat this fungal disease in the feline patient. Thirty-one cats (n=31) diagnosed with disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1 (G1) (n=16), which included those animals that were treated with thymomodulin in association with ITL and KI, and Group 2 (G2) (n=15) which had pacientsthat received ITL and KI only. The response to different treatment modalities was assessed, considering the survival rate, time frame for the lesions to respond to therapy, and clinical improvement or deterioration according to a body condition score system. Animals from G1 had a survival rate of nearly 100% (93.6%) that was approximately twice higher than the survival rate of those animals from G2 (53%). Moreover, patients from G1 had a significantly better prognosis, improved body condition, and shorter time for remission of the extra cutaneous clinical signs (p 0.02). Our findings showed that the association of thymomodulin with ITL and KI improves the prognosis of cats with disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis.(AU)

A esporotricose é uma das micoses de maior relevância na medicina veterinária, tanto pela sua gravidade, seu potencial zoonótico e seu difícil tratamento. Sabe-se que o aspecto imunológico do gato representa um fator prognóstico determinante. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do imunomodulador timomodulina como adjuvante a terapia antifúngica, itraconazol (ITL) com iodeto de potássio (KI), em gatos com esporotricose disseminada. Trinta e um gatos (n=31) com esporotricose cutânea disseminada foram segregados em dois grupos, o grupo 1 (G1) (n=16) tratado com ITL, KI associada à timomodulina e o grupo 2 (G2) (n=15) apenas ITL e KI. Foi avaliada a resposta clínica aos diferentes tratamentos, levando em consideração a taxa de sobrevivência, tempo de resposta das lesões e progressão do escore de condição corporal. O G1 apresentou taxa de sobrevivência de quase 100% (93,6%), aproximadamente o dobro do encontrado no G2 (53%). Mais que isso, o G1 demonstrou significativamente melhor prognóstico, aprimoramento do escore de condição corporal e menor tempo para remissão dos sinais clínicos extracutâneos (p 0,02). Sendo assim, a associação da timomodulina ao ITL e KI melhora o prognóstico de gatos com esporotricose cutânea disseminada.(AU)

Efeito in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Eugenia uniflora em nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos / In vitro and in vivo effect of Eugenia uniflora extracts on gastrointestinal nematode of sheep

Este estudo avaliou a ação in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Eugenia uniflora em nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. No teste de inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos, extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos foram testados nas concentrações de 40 a 1,25 mg/mL. O efeito citotóxico foi mensurado através do ensaio de MTT em células VERO nas concentrações de 4000 a 1,95 µg/mL. A composição química foi analisada através da marcha fitoquímica qualitativa. No teste in vivo, foram administrados 100 mg/kg, por via oral, do extrato hidroalcoólico por três dias em ovinos naturalmente infectados e realizada coleta de fezes para estimar a redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Diferentes extratos de E. uniflora inibiram a eclodibilidade dos ovos, com percentual de inibição variando de 14,56 a 99,75%, sendo os hidroalcoólicos mais promissores que os aquosos. Na marcha fitoquímica, compostos com ação anti-helmíntica comprovada foram observados, como flavonoides, saponinas, taninos e triterpenos. Nas condições testadas, os extratos apresentaram citotoxicidade nula a moderada. In vivo, a redução do OPG foi observada apenas no grupo controle (anti-helmíntico). Os extratos de E. uniflora mostraram-se promissores com ação in vitro, necessitando estudos que avaliem outras concentrações e formas de administração in vivo.

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo action of Eugenia uniflora extracts on sheep gastrointestinal nematode. In the egg hatchability inhibition assay, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were tested in the concentrations ranging from 40 to 1.25 mg/mL. The cytotoxic effect was measured using the MTT assay on VERO cells at concentrations ranging from 4000 to 1.95 μg/mL. The chemical composition was analyzed through the qualitative phytochemical screening. In the in vivo test, 100 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract was administered orally for three days in sheep naturally infected and fecal collection was performed to estimate the egg count per gram of faeces (EPG). Different extracts of E. uniflora inhibited hatchability of eggs with a percentage of inhibition ranging from 14.56 to 99.75%, being the hydroalcoholic most effective than the aqueous. In phytochemical analysis, compounds with anthelmintic action were observed, such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes. Extracts showed moderate to null cytotoxicity under the conditions tested. Reduction of EPG was observed only in control group (anthelmintic). The extracts of E. uniflora proved promising with in vitro action, requiring studies that assess other concentrations and forms of in vivo administration.

Efeito in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Eugenia uniflora em nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos / In vitro and in vivo effect of Eugenia uniflora extracts on gastrointestinal nematode of sheep

Este estudo avaliou a ação in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Eugenia uniflora em nematódeos gastrintestinais de ovinos. No teste de inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos, extratos aquosos e hidroalcoólicos foram testados nas concentrações de 40 a 1,25 mg/mL. O efeito citotóxico foi mensurado através do ensaio de MTT em células VERO nas concentrações de 4000 a 1,95 µg/mL. A composição química foi analisada através da marcha fitoquímica qualitativa. No teste in vivo, foram administrados 100 mg/kg, por via oral, do extrato hidroalcoólico por três dias em ovinos naturalmente infectados e realizada coleta de fezes para estimar a redução de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Diferentes extratos de E. uniflora inibiram a eclodibilidade dos ovos, com percentual de inibição variando de 14,56 a 99,75%, sendo os hidroalcoólicos mais promissores que os aquosos. Na marcha fitoquímica, compostos com ação anti-helmíntica comprovada foram observados, como flavonoides, saponinas, taninos e triterpenos. Nas condições testadas, os extratos apresentaram citotoxicidade nula a moderada. In vivo, a redução do OPG foi observada apenas no grupo controle (anti-helmíntico). Os extratos de E. uniflora mostraram-se promissores com ação in vitro, necessitando estudos que avaliem outras concentrações e formas de administração in vivo.(AU)

This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo action of Eugenia uniflora extracts on sheep gastrointestinal nematode. In the egg hatchability inhibition assay, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were tested in the concentrations ranging from 40 to 1.25 mg/mL. The cytotoxic effect was measured using the MTT assay on VERO cells at concentrations ranging from 4000 to 1.95 μg/mL. The chemical composition was analyzed through the qualitative phytochemical screening. In the in vivo test, 100 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic extract was administered orally for three days in sheep naturally infected and fecal collection was performed to estimate the egg count per gram of faeces (EPG). Different extracts of E. uniflora inhibited hatchability of eggs with a percentage of inhibition ranging from 14.56 to 99.75%, being the hydroalcoholic most effective than the aqueous. In phytochemical analysis, compounds with anthelmintic action were observed, such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes. Extracts showed moderate to null cytotoxicity under the conditions tested. Reduction of EPG was observed only in control group (anthelmintic). The extracts of E. uniflora proved promising with in vitro action, requiring studies that assess other concentrations and forms of in vivo administration.(AU)

Atividade germicida de extratos vegetais de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis frente a fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii / Germicidal activity of plant extracts of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis against Sporothrix schenckii complex

Na literatura existem muitos relatos de microrganismos resistentes frente aos produtos comerciais utilizados na desinfecção de ambientes. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade da tintura, do extrato aquoso (infusão e decocção) e do extrato hidroalcoólico de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis, como meio alternativo a utilização de desinfetantes, através da técnica de exposição direta, frente a fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii. Para isso, foram realizados testes com isolados fúngicos de casos clínicos pertencentes a cães e gatos com esporotricose, onde a sensibilidade dos fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii frente aos extratos das plantas foi testada através da técnica de exposição direta, tendo sua ação avaliada nos tempos de 5, 10 e 15 minutos de exposição. Como controle positivo, utilizou-se uma solução de água estéril contendo o inóculo e como controle dos desinfetantes utilizados no mercado foram utilizados hipoclorito de sódio 4% e álcool 70°GL. Com o estudo, pode-se demonstrar a sensibilidade por parte dos isolados testados frente a tintura de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis e ao extrato hidroalcoólico de Origanum vulgare em todos os tempos de exposição a que foi submetido, na concentração de 10% do extrato.

The literature shows that is a resistance by the microorganisms against commercial products used for the disinfection of contaminated environments. Due to this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the tincture, aqueous extract (decoction and infusion) and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis, as an alternative to disinfectants, using the technique of direct exposure, against Sporothrix schenckii complex. For this, the direct exposure tests, with fungal isolates from clinical cases pertaining to dogs and cats with sporotrichosis, were used to evaluate the sensitivity of Sporothrix spp. against plants extracts, with the action evaluated in the times of 5, 10 and 15 minutes of exposure . As a positive control, it was used a sterile water solution containing innocuous and disinfectants used to control was sodium hypochlorite alcohol and 70°GL. As a result, it can be shown the sensitivity of the fungal isolates front to tincture of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare at all times of exposure, in 10% concentration of the extract.

Atividade germicida de extratos vegetais de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis frente a fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii / Germicidal activity of plant extracts of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis against Sporothrix schenckii complex

Na literatura existem muitos relatos de microrganismos resistentes frente aos produtos comerciais utilizados na desinfecção de ambientes. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade da tintura, do extrato aquoso (infusão e decocção) e do extrato hidroalcoólico de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis, como meio alternativo a utilização de desinfetantes, através da técnica de exposição direta, frente a fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii. Para isso, foram realizados testes com isolados fúngicos de casos clínicos pertencentes a cães e gatos com esporotricose, onde a sensibilidade dos fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii frente aos extratos das plantas foi testada através da técnica de exposição direta, tendo sua ação avaliada nos tempos de 5, 10 e 15 minutos de exposição. Como controle positivo, utilizou-se uma solução de água estéril contendo o inóculo e como controle dos desinfetantes utilizados no mercado foram utilizados hipoclorito de sódio 4% e álcool 70°GL. Com o estudo, pode-se demonstrar a sensibilidade por parte dos isolados testados frente a tintura de Origanum vulgare e Rosmarinus officinalis e ao extrato hidroalcoólico de Origanum vulgare em todos os tempos de exposição a que foi submetido, na concentração de 10% do extrato.(AU)

The literature shows that is a resistance by the microorganisms against commercial products used for the disinfection of contaminated environments. Due to this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the tincture, aqueous extract (decoction and infusion) and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis, as an alternative to disinfectants, using the technique of direct exposure, against Sporothrix schenckii complex. For this, the direct exposure tests, with fungal isolates from clinical cases pertaining to dogs and cats with sporotrichosis, were used to evaluate the sensitivity of Sporothrix spp. against plants extracts, with the action evaluated in the times of 5, 10 and 15 minutes of exposure . As a positive control, it was used a sterile water solution containing innocuous and disinfectants used to control was sodium hypochlorite alcohol and 70°GL. As a result, it can be shown the sensitivity of the fungal isolates front to tincture of Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare at all times of exposure, in 10% concentration of the extract.(AU)

Cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of the Origanum majorana Linn. oil

The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of the essential oil of Origanum majorana Linn. (marjoram), its chemical analysis, and its cytotoxic activity. A total of 18 fungal isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis (n: 17) from humans, dogs and cats, and a standard strain of Sporothrix schenckii (n: 1) were tested using the broth microdilution technique (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute - CLSI M27-A3) and the results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). The MIC50 and MIC90 of itraconazole against S. brasiliensis were 2 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50 and MFC90 were 2 µg/mL and >16 µg/mL, respectively, with three S. brasiliensis isolates resistant to antifungal. S. schenckii was sensitive at MIC of 1 µg/mL and MFC of 8 µg/mL. For the oil of O. majorana L., all isolates were susceptible to MIC of 2.25-9 mg/mL and MFC of 2.25-18 mg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 were 2.25 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50/90 values were twice more than the MIC. Twenty-two compounds were identified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (CG-FID) and 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol were the majority. Through the colorimetric (MTT) assay, the toxicity was observed in 70-80% of VERO cells between 0.078 and 5 mg/mL. For the first time, the study demonstrated the satisfactory in vitro anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of marjoram oil and further studies are needed to ensure its safe and effective use.(AU)

In vitro susceptibility of the Sporothrix brasiliensis to aqueous extracts of the green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) / Suscetibilidade in vitro de Sporothrix brasiliensis à atividade inibitória de extratos aquosos de chá-verde(Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze)

Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, whichSporothrix brasiliensis is prevalent in cats and dogs in Brazil. Itraconazole is the antifungal used for treatment,but the emergence of resistance has encouraged the search for therapeutic alternatives in medicinal plants.Among the benefits properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze), it is included the antifungal activity,but there are no data that prove its potential in sporotrichosis. Aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activityof green tea against Sporothrix brasiliensis. Infusion and decoction of dried leaves were prepared at 10% andtested through broth microdilution test (CLSI M38-A2), that was also performed with itraconazole. Nine clinicalisolates of S. brasiliensis from cats and dogs in South Brazil and one standard strain of S. schenckii were tested.The results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration(MFC). All isolates were inhibited by infusion and decoction (MIC90 of 3.125 mg mL-1for both extracts),without statistic difference, but the fungicidal activity was weak or no occurred (MFC90 > 50 mg mL-1for both).In itraconazole, S. brasiliensis were sensitive at MIC50 of 2 μg mL-1and S. schenckii to MIC of 0.0625 μg mL-1,but the antifungal resistance was observed (MIC90 and MFC50/90 > 16 μg mL-1). For the first time, the satisfactoryinhibitory activity of the infusion and decoction of green tea make its promising in the treatment ofsporotrichosis. However, more studies are needed for its use

Esporotricose é uma micose zoonótica causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii, oqual Sporothrix brasiliensis é prevalente em gatos e cães no Brasil. Itraconazol é o antifúngico utilizado para otratamento, entretanto, o surgimento de resistência tem encorajado a busca por alternativas terapêuticas emplantas medicinais. Dentre as propriedades benéficas do chá-verde (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze), inclue-seatividade antifúngica, embora não haja publicações que relacionem esse potencial na esporotricose. Esse estudoobjetivou avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do chá-verde contra Sporothrix brasiliensis. Infusão e decocçãode folhas secas de chá-verde foram preparadas a 10% e testadas através do teste de microdiluição em caldo(CLSI M38-A2), também realizado com itraconazol. Nove isolados clínicos de S. brasiliensis oriundos de gatose cães com esporotricose na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e uma cepa padrão de S. schenckii foramtestadas. Os resultados foram expressos em concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicidamínima (CFM). Todos os isolados foram inibidos pela infusão e decocção (CIM90 de 3.125 mg mL-1para ambosextratos), sem diferença estatística, porém, a atividade fungicida foi fraca ou não ocorreu (CIM90 > 50 mg mL-1para ambos). Em itraconazol, S. brasiliensis foram sensíveis na CIM50 de 2 μg mL-1e S. schenckii à CIM de0.0625 μg mL-1, porém, a resistência antifúngica foi observada (CIM90 > 16 μg mL-1). Pela primeira vez, aatividade inibitória satisfatória da infusão e decocção de chá-verde os tornam promissores no tratamento daesporotricose. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para seu uso

In vitro susceptibility of the Sporothrix brasiliensis to aqueous extracts of the green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) / Suscetibilidade in vitro de Sporothrix brasiliensis à atividade inibitória de extratos aquosos de chá-verde(Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze)

Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, whichSporothrix brasiliensis is prevalent in cats and dogs in Brazil. Itraconazole is the antifungal used for treatment,but the emergence of resistance has encouraged the search for therapeutic alternatives in medicinal plants.Among the benefits properties of green tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze), it is included the antifungal activity,but there are no data that prove its potential in sporotrichosis. Aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activityof green tea against Sporothrix brasiliensis. Infusion and decoction of dried leaves were prepared at 10% andtested through broth microdilution test (CLSI M38-A2), that was also performed with itraconazole. Nine clinicalisolates of S. brasiliensis from cats and dogs in South Brazil and one standard strain of S. schenckii were tested.The results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration(MFC). All isolates were inhibited by infusion and decoction (MIC90 of 3.125 mg mL-1for both extracts),without statistic difference, but the fungicidal activity was weak or no occurred (MFC90 > 50 mg mL-1for both).In itraconazole, S. brasiliensis were sensitive at MIC50 of 2 μg mL-1and S. schenckii to MIC of 0.0625 μg mL-1,but the antifungal resistance was observed (MIC90 and MFC50/90 > 16 μg mL-1). For the first time, the satisfactoryinhibitory activity of the infusion and decoction of green tea make its promising in the treatment ofsporotrichosis. However, more studies are needed for its use(AU)

Esporotricose é uma micose zoonótica causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii, oqual Sporothrix brasiliensis é prevalente em gatos e cães no Brasil. Itraconazol é o antifúngico utilizado para otratamento, entretanto, o surgimento de resistência tem encorajado a busca por alternativas terapêuticas emplantas medicinais. Dentre as propriedades benéficas do chá-verde (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze), inclue-seatividade antifúngica, embora não haja publicações que relacionem esse potencial na esporotricose. Esse estudoobjetivou avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do chá-verde contra Sporothrix brasiliensis. Infusão e decocçãode folhas secas de chá-verde foram preparadas a 10% e testadas através do teste de microdiluição em caldo(CLSI M38-A2), também realizado com itraconazol. Nove isolados clínicos de S. brasiliensis oriundos de gatose cães com esporotricose na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e uma cepa padrão de S. schenckii foramtestadas. Os resultados foram expressos em concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicidamínima (CFM). Todos os isolados foram inibidos pela infusão e decocção (CIM90 de 3.125 mg mL-1para ambosextratos), sem diferença estatística, porém, a atividade fungicida foi fraca ou não ocorreu (CIM90 > 50 mg mL-1para ambos). Em itraconazol, S. brasiliensis foram sensíveis na CIM50 de 2 μg mL-1e S. schenckii à CIM de0.0625 μg mL-1, porém, a resistência antifúngica foi observada (CIM90 > 16 μg mL-1). Pela primeira vez, aatividade inibitória satisfatória da infusão e decocção de chá-verde os tornam promissores no tratamento daesporotricose. No entanto, mais estudos são necessários para seu uso(AU)

Susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi to commonly used disinfectants / Suscetibilidade de fungos dermatófitos a desinfetantes comumente utilizados

This study aimed evaluate the antidermatophytic activity of three commercial disinfectants commonly used for environmental control of microorganisms in veterinary medicine. Sodium hypochlorite at 40 L/mL, chloro-phenol derived at 30 L/mL and chlorhexidine digluconate at 66.7 L/mL were tested against 14 strains of dermatophytes, identified as Microsporum canis (n: 3) and Microsporum gypseum (n: 11). The tests was performed in accordance with guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), documents M38-A2 and M51-A, adapted to disinfectants. In the microdilution broth test, chlorhexidine digluconate had MIC values (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of 4.16 L/mL and MCF (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) from 4.16 to 8.33 L/mL, while chloro-phenol derived obtained MIC and MCF of 1.87 L/mL, and both disinfectants had fungicidal activity at concentrations below the recommended. Sodium hypochlorite obtained MIC from 10 to 80 L/mL and MFC of 40 to 80 L/mL, requiring at most isolates twice the recommended concentration to achieve same activity. In the disc diffusion test, the mean inhibition zones for chlorhexidine digluconate was 10.53 mm, for chloro-phenol of 9.9 mm and for sodium hypochlorite was 6.2 mm.  Chlorhexidine digluconate and chloro-phenol presented a significant reduction in the growth of dermatophytes, while sodium hypochlorite in concentration recommended showed a low antifungal activity against tested isolates.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a atividade antidermatofítica de três desinfetantes comerciais frequentemente utilizados no controle ambiental de micro-organismos em medicina veterinária. Hipoclorito de sódio a 40 μL/mL, derivado de clorofenol a 30 μL/mL e digluconato de clorexidine a 66.7 μL/mL foram testados contra 14 cepas de dermatófitos, identificados como Microsporum canis (n: 3) e Microsporum gypseum (n: 11). Foram utilizadas as diretrizes do Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), documentos M38-A2 e M51-A, com adaptações para desinfetantes. Na microdiluição em caldo, digluconato de clorexidine apresentou valores de CIM (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) de 4.16 μL/mL e CFM (Concentração Fungicida Mínima) entre 4.16 a 8.33 μL/mL; derivado de clorofenol obteve CIM e CFM de 1.87 μL/mL, demonstrando que ambos os desinfetantes apresentaram atividade fungicida em concentrações inferiores às recomendadas. O hipoclorito de sódio demonstrou CIM entre 10 a 80 μL/mL e CFM de 40 a 80 μL/mL, requerendo duas vezes a concentração recomendada pelo fabricante para obter atividade fungicida frente a maioria dos isolados fúngicos testados. No teste de disco-difusão, a média das zonas de inibição do digluconato de clorexidine foi de 10.53 mm; do derivado clorofenol 9.9 mm e do hipoclorito de sódio 6.2 mm. O digluconato de clorexidine e o derivado cloro-fenol apresentaram redução significante no crescimento dos dermatófitos testados, enquanto o hipoclorito de sódio, na concentração recomendada, demonstrou baixa atividade antifúngica contra os dermatófitos testados.(AU)

Efeito antifúngico de agentes químicos sobre leveduras com potencial patogênico isoladas de ambiente hospitalar veterinário / Antifungal effect of chemical agents in yeasts with pathogenic potential isolated from veterinary hospital environment

Os ambientes hospitalares podem albergar micro-organismos patogênicos e oportunistas, capazes de infectar, particu- larmente, os indivíduos imunossuprimidos. O processo de limpeza e desinfecção assume importância capital para o controle de tais doenças. O presente trabalho avaliou a suscetibilidade de leveduras isoladas de superfícies de ambiente hospitalar veterinário frente a quatro desinfetantes/antissépticos comumente utilizados na rotina de desinfecção. O teste de microdiluição em caldo foi realizado com 24 isolados leveduriformes frente ao hipoclorito de sódio 4%, cloreto de benzalcônico 2%, clorexidina-cetrimida 6,6% e derivado de cloro-fenol 3%. A clorexidina-cetrimida, cloreto de ben- zalcônio e derivado de cloro-fenol foram eficazes em todos os isolados com concentração inibitória mínima e concen- tração fungicida inferiores à concentração recomendada pelo fabricante. Por outro lado, a ação fungicida do hipoclorito de sódio em 79,1% dos isolados testados foi obtida na concentração recomendada pelo fabricante, com desempenho inferior aos demais desinfetantes avaliados.(AU)

Hospital environments can have pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, important for immunocompromising individuals. The process of cleaning and disinfection constitutes an important measure for the control of these diseases. This study evaluated the sensitivity of yeasts isolated from surfaces of nosocomial veterinary environment to four disinfectants/antiseptics used in the routine of disinfection. The test of broth microdilution was carried in 24isolates of yeasts against 4% sodium hypochlorite, 2% benzalkonium chloride, 6.6% chlorexidine-cetrimide and 3% chloro-phenol derivate. Chlorexidine-cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride and chloro-phenol derivate were efficient in all isolates with minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicide concentration lower than the concentra- tion recommended by manufacturer. By other hand, fungicide action of the sodium hypochlorite in the concentration recommended by the manufacturer was verified in 79.1% of the isolated tested, with the lower performance of than the others evaluated disinfectants.(AU)

Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) ovicidal potential on gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle / Potencial ovicida de Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) em nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos

Em virtude da resistência dos nematódeos gastrintestinais aos antihelmínticos, diversas pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas buscando-se alternativas de controle para essas parasitoses. Nesse contexto, o estudo avaliou a ação in vitro de Origanum vulgare sobre ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Para avaliar a capacidade de inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos, diferentes formas de extratos das folhas secas desta planta foram testadas como tintura, extrato hidroalcoólico e extrato aquoso nas concentrações de 0,62 a 80 mg/mL. Cada ensaio foi acompanhado de controle contendo cloridrato de levamisol (0,2 mg/mL), água destilada e álcool de cereais 70º GL nas mesmas concentrações dos produtos. Os resultados dos testes demonstraram que os diferentes extratos de O. vulgare inibiram a eclodibilidade dos ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos com percentual de inibição variando de 8,8 a 100%, sendo a tintura e o extrato hidroalcoólico as formas mais promissoras. Frente a esta propriedade ovicida, o O. vulgare pode representar uma importante fonte de compostos antiparasitários viáveis para o controle das nematodioses em ruminantes.

Due to anthelmintic resistance in nematodes, several research studies have been developed seeking control alternatives to these parasites. This study evaluated the in vitro action of Origanum vulgare on gastrointestinal nematode eggs of cattle. In order to evaluate the ability to inhibit egg hatch, different dried leaves extracts of this plant were tested, such as dye, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts at concentrations varying from 0.62 to 80 mg/mL. Each assay was accompanied by control containing levamisole hydrochloride (0.2 mg/mL), distilled water and 70º GL grain alcohol at the same concentration of the extracts. Test results showed that the different O. vulgare extracts inhibited egg hatch of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes at a percentage that varied from 8.8 to 100%; dye and hydroalcoholic extract were the most promising inhibitors. In view of this ovicidal property, O. vulgare may be an important source of viable antiparasitic compounds for nematodiosis control in ruminants.

Clinical and mycological analysis of dog's oral cavity

The oral microbiota of humans and animals is made up of a wide variety of yeasts and bacteria, but microbiota of dogs is not totally described. Although such identification is an important step to establish the etiopathogenesis and adequate therapy for the periodontal disease The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate oral alterations with the presence of yeasts in oral cavity of female dogs. After clinical evaluation samples from healthy and from dogs with oral diseases were obtained from three different oral sites by swabs, curettes, millimeter periodontal probes and HA membrane tip in cellulose ester. Yeast identification was performed through macroscopic and microscopic colony features and biochemical tests. Dental calculus was the most prevalent occurrence in the oral cavity of 59 females. However, the isolation of yeasts was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in animals suffering from halitosis. Eleven yeast species were identified, namely: Malassezia pachydermatis, Rhodotorula spp., Candida albicans, C. catenulata, C. famata, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. intermedia, Trichosporon asahii, T. mucoides and Cryptococcus albidus. It could be concluded that the yeasts are part of the microbiota from the different sites of the oral cavity of the female canines studied without causing any significant alterations except halitosis.(AU)

Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) ovicidal potential on gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle / Potencial ovicida de Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae) em nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos

Em virtude da resistência dos nematódeos gastrintestinais aos antihelmínticos, diversas pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas buscando-se alternativas de controle para essas parasitoses. Nesse contexto, o estudo avaliou a ação in vitro de Origanum vulgare sobre ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Para avaliar a capacidade de inibição da eclodibilidade dos ovos, diferentes formas de extratos das folhas secas desta planta foram testadas como tintura, extrato hidroalcoólico e extrato aquoso nas concentrações de 0,62 a 80 mg/mL. Cada ensaio foi acompanhado de controle contendo cloridrato de levamisol (0,2 mg/mL), água destilada e álcool de cereais 70º GL nas mesmas concentrações dos produtos. Os resultados dos testes demonstraram que os diferentes extratos de O. vulgare inibiram a eclodibilidade dos ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos com percentual de inibição variando de 8,8 a 100%, sendo a tintura e o extrato hidroalcoólico as formas mais promissoras. Frente a esta propriedade ovicida, o O. vulgare pode representar uma importante fonte de compostos antiparasitários viáveis para o controle das nematodioses em ruminantes.(AU)

Due to anthelmintic resistance in nematodes, several research studies have been developed seeking control alternatives to these parasites. This study evaluated the in vitro action of Origanum vulgare on gastrointestinal nematode eggs of cattle. In order to evaluate the ability to inhibit egg hatch, different dried leaves extracts of this plant were tested, such as dye, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts at concentrations varying from 0.62 to 80 mg/mL. Each assay was accompanied by control containing levamisole hydrochloride (0.2 mg/mL), distilled water and 70º GL grain alcohol at the same concentration of the extracts. Test results showed that the different O. vulgare extracts inhibited egg hatch of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes at a percentage that varied from 8.8 to 100%; dye and hydroalcoholic extract were the most promising inhibitors. In view of this ovicidal property, O. vulgare may be an important source of viable antiparasitic compounds for nematodiosis control in ruminants.(AU)

Alterações hematológicas em felinos com esporotricose cutânea / Hematological alterations of cats with cutaneous sporotrichosis / Alterações hematológicas en felinos con esporotricosis cutânea

A esporotricose é a micose subcutânea de maior ocorrência em pequenos animais, especialmente felinos e caninos. Esta doença causa lesões cutâneas ulceradas de caráter subagudo ou crônico que podem resultar no comprometimento do estado geral do animal. Este estudo avaliou alterações hematológicas em gatos com esporotricose relacionando-as com a forma clínica da doença. As alterações hematológicas foram observadas em 73,3% dos animais, sendo caracterizadas principalmente por leucocitose por neutrofilia e anemia. Os resultados demonstram que animais com a forma cutânea fixa da micose não apresentam alterações no hemograma, enquanto animais com a forma cutânea disseminada desenvolvem importantes alterações que indicam o agravamento do quadro clínico com possibilidade de evolução da micose para uma forma sistêmica.(AU)

Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis of small animals, specially cats and dogs. This disease leads toof the mycosis do not present alterations in the blood count. However, animals with the cutaneous disseminated form develop important alterations that can aggravate the disease and evolve the mycosis to a systemic form.

La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea de mayor ocurrencia en pequeños animales, específicamente felinos y caninos. Esta enfermedad produce lesiones cutáneas ulceradas de carácter sub agudo o crónico que pueden resultar en el comprometimiento del estado general del animal. Este estudio evalúo alteraciones hematológicas en gatos con esporotricosis, relacionándolas con la forma clínica de la enfermedad. Se ha observado alteraciones hematológicas en 73,3% de los animales, siendo caracterizadas principalmente por leucocitosis por neutrofilia y anemia. Los resultados demuestran que animales con la forma cutánea fija de la micosis no presentan alteraciones en el hemograma, mientras que los animales con la forma cutánea diseminada desarrollan importantes alteraciones que indican el comprometimiento del cuadro clínico con posibilidad de evolución de la micosis para una forma sistémica.(AU)

Dermatopatias fúngicas: aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos / Fungal dermatopathy: clinical, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects

Micoses são doenças infecciosas causadas pelo desenvolvimento e multiplicação de fungos patogênicos em diferentes tecidos e órgãos com manifestações clínicas bastante variadas. Dermatologicamente, estas infecções podem ser classificadas de acordo com a localização do agente em micoses superficiais, cutâneas e subcutâneas, representadas respectivamente pelos fungos Malassezia pachydermtis, dermatófitos, principalmente Microsporum canis,e Sporothrix schenckii. Nas últimas décadas, a utilização crescente de terapias imunossupressivas, o surgimento de infecções retrovirais, em humanos e animais, foram decisivas para a emergência de doenças oportunistas, sendo as doenças fúngicas uma das mais importantes. Além disso, algumas das infecções fúngicas são zoonoses e tem grande importância em saúde pública. O presente trabalho se propôs a realizar detalhada revisão de literatura com o objetivo de fornecer informações relevantes a respeito dos aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos das principais dermatopatias fúngicas na clínica de pequenos animais.

Mycoses are infectious diseases caused by the development and multiplication of pathogenic fungi in different tissues and organs with various clinical manifestations. Dermatologically, these infections can be classified according to the location of the agent in superficial mycoses, cutaneous and subcutaneous, represented respectively by the fungus Malassezia pachydermtis, dermatophytes, mainly Microsporum canisand Sporothrix schenckii. In recent decades the increasing use of immunosuppressive therapies, emergence of retroviral infections in humans and animals have been crucial to the emergence of opportunistic infections like fungal diseases. Besides, some of fungal infections are zoonoses and have important implications in public health. This study aimed to perform a detailed review about the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of major fungal skin diseases in small animal clinic

Infecção fúngica mista por Sporothrix schenckii e Cryptococcus albidus em um canino / Mixed fungal infection by Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog

Background: The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii and the yeasts of the Cryptococcus complex are important fungal pathogens of humans and animals that cause sporotrichosis and cryptococcosis, respectively. Both fungi are saprophytes of soils rich in organic matter and infect the host through traumatic injuries and/or inhalation. Sporotrichosis has been recognized as an important disease in the small animal clinic and in public health. Cases of this mycosis in cats and dogs have been reported in various Brazilian States. Our research group diagnosed eleven cases of sporotrichosis in dogs in Rio Grande do Sul in a five-year period. On the other hand, clinical cases of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats have not often been described in Brazil. In addition, infections caused by non- neoformans species have rarely been reported throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe the first case of concomitant infection by Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog. Case: In 2008, a veterinary clinic of Rio Grande municipality received a 5-year-old female Dalmatian which had presented an increase of the nasal plan, sneezing, dyspnea and a serous nasal discharge for 30 days. Upon clinical examination, abnormalities in retal temperature, cardiopulmonary auscultation and frequency of the animal were not observed. The presence of an eritematous non-ulcerated mass partially occluding the airways was verified in the nasal cavity. Differential diagnosis included sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). Diagnosis confirmation was performed by laboratory tests which included radiographic, cytological and mycological analyses. The nasal radiograph revealed a mass of 20 mm in diameter with adjacent bone compromising. Ovoid and round cells suggestive of yeasts were found in cytology. Colonies with macroscopic and microscopic morphology compatible with Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus were obtained in mycological analysis. Confirmation of the species C. albidus was obtained by the API32 commercial system. Antifungal therapy with itraconazole at a 10 mg kg -1 oral dosage for 90 days was successfully performed, resulting in the regression of the lesions. Discussion: Sporotrichosis has been frequently diagnosed in cats and dogs in the south and southeast of Brazil. However, mixed infection cases with Sporothrix schenckii are rare. In Brazil, one case was described in a cat with sporotrichosis, demodicosis and pediculosis which was co-infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Mixed fungal infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and was described only in a dog in Canada that presented lesions similar to those reported in this study. Cryptococcosis cases in animals and humans caused by non-neoformans species with C. albidus and C. magnus have been described worldwide. Systemic, renal and cutaneous infections by C. albidus have been reported in dogs, cats and horses. The present study reports the first case of a concomitant infection of Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog, and warns small animal doctors of the importance of laboratory exams so that a final infectious disease diagnosis, especially of fungal infections, can be reached.(AU)

Infecção fúngica mista por Sporothrix schenckii e Cryptococcus albidus em um canino / Mixed fungal infection by Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog

Background: The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii and the yeasts of the Cryptococcus complex are important fungal pathogens of humans and animals that cause sporotrichosis and cryptococcosis, respectively. Both fungi are saprophytes of soils rich in organic matter and infect the host through traumatic injuries and/or inhalation. Sporotrichosis has been recognized as an important disease in the small animal clinic and in public health. Cases of this mycosis in cats and dogs have been reported in various Brazilian States. Our research group diagnosed eleven cases of sporotrichosis in dogs in Rio Grande do Sul in a five-year period. On the other hand, clinical cases of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats have not often been described in Brazil. In addition, infections caused by non- neoformans species have rarely been reported throughout the world. The aim of this study is to describe the first case of concomitant infection by Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog. Case: In 2008, a veterinary clinic of Rio Grande municipality received a 5-year-old female Dalmatian which had presented an increase of the nasal plan, sneezing, dyspnea and a serous nasal discharge for 30 days. Upon clinical examination, abnormalities in retal temperature, cardiopulmonary auscultation and frequency of the animal were not observed. The presence of an eritematous non-ulcerated mass partially occluding the airways was verified in the nasal cavity. Differential diagnosis included sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). Diagnosis confirmation was performed by laboratory tests which included radiographic, cytological and mycological analyses. The nasal radiograph revealed a mass of 20 mm in diameter with adjacent bone compromising. Ovoid and round cells suggestive of yeasts were found in cytology. Colonies with macroscopic and microscopic morphology compatible with Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus were obtained in mycological analysis. Confirmation of the species C. albidus was obtained by the API32 commercial system. Antifungal therapy with itraconazole at a 10 mg kg -1 oral dosage for 90 days was successfully performed, resulting in the regression of the lesions. Discussion: Sporotrichosis has been frequently diagnosed in cats and dogs in the south and southeast of Brazil. However, mixed infection cases with Sporothrix schenckii are rare. In Brazil, one case was described in a cat with sporotrichosis, demodicosis and pediculosis which was co-infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Mixed fungal infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and was described only in a dog in Canada that presented lesions similar to those reported in this study. Cryptococcosis cases in animals and humans caused by non-neoformans species with C. albidus and C. magnus have been described worldwide. Systemic, renal and cutaneous infections by C. albidus have been reported in dogs, cats and horses. The present study reports the first case of a concomitant infection of Sporothrix schenckii and Cryptococcus albidus in a dog, and warns small animal doctors of the importance of laboratory exams so that a final infectious disease diagnosis, especially of fungal infections, can be reached.

Contaminação do ar por Aspergillus em ambiente de reabilitação de animais marinhos / Air contamination with Aspergillus species at an indoor rehabilitation centre for sea animals

Espécies fúngicas do gênero Aspergillus são frequentemente associadas com alta mortalidade de aves marinhas em cativeiro. Tendo em vista que a aspergilose geralmente é adquirida pela inalação dos propágulos fúngicos presentes no ar, o estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade do ar quanto às espécies de Aspergillus, das instalações internas de um centro de reabilitação de animais marinhos que frequentemente recebe pingüins, gaivotas, albatrozes e petréis acometidos por alguma moléstia. Oitenta e um dias de colheitas foram realizados distribuídos em um período de aproximadamente dois anos, através da exposição de placas de Petri contendo Agar Sabouraud dextrose acrescido de cloranfenicol no ambiente, as quais foram posteriormente incubadas a 25ºC. As colônias identificadas como pertencentes ao gênero Aspergillus, foram classificadas quanto à espécie através da avaliação macro e micro morfológica associada a uma chave de identificação. Foram obtidos 43 isolados classificados em sete espécies distintas, sendo A. fumigatus a predominante correspondendo a 27,9%, seguida de A. niger, A. flavus e outras quatro espécies de Aspergillus sp., demonstrando que as aves marinhas estão expostas a espécies fúngicas com potencial patogênico, o que enfatiza a necessidade de um controle microbiológico no ambiente onde são mantidos os animais em cativeiro.(AU)

Aspergillosis in captivity seabirds is often associated with elevated rates of mortality. The infection is usually acquired by inhalation of airborne fungal conidia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Aspergillus species in the indoor environment of a rehabilitation centre for marine animals in Southern Brazil. This centre continuously receives injured penguins, seagulls, albatrosses and petrels. Petri dishes plates with Agar Sabouraud dextrose and chloramphenicol were left open for 15 minutes in 3 distinct points in the rehabilitation centre and then incubated at 25ºC. During a period of two years the indoor air was sampled in 81 occasions. A total of 43 isolates belonging to 7 different Aspergillus species were recovered. Aspegillus fumigatus was the predominant species (27.9%), followed by A. niger (25.6%), and A. flavus (16.3%). Four other Aspergillus species were isolated. This study demonstrates that seabirds were exposed to pathogenic Aspergillus species in our rehabilitation centre, reinforcing the need for a strict microbiology control of the indoor air in the captivity environment.(AU)

Esporotricose óssea e cutânea em canino / Cutaneos and osseous sporotrichosis in dog

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii. Este artigo descreve o primeiro caso de esporotricose óssea e cutânea, em canino, na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. O animal apresentava lesões ulceradas e crostosas, há aproximadamente três anos no plano nasal e membro torácico direito, dispnéia e apatia. Para confirmação do diagnóstico, foram realizados exames micológico, histopatológico, radiológico e hematológico. O animal foi tratado durante três meses com 10mg/kg de itraconazol,por via oral, obtendo-se a cura das lesões. Este estudo alerta clínicos de pequenos animais para a ocorrência desta micose em caninos na região de Pelotas, RS.(AU)

The sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. This article describes the first cutaneous and osseous sporotrichosis case in canine in the Pelotas city, Rio Grande do Sul. The animal presented crusts and ulcerated lesions,approximately the three years in the nasal plan and right hind-foot,dispneic and apathy. Mycological, histopathological, radiological and hematological diagnosis was realized. The animal was treated by three months with itraconazole, administered orally at a dosage of 10mg/kg, until lesions disappeared. This study alert small animals clinicians for the occurrence of this mycosis in dogs in the region of Pelotas, RS.(AU)

Suscetibilidade de leveduras a antissépticos orais / Sensitivity of oral antiseptics against yeasts

A aproximação dos proprietários com os animais de estimação reflete a necessidade demais estudossobre saúde oral. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a suscetibilidade in vitro de levedurasisoladas da cavidade oral de cães a antissépticos orais e seus princípios ativos. Foram utilizados 16isolados de leveduras da cavidade oral de cães, sendo testados dois antissépticos orais:A (gluconatode clorexidina 0,12%, cloreto de benzalcônio 0,12% e extrato de clorofila 0,10%) e B (tintura de própolis1%, cloreto de benzalcônio 0,2% e aroma hortelã-pimenta 0,5%). Os princípios gluconato de clorexidina(0,24%, 0,12% e 0,06%), cloreto de benzalcônio (0,48%, 0,24%, 0,12% e 0,06%) e tintura de própolis(2%, 1% e 0,5%) também foram testados.Foi observada inibição de todas as leveduras estudadas nosprodutos A e B e nas concentrações do gluconato de clorexidina e cloreto de benzalcônio. A tinturade própolis não demonstrou efeito inibitório nas concentrações testadas. Os princípios gluconato declorexidina, cloreto de benzalcônio e os produtos comerciais utilizados como antissépticos orais possuematividade antifúngica in vitro, porém a tintura de própolis não apresentou ação neste estudo.(AU)

Owners approximation with pets reflects the necessity of more studies on oral health.The objectiveof this work was evaluated in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated of the oral cavity of dogs in frontto oral antiseptics. Sixteen yeasts isolated of oral cavity of dogs were tested with two oral antiseptics:A (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 0.12% benzalkonium chloride and 0.10% chlorophylls extract) andB (1% propolis tincture, 0.2% benzalkonium chloride and 0.5% peppermint aroma). The chorhexidinegluconate (0.24%, 0.12% and 0.06%), benzalkonium chloride (0.48%, 0.24%, 0.12% and 0.06%) and propolistincture (2%, 1% and 0.5%) also were utilized. The A and B products inhibited the fungal growthwell as all concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chloride. However, propolistincture showed no inhibitory effect in concentrations tested. The products and their active principlesfound in oral antiseptics presented in vitro antifungal activity while the propolis tincture showed noaction in this study.(AU)