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A produção in vitro (PIV) de embriões é uma biotecnologia que auxilia a produção de animais geneticamente superiores. Contudo, a produção excessiva das espécies reativas de oxigênio por esta técnica resulta em danos celulares aos oócitos e embriões. O uso de antioxidantes durante a PIV pode reduzir o estresse oxidativo. O fruto da Morinda citrifolia (noni) pode causar impactos positivos nas taxas de maturação da técnica da PIV devido suas propriedades antioxidantes. Desta forma, este estudo visa avaliar os efeitos do noni sobre os aspectos celulares e moleculares da etapa de maturação in vitro (MIV) de oócitos bovinos. Obteve-se um total de 817 complexos cumulus oophorus (CCOs) viáveis para a maturação, os quais foram distribuídos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos com noni: controle, 1mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 10mg/mL. Determinou-se a taxa de oócitos maturados pela técnica Hoescht 33342. Alguns oócitos foram utilizados para mensurar a expressão de genes relacionados a apoptose, ação antioxidante e estresse oxidativo através de qRT-PCR. Foram obtidos poucos oócitos em estágio de vesícula germinativa e rompimento de vesícula germinativa, contudo, obteve-se um grande número de oócitos sem estágio nuclear identificável e degenerados. Não houve diferença para os achados nucleares entre os grupos tratados com noni. A análise molecular revelou diferença entre os grupos experimentais para os genes Bcl-2 e BAX, indicando que o tratamento com noni desempenhou papel importante de proteção antiapoptótica durante a MIV, evidenciado principalmente pela expressão de mRNA do grupo noni 1 mg/mL. Desta forma, os dados da pesquisa indicam que a M. citrifolia apresentou efeito antiapoptótico durante maturação in vitro.

The in vitro production (IVP) of embryos is a biotechnology that helps the production of genetically superior animals. However, the excessive production of oxygen-reactive species by this technique results in cellular damage to oocytes and embryos. The use of antioxidants during IVP can reduce oxidative stress. The fruit of Morinda citrifolia (noni) may cause positive impacts on the maturation rate of the IVP technique due to its antioxidant properties. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of noni on cellular and molecular aspects in the stage of in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. A total of 817 viable immature oocytes were obtained, which were distributed according to the following treatments with noni: control, 1mg/mL, mg/mL, and 10mg/mL. The rate of matured oocytes was determined by the Hoescht 33342 technique. Some oocytes were used to measure the expression of genes related to apoptosis, antioxidant action, and oxidative stress through the qRT-PCR technique. Few oocytes in germinal vesicle and germinal vesicle rupture stage were obtained; however, a large number of oocytes without identifiable nuclear stage and degenerated were obtained. There was no difference for in nuclear findings between the groups treated with noni. The molecular analysis revealed differences between the experimental groups for the Bcl-2 and BAX genes, indicating that the treatment with noni played an important role in anti-apoptotic protection during IVM, mainly evidenced by the expression of mRNA from the 1 mg/mL noni group. Therefore, research data indicate that Morinda citrifolia had an anti-apoptotic effect during in vitro maturation.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of synchronization with prostaglandin F2α in Baixadeiro mares during the rainy and dry seasons. Fourteen mares were synchronized by administering two doses of 1 mL prostaglandin PGF 2α and monitored by rectal palpation and ultrasound for the assessment of follicular development and uterine echotexture. Of this total, nine mares allowed the collection of blood, in which the blood was collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein to determine progesterone (P4) by ELISA. Mares showed no differences (P > 0.05) in weight, body score condition (BSC), tone, uterine edema, frequency of ovulation, synchronization interval, estrus, and the total number of follicles between periods. However, there was a difference in large increased follicle diameter (P < 0.05) during the dry season. The average concentrations of P4 in mares differed (P < 0.05) between the pre- and post-ovulatory phases for both seasons and after ovulation, with higher concentrations in the rainy season. Furthermore, statistical differences in daily light (P < 0.05) were observed between the dry and rainy periods. Thus, we conclude that mares from the genetic grouping Baixadeiro showed no reproductive seasonality, though there was a difference in luminosity between the rainy and dry seasons. The treatment with two doses of PGF 2α was effective in synchronizing the mares, promoting the return of estrus in the dry and rainy periods. The mares remaining cyclically active throughout the year provided there were appropriate forage availability and quality levels to allow for normal values of body weight and condition.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of synchronization with prostaglandin F2α in Baixadeiro mares during the rainy and dry seasons. Fourteen mares were synchronized by administering two doses of 1 mL prostaglandin PGF 2α and monitored by rectal palpation and ultrasound for the assessment of follicular development and uterine echotexture. Of this total, nine mares allowed the collection of blood, in which the blood was collected by venipuncture of the jugular vein to determine progesterone (P4) by ELISA. Mares showed no differences (P > 0.05) in weight, body score condition (BSC), tone, uterine edema, frequency of ovulation, synchronization interval, estrus, and the total number of follicles between periods. However, there was a difference in large increased follicle diameter (P < 0.05) during the dry season. The average concentrations of P4 in mares differed (P < 0.05) between the pre- and post-ovulatory phases for both seasons and after ovulation, with higher concentrations in the rainy season. Furthermore, statistical differences in daily light (P < 0.05) were observed between the dry and rainy periods. Thus, we conclude that mares from the genetic grouping Baixadeiro showed no reproductive seasonality, though there was a difference in luminosity between the rainy and dry seasons. The treatment with two doses of PGF 2α was effective in synchronizing the mares, promoting the return of estrus in the dry and rainy periods. The mares remaining cyclically active throughout the year provided there were appropriate forage availability and quality levels to allow for normal values of body weight and condition.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar los aspectos de morfoecogenicidad uterina y cuerpo lúteo (CL) y la relación con las concentraciones de progesterona (P4) en yeguas Baixadeiro, durante los períodos lluvioso y seco. Se utilizaron nueve animales, sincronizados con dos dosis de prostaglandina sintética análoga PGF2a, con un intervalo de 10 días y monitorizados mediante palpación transrectal y ecografía cada 48 horas. La ecogenicidad uterina se determinó por el grado de edema y la del CL se clasificó según la organización glandular. La sangre se recogió mediante punción de la vena yugular para determinar las concentraciones de P4 utilizando el método ELISA. El índice de precipitación no mostró diferencia estadística (p 0,05) para los niveles plasmáticos de P4, con mayor concentración en la época de lluvias. En cuanto a la morfoecogenicidad de CL, se presentaron de centro anecogénico a hiperecogénico. Así, las yeguas del grupo genético...

The aim of this study was to characterize the aspects of uterine morphology and corpus luteum (CL) and the relationship with progesterone concentrations (P4) of the "Baixadeiro" mares during the rainy and dry periods. Nine animals, synchronized with two doses of prostaglandin PGF2a synthetic analogue, were used at intervals of 10 days and monitored by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography every 48 hours. The uterine echogenicity was determined by the degree of edema and the CL was classified for glandular organization. Blood was collected by jugular vein puncture to determine P4 concentrations by the ELISA method. The rainfall index did not present statistical difference (p 0,05) for plasma P4 levels, with the highest concentration during the rainy season. As for the morfoecogenicity of CL, these presented from anechoic center to hyperechogenic. Thus, the mares of the genetic group "Baixadeiro" remained cyclical...

O objetivo com este trabalho foi caracterizar os aspectos de morfoecogenicidade uterina e de corpo lúteo (CL) e a relação com as concentrações de progesterona (P4) em éguas Baixadeiro, durante os períodos chuvoso e seco. Foram utilizados nove animais, sincronizados com duas doses de análogo sintético de prostaglandina PGF2a, com intervalo de 10 dias e monitorados por palpação transretal e ultrassonografia a cada 48 horas. A ecogenicidade uterina foi determinada pelo grau de edema e a do CL foi classificada quanto à organização glandular. O sangue foi coletado por punção da veia jugular para determinação das concentrações de P4 pelo método ELISA. O índice pluviométrico não apresentou diferença estatística (p 0,05) para os níveis plasmáticos de P4, sendo maior a concentração no período chuvoso. Quanto à morfoecogenicidade de CL, estes apresentaram desde centro anecoico a hiperecogênico. Assim, as éguas do grupamento genético...

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In 2019, Brazil reached the third place in the world milk production ratio, preceded by the United States of America and India. However, most of the milk consumed by Brazilians is still imported, with export potential increasing as milk production is optimized. In Maranhão, dairy farming has grown over the past 20 years, being mainly composed of small dairy farmers. In order for there to be an improvement in production, an increase in the breeder's income and the productivity of the place, zootechnical, sanitary and reproductive control of the animals on the properties must be carried out. The inclusion of reproductive biotechnologies, such as Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI), is an important step that raises the technical level of the producer based on genetic improvement, however, the animals must have good nutritional, health and behavioral conditions to be able to use them. Therefore, in this work, the FTAI technique was included in the dairy cows of small breeders in the municipality of Lagoa Grande do Maranhão, in which they fit the required standards. The FTAI hormonal protocol was adopted in 44 dairy cows from 6 farms located in the municipality of Maranhão, in order to favor local milk productivity.

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We aimed to assess the effects of melatonin in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. Our experiment was conducted at the Laboratório de Reprodução Animal of the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were distributed among treatments at concentrations of 0, 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 µMol/L melatonin. Our experiment was further divided into two: the first was to assess the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (treatments) on the maturation rate of COCs, and the second was to assess the effects of melatonin treatments on the in vitro production of bovine embryos. The results from the first experiment demonstrated no significant difference between the in vitro maturation rate of the cultivated COCs in treatments with melatonin. In the second experiment, however, melatonin treatments yielded statistically higher cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates in the 10-5 µM group (52.9%, 52.9%, and 35.3%, respectively), and lower rates in the 10-1 µM group (19.5%, 19.5% and 7.8%, respectively), compared to the others. The control group (no melatonin) and the 10-3 µM group showed similar results. We concluded that supplementation of melatonin in the in vitro maturation medium resulted in no improvement in the oocyte maturation rate, but in the in vitro production of embryos at different concentrations, the 10-5 µM group displayed better results, but with no improvement in the variables (P < 0.05).

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da melatonina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Reprodução Animal da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão. Os complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCOs) foram distribuídos entre os tratamentos 0, 10-1, 10-3 e 10-5 µmol/L de melatonina. A avaliação foi dividida em dois experimentos, onde o primeiro avaliou o efeito dessas diferentes concentrações de melatonina (tratamentos) sobre a taxa de maturação dos CCOs e o segundo, o efeito desses tratamentos com melatonina sobre a produção in vitro de embriões bovinos. Os resultados no primeiro experimento demonstraram não haver diferença significativa na taxa de maturação in vitro dos CCOs cultivados no tratamento com melatonina. No entanto, o tratamento com melatonina no segundo experimento, as taxas de clivagens, mórulas e blastocistos, o grupo 10-5 µM foi estatisticamente superior (52,9%, 52,9% e 35,3%, respectivamente) e o grupo 10-1 µM inferior (19,5%, 19,5% e 7,8%, respectivamente) aos outros grupos. O grupo controle (sem melatonina) e o grupo 10-3 µM obtiveram resultados semelhantes. Concluiu-se que a suplementação da melatonina no meio de maturação in vitro não evidenciou melhoras na taxa de maturação dos oócitos, porém na produção in vitro de embriões em diferentes concentrações, o grupo 10-5 µM apresentou melhores resultados mesmo não havendo melhorias nas variáveis (P<0,05).

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ABSTRACT: In horses, acid-base balance disorders are common after intense exercise, with metabolic acidosis being the most common after high intensity and short duration exercise. Understanding the processes that cause them is fundamental for procedures, which aimed to improve the physical fitness of horses for athletic purposes, with fewer changes in homeostasis. The present study assessed the effect of barrel racing on acid base balance in Quarter Horse, at the following times: T0 - immediately before training; T1 - immediately after the end of the second course; T2 - one hour after the end of the second course. In T1, there was decrease (P<0.05) in the pH, HCO3 -, pCO2, cBase, tCO2 and strong ion difference concentrations, while the plasma lactate and anion gap increased (P<0.05). It was concluded that barrel racing training caused transient metabolic acidosis in the horses, and hyperlactatemia was still present after an hour of rest.

RESUMO: As desordens no equilíbrio ácido base são comuns em equinos após exercício intenso. Exercícios de alta intensidade e curta duração ocasionam frequentemente acidose metabólica. Entender as alterações neste equilíbrio é essencial para instituir programas de treinamentos que visam melhorar o condicionamento físico dos equinos atletas, minimizando alterações na homeostasia. O estudo avaliou o efeito do treinamento de três tambores sobre o equilíbrio ácido base em equinos. A avaliação foi realizada nos seguintes tempos: T0 - imediatamente antes do início do treinamento; T1 - imediatamente após o fim do segundo percurso de treinamento; T2 - uma hora após o fim do segundo percurso. Em T1, ocorreu diminuição (P<0,05) nos valores do pH, HCO3 -, pCO2, cBase, tCO2 e diferença de íons fortes, enquanto o lactato e o ânion gap aumentaram (P<0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento de três tambores causou acidose metabólica passageira nos equinos, sendo que a hiperlactatemia ainda permaneceu manifestada após uma hora de descanso.

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The birth of cloned goats has been well documented, but the overall goat cloning efficiency by somatic cell nuclear transfer procedures is still low, which may be further intensified in extreme environments. The aim of this study was to produce cloned goats under the conditions of the Brazilian Semi Arid region, in a transgenic program for the expression of human lysozyme in the milk to target childhood diarrhea and malnutrition, comparing the effects of oocyte source, cell type, and embryo reconstruction procedures on in vitro and in vivo embryo survival after cloning by micromanipulation or by handmade cloning. The use of in vitro-matured oocytes resulted in more viable embryos after cloning than in vivo-matured cytoplasts, but no differences in pregnancy rates on day 23 were seen between oocyte sources (77.5 vs. 77.8%, respectively). The presence or absence of the zona pellucida for embryo reconstruction (78.8 vs. 76.0%, respectively) did not affect pregnancy outcome after transfer. However, pregnancy rate on day 23 was higher for embryos chemically activated by a conventional than a modified protocol (88.1 vs. 50.0%), and for embryos reconstructed with mesenchymal stem cells and fetal fibroblasts (100.0 and 93.3%) than with adult fibroblasts (64.7%). Although most pregnancies were lost, the birth of a cloned female was obtained from embryos reconstructed by micromanipulation using non-transgenic control cells and in vitro-matured oocytes with intact zona pellucida, after conventional activation and transfer at the 1-cell stage.

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The objective was to monitor ovarian follicular development cows Gir, submitted to superovulationprotocol. Using 10 heifers, subject to three exam sessions gynecologic these being on day 0, day 4 and day 7,where on day 0 performed before beginning the superovulation protocol in order to select those that showed nochange in the reproductive tract and had corpus luteum active, while on day 4 and day 7 held in the days ofsuperstimulatory protocol, in order to quantify the follicles and evaluate follicular growth each female. With themeasurement of the follicles, it resulted three-averages 7,6 mm; 7,7mm and 10,0mm for the respective day, day0, day 4 and day 7. It was concluded that cows submitted to superovulation protocol presented ovarian folliclegrowth over the days evaluated by ultrasound and significant number of corpora lutea at the moment of embryocollection.

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This study had the objective of evaluate the quality and the proportion of COCs collected by follicularaspiration Girolanda females. Eight cows and ten heifers were submitted in four OPU sessions with an intervalof 15 days. The heifer category provides a larger amount of recovered structures (GIII and AT / DG) comparedto cows, but cows had higher amount of GII.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the plasma levels ofprogesterone, estradiol, growth hormone and IGF-1. 8 cows Girolando were divided into three groups: control,250 mg rbST and 500 mg rbST. Blood samples were collected 60 days prior to aspiration, in 12-day intervals,with the samples taken on the same days of rbST applications. For hormone measurements, ELISA commercialkits were used. The hormone concentrations were subjected to the normal pattern Cramer-von Mises and foraverage of comparison, the test Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) was used, with 5% probability. It was notpossible to measure the plasma concentration of GH hormone. The rbST administration had no effect on plasmaconcentrations of progesterone, estradiol and IGF-1 among the groups treated with 250 mg and 500 mg and theuntreated group, there was also no significant variance between the days of application and OPUs.

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Objective to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) oncumulus-oocyte complexes (CCOs) recovered from OPUs. Using 12 females bovine race Girolando, which theywere divided into three experimental groups: control 0mg, 250mg and 500mg rbST, applied at 12 day intervals.Then, were made five sessions of Ovum Pick Up (OPU) with the aid of ultrasound, with intervals of 7 days. Thevariables studied were submitted to normality test; normal data and standardized by mathematicaltransformations, were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) or parametric test Student-Newman-Keulstocompare means. Obtained mean and standard deviation of the total pattern CCOs and CCOs viable accordingto the following treatments.So, the pre-treatment rbST not influence both in the proportion of CCOs viable andthe morphological quality of CCOs of bovine female.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of artificial insemination in fixed timeassociated with estrus detection in Nellore cows. They used 917 females, all submitted to estrus synchronizationprotocol and formed two groups: G1 (n = 489), marked on the back with fluorescent dye and then checked if thecroup was blurred or not, and had vaginal mucus or not and G2 (n = 428) were formed by females inseminatedonly synchronized. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound 30 days after insemination. In G1 and G2,pregnancy rates were, respectively, 46.01% and 41.12%. In G1, blurred females (52.19%), not blurred(21.78%), presence of mucus (62.57%) and no mucus (35.97%). Pregnancy rates did not differ between thegroups G1 and G2. In G1, blurred females or mucus had higher rates. It is concluded that the detection ofestrus, insemination favored the pregnancy rate.

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The economic efficacy of beef cattle is linked to the production of calves, which are destined to the meatproduction or replacement of the herd. Therefore the reproductive efficiency of the bovine females is shown to beof great importance, mainly in relation to occurrence of the gestations at certain moments during thereproductive season. Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) is a biotechnology that optimizes thereproductive management and guarantees satisfactory results. In this context, this research aimed to evaluateovulation synchronization protocols (Crestar®, DIB® and variations) used in breeding season, verifying thereproductive efficiency of Nelore cows submitted to FTAI. The results obtained from the FTAI program arewithin the predicted average, in which cows submitted to the DIB + BE protocol, used in the latter group,showed the best result, with a mean of 55.8% conception rate, being considered the most satisfactory within the four protocols used.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rbST on in vitro production of Girolanda female embryos.Ovum Pick-Up (OPU) was performed to obtain the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were subjected to thePIV. Pretreatment of rbST in cows Girolando did not influence the embryo development rate in vitro production.

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The aim of the study was to characterize andrologicaly sheeps belonging to Ruminants Center ofUniversidade Estadual do Maranhao. The semen collection was performed by electro ejaculation. The bodycondition score from seven animals showed averaging 4.57 ± 1.13. The scrotal circumference (SC) was 30.58 ±4.91 cm, a scrotal circumference of rams presented mean length and width of the right testicle of 9.43 ± 1.16 cmand 5.44 ± 0.46 cm and the left testicle of 9.0 ± 0.81 cm and 5.51 ± 0.41 cm, respectively. The average volume ofsemen obtained was 0.89 ± 0.32 mL, appearance, color and odor sui generis were for the species. For physicalsemen parameters, the average turbulence was 3.57 ± 0.53; force of 3.14 ± 0.38; Sperm motility of 81.43 ±6.90%; sperm concentration of 0.8 ± 0.18 x109sptz / mL. The proportion of living and dead sperm stained witheosin-nigrosin averaged 74.1 ± 3.02% and 25 ± 3.46%, respectively. According to this study and the resultsobtained, sheep showed morphology and physical aspects consistent with the species and can be used asbreeders.

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This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the scrotal circumference and thoraxcircumference and between the scrotal circumference and body weight of Anglo-Nubian bucks from a livestockexhibition in Maranhão, Brazil. 15 bucks were equally divided into three groups according their ages: G1 – with9 to 12 months old animals –, G2 – with 14 to 19 months old animals –, and G3 – with 22 to 29 months oldanimals. The measurements were taken while the event was happening. The data was subjected to thecorrelation coefficient of Pearson. The measures of the scrotal circumference had a positive correlation with thethorax circumference in the groups G1 and G2. G1 group also presented a positive correlation for the bodyweight. However, in this study, it was observed a negative correlation between the scrotal circumference andthorax circumference measures for the animals from the G2 and G3 groups.

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The objective of this study demonstrates that intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) total can be practical atthe field level with safety and practicality. 8 ewes were inseminated by laparoscopy under TIVA Glyceryl EtherGuaiacol (EGG) (50mg/ml), ketamine (1mg/ml) and xylazine (0.05mg / ml) in 5% glucose solution afterpremedication with xylazine and morphine and induction with ketamine and midazolam. physiological variableswere evaluated (HR, FR, T and SpO2) and electrocardiographic and qualitative parameters of anesthesia.Changes in variables HR, FR, T and some electrocardiographic variables were recorded, with no clinicalrepercussion, it is concluded that TIVA proposal gives anesthetic sufficient quality to perform the inseminationby laparoscopy safely, but intubation and oxygenation of patients are essential factors for the success of thetechnique.

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res of oocytes qualitatively similar to those produced in vivo. The ovaries were obtained in slaughterhouses in the metropolitan region of São Luis - MA and Recife-PE. It was tested, on 10 replicates, the efficiencyof retinol (RT) and retinoic acid (RA) on the in vitro maturation of oocytes goats, using as parameters thenuclear maturation stage. A significant difference was observed (P 0.05) when compared to percentage of goat oocytesmatured in medium that used the RT and RA. It is possible to suggest that this is an effective strategy that shouldbe adopted to increase in vitro maturation.

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This study aimed to compare the aspiration techniques and slicing ovaries in order to obtain oocytes, byassessing the quantity and quality of oocytes recovered from goat and sheep females slaughtered in São Luís -MA. The ovaries were collected after slaughtering and kept in saline solution at 0.9%, containing 30 µg / mL ofgentamicin sulfate. In the laboratory the ovaries were randomly divided into two groups with subsequent processof aspiration and slicing. The average rate of oocyte retrieval by aspiration technique were 4,53 oocytes/ovaryin sheeps and 4,11 oocytes/ovary in goats, and by the slicing technique 5,26 oocytes/ovary in sheeps and 5,06oocytes/ovary in goats. It was not observed a significant difference between the recovery rate between species,however there was statistical difference between the techniques on goats, therefore demonstrating that the twotechniques can be used for oocyte retrieval.