Seasonal occurrence and variation of ectoparasites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil

The present study assesses the diversity and seasonal variation of parasites in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) cultivated in excavated tanks in the Federal District, Brazil. A total of 120 specimens of O. niloticus were collected in 12 monthly collections. Water quality parameters were checked at all tanks. The animals, sacrificed by immersion into anesthetic solution, had the gills scraped, in which the mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope. Parasitological examination showed Trichodina sp., Epistylis sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and Monogenea helminths in the fish gills. We found statistically significant differences between Monogenea parasites collected in the fall and winter and between I. multifiliis protozoans collected in fall-winter and winter-summer periods. Except for Epistylis sp., all parasites showed abundance peaks in O. niloticus specimens collected during the winter, which may characterize the seasonality of these parasites in the Federal District region. Monogenea helminths were the most prevalent among the parasites found, with the highest prevalence during the fall. The mean abundance of parasites was similar between the fall and winter. However, the abundance of monogenetic trematodes was higher between the winter and summer. I. multifiliis showed significant variation between fall-winter and winter-summer periods.(AU)

Evaluation of ichthyofauna in lotic and lentic environments in the Araguaia River basin, Cerrado Biome, Brazil

The Araguaia River is an important watercourse located in Central Brazil and well known for its diversity of fish fauna. Differences between landscape and resources in the distinct environments existing in a floodplain can determine the success of a species. This study presents a list of ichthyofauna species found in lentic and lotic environments in the floodplain of the Araguaia River basin, bordering Mato Grosso and Goiás States. We carried out sampling in July 2019, during the dry season, using diverse fish collection strategies, such as waiting nets, trawl, cast net and fishing rods. Were distributed 12 sampling points between lentic and lotic environments and we captured a total of 168 individuals of 42 species, 19 families and six orders. The predominant orders were Characiformes, Siluriformes and Cichliformes, while the families were Serrasalmidae, Characidae, Triportheidae, Curimatidae and Anostomidae. The genera Triportheus, Psectrogaster and Moenkhausia were the most abundant, while Pimelodus was the most dispersed. Results showed greater abundance and diversity in the lentic environment than in the lotic one, with top-of-the-chain species in both. The variance between environments and the presence of species that are endemic, recently described, of undefined taxonomic status, and bioindicators, highlight the importance of conserving and further studying the ichthyofauna in the Araguaia River basin.(AU)

Neonatal biometry and characterization of Amazonian Turtle nests (Podocnemis expansa)

The present study aimed to study the reproduction of the Amazon turtle (Podocnemis expansa) through the evaluation of the reproductive parameters of adult females. This study was carried out in the Crixás-Açu River, municipality of Mundo Novo, state of Goiás, Brazil. In September, the biometrics of 20 females were evaluated during the spawning period. Their nests were marked for subsequent evaluation of hatchlings, measuring the distances of each nest to the river and vegetation. The second stage consisted of the evaluation of hatchlings and characterization of nests after egg hatching. The datawere tested using the Pearson Correlation to measure the degree of linear correlation between the variables analyzed, such as the parameters of females, hatchlings, nests, and eggs. Nest depth was positively correlated with the number of eggshells found. We also found a correlation between the number of eggsshells and the distance of nests to the vegetation. Although moderate, this result indicates that as the distance to the vegetation increases, the number of eggshells found in nests decreases. The spawning site for Amazon turtle breeding is crucial to determine a higher number of eggshatching and better development of hatchlings. However, the literature is still very scarce regarding the choice of spawning grounds and the influence that vegetation may have on the development of freshwater turtle hatchlingsin Brazil.

Neonatal biometry and characterization of Amazonian Turtle nests (Podocnemis expansa)

The present study aimed to study the reproduction of the Amazon turtle (Podocnemis expansa) through the evaluation of the reproductive parameters of adult females. This study was carried out in the Crixás-Açu River, municipality of Mundo Novo, state of Goiás, Brazil. In September, the biometrics of 20 females were evaluated during the spawning period. Their nests were marked for subsequent evaluation of hatchlings, measuring the distances of each nest to the river and vegetation. The second stage consisted of the evaluation of hatchlings and characterization of nests after egg hatching. The datawere tested using the Pearson Correlation to measure the degree of linear correlation between the variables analyzed, such as the parameters of females, hatchlings, nests, and eggs. Nest depth was positively correlated with the number of eggshells found. We also found a correlation between the number of eggsshells and the distance of nests to the vegetation. Although moderate, this result indicates that as the distance to the vegetation increases, the number of eggshells found in nests decreases. The spawning site for Amazon turtle breeding is crucial to determine a higher number of eggshatching and better development of hatchlings. However, the literature is still very scarce regarding the choice of spawning grounds and the influence that vegetation may have on the development of freshwater turtle hatchlingsin Brazil.(AU)

Seminal features and reproductive index of Thai tilapia (Oreochromis sp. )on different reproductive periods

Learning about the biology of the species is essential to the success of intensive farming. This study aimed to evaluate the semen of Thai tilapia during the four seasons of the year and thereby analyze their reproductive indices. Thus, 60 breeding males of Tilapia were used and were randomly divided into four water tanks and fed with isoproteic and isocaloric feed. The experiment lasted 12 months, starting from October 2014 and ending on September 2015. Thus, it was possible to collect sperm material of animals during the four seasons, twice a month, as well as to evaluate the water quality parameters in the tanks (temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen). The semen was evaluated from a light microscope in an increase of 100 x, then was activated with water. Motility was measured subjectively in the light microscope, as well as the percentage of sperm showing progressive motility. The duration was evaluated with the addition of a timer. For analysis of the morphology of the semen, the test consisted of morphopathology observation of 100 sperm focused in various fields throughout the slide in the light microscope. Once obtained, these data were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey test as post-hoc analysis, with the help of the software R Statistics. Water quality factors (temperature, pH and2dissolved) were acceptable and during the 12 month period the sperm of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) had a good ability for fertilization, seen that it performed below the averageof the percentage of critical abnormalities, and quality was perceived by the parameters that also influence fertilization (motility rate, duration of motility and vigor).

Vitamin C dietary supplementation influence tadpoles of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus reared in low water temperature / A suplementação da dieta com vitamina C influencia os girinos de rã-touro Lithobates catesbeianus criados em baixa temperatura da água

Vitamin C supplementation is important for the growth and development of bullfrog tadpoles under optimum water temperature conditions. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the diet of bullfrog tadpoles at a low temperature. A total of 480 tadpoles with a mean weight of 0.078 g were distributed in 12 aquariums each containing 40 L of water in a closed water recirculation system. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four treatments (0, 150, 300, and 600 mg kg-1 of L-ascorbic acid monophosphate) and three replicates. The productive performance was measured by the weight gain, feed conversion, diet consumption, protein efficiency, carcass yield, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, visceral fat index, dry matter, and ethereal carcass extract. The water temperature during the experimental period was 21.74 ± 0.43 °C. Vitamin C supplementation did not influence carcass yield and viscerosomatic index. However, there was a quadratic effect of vitamin C supplementation on the weight gain, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency, visceral fat index, hepatosomatic index, and ethereal carcass extract. Based on these results, bullfrog tadpoles should be supplemented with 600 mg vitamin C kg-1 of the diet when subjected to water temperatures of around 22 °C.(AU)

A suplementação de vitamina C é importante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de girinos de rã-touro sob condições ótimas de temperatura da água. Desta forma, foi realizado um experimento para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina C sobre a dieta de girinos de rã-touro em baixa temperatura. O experimento foi realizado com 480 girinos com peso médio de 0,078g, distribuídos em 12 aquários com 40L de água em sistema fechado de recirculação de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 150, 300 e 600 mg kg-1 de monofosfato de ácido L-ascórbico) e três repetições. O desempenho produtivo foi avaliado por meio de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, consumo de ração, eficiência proteica, rendimento de carcaça, índice hepatossomático, índice viscerossomático, índice de gordura visceral, matéria seca e extrato etéreo de carcaça. A temperatura da água durante o período experimental foi de 21,74 ± 0,43 °C. A suplementação com vitamina C não influenciou o rendimento de carcaça e o índice viscerossomático. No entanto, houve efeito quadrático da suplementação com vitamina C sobre o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar aparente, a eficiência protéica, o índice de gordura visceral, o índice hepatossomático e o extrato etéreo de carcaça. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, os girinos de rã-touro devem ser suplementados com 600 mg vitamina C kg-1 da dieta quando submetidos em temperaturas médias de 22 °C.(AU)

Vitamin C dietary supplementation influence tadpoles of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus reared in low water temperature / A suplementação da dieta com vitamina C influencia os girinos de rã-touro Lithobates catesbeianus criados em baixa temperatura da água

Vitamin C supplementation is important for the growth and development of bullfrog tadpoles under optimum water temperature conditions. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the diet of bullfrog tadpoles at a low temperature. A total of 480 tadpoles with a mean weight of 0.078 g were distributed in 12 aquariums each containing 40 L of water in a closed water recirculation system. The experimental design was entirely randomized with four treatments (0, 150, 300, and 600 mg kg-1 of L-ascorbic acid monophosphate) and three replicates. The productive performance was measured by the weight gain, feed conversion, diet consumption, protein efficiency, carcass yield, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, visceral fat index, dry matter, and ethereal carcass extract. The water temperature during the experimental period was 21.74 ± 0.43 °C. Vitamin C supplementation did not influence carcass yield and viscerosomatic index. However, there was a quadratic effect of vitamin C supplementation on the weight gain, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency, visceral fat index, hepatosomatic index, and ethereal carcass extract. Based on these results, bullfrog tadpoles should be supplemented with 600 mg vitamin C kg-1 of the diet when subjected to water temperatures of around 22 °C.(AU)

A suplementação de vitamina C é importante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de girinos de rã-touro sob condições ótimas de temperatura da água. Desta forma, foi realizado um experimento para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de vitamina C sobre a dieta de girinos de rã-touro em baixa temperatura. O experimento foi realizado com 480 girinos com peso médio de 0,078g, distribuídos em 12 aquários com 40L de água em sistema fechado de recirculação de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 150, 300 e 600 mg kg-1 de monofosfato de ácido L-ascórbico) e três repetições. O desempenho produtivo foi avaliado por meio de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, consumo de ração, eficiência proteica, rendimento de carcaça, índice hepatossomático, índice viscerossomático, índice de gordura visceral, matéria seca e extrato etéreo de carcaça. A temperatura da água durante o período experimental foi de 21,74 ± 0,43 °C. A suplementação com vitamina C não influenciou o rendimento de carcaça e o índice viscerossomático. No entanto, houve efeito quadrático da suplementação com vitamina C sobre o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar aparente, a eficiência protéica, o índice de gordura visceral, o índice hepatossomático e o extrato etéreo de carcaça. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, os girinos de rã-touro devem ser suplementados com 600 mg vitamina C kg-1 da dieta quando submetidos em temperaturas médias de 22 °C.(AU)

Seminal features and reproductive index of Thai tilapia (Oreochromis sp. )on different reproductive periods

Learning about the biology of the species is essential to the success of intensive farming. This study aimed to evaluate the semen of Thai tilapia during the four seasons of the year and thereby analyze their reproductive indices. Thus, 60 breeding males of Tilapia were used and were randomly divided into four water tanks and fed with isoproteic and isocaloric feed. The experiment lasted 12 months, starting from October 2014 and ending on September 2015. Thus, it was possible to collect sperm material of animals during the four seasons, twice a month, as well as to evaluate the water quality parameters in the tanks (temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen). The semen was evaluated from a light microscope in an increase of 100 x, then was activated with water. Motility was measured subjectively in the light microscope, as well as the percentage of sperm showing progressive motility. The duration was evaluated with the addition of a timer. For analysis of the morphology of the semen, the test consisted of morphopathology observation of 100 sperm focused in various fields throughout the slide in the light microscope. Once obtained, these data were analyzed through ANOVA and Tukey test as post-hoc analysis, with the help of the software R Statistics. Water quality factors (temperature, pH and2dissolved) were acceptable and during the 12 month period the sperm of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) had a good ability for fertilization, seen that it performed below the averageof the percentage of critical abnormalities, and quality was perceived by the parameters that also influence fertilization (motility rate, duration of motility and vigor).(AU)

Behavior of male and female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) in an artificial environment

The eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) is a species of parrot native to the Solomon Islands, Sumba, New Guinea and nearby islands, northeastern Australia, and the Moluccan Islands. The wide range of behaviors emphasizes the existence of knowledge of only a mere fraction of the significant behavioral parameters of these birds. The objective of this study is to identify the behavior of the eclectus parrot kept in captivity and to check the frequency of these birds in certain places of the nursery, comparing the results to other studies about parrots and the behavior in nature. This is a study about the behavior of a bird with a very pronounced sexual dimorphism, where the males have a predominantly green color, and the females are mainly red-colored. In the wild, while the male perches on the outer branches of the trees, thefemale usually perches close to tree trunks. This location, together with her red and blue plumage, provides the ideal camouflage in the dark interior of the trees.

Feeding behavior of cockatiels in captivity / Comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial

In nature, cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) feed consists of a huge variety of seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, and insects. In captivity, their feed is generally poor, as many breeders offer only a mixture of seeds as food, leading to nutrient deficiency and even obesity. This paper presents a study on cockatiel feeding behavior in artificial environments at different stages of development (growth, maintenance, and reproduction), to evaluate their preference from the offer of six different food types (sunflower seed, oats, millet, rice, ration, and a cornmeal based feed or farinhada), and an analysis of their preferences for locations in the cage. No significant differences were observed about the final weight of the birds during the stages of development. Consumption of millet seeds was significantly higher in the growth stage, but at this stage, the birds showed a preference for oats. On the other hand, at the reproduction and maintenance stages, they showed a preference for sunflower seeds. The birds in the reproduction stage were the ones that visited the nest, and the nest grid, the most. Among all the cage locations, all birds showed a preference for the perches.(AU)

Na natureza a calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus) tem a sua alimentação composta por uma enorme variedade de sementes, frutos, flores, folhas e insetos. Em cativeiro a sua alimentação geralmente é deficiente, pois muitos criadores oferecem apenas misturas de sementes como alimento, causando deficiência de nutrientes e até mesmo obesidade. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre o comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento (crescimento, mantença e reprodução) e uma análise de uso do espaço pelas aves dentro da gaiola, com o objetivo de avaliar a preferência das aves a partir da oferta de seis diferentes tipos de alimentos (sementes de girassol, aveia, painço, arroz, ração e farinhada) e a preferência das mesmas pelos locais na gaiola. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as fases de desenvolvimento ao que se diz respeito ao peso final dos animais. O consumo de sementes de painço foi significativamente maior na fase de crescimento, mas o alimento preferido nessa fase foi a aveia. Já nas fases de reprodução e mantença a preferência foi pela semente de girassol. As aves na fase de reprodução foram as que mais visitaram o ninho e a grade do ninho. O local das gaiolas preferido por todas as aves foram os poleiros.(AU)

Feeding behavior of cockatiels in captivity / Comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial

In nature, cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) feed consists of a huge variety of seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, and insects. In captivity, their feed is generally poor, as many breeders offer only a mixture of seeds as food, leading to nutrient deficiency and even obesity. This paper presents a study on cockatiel feeding behavior in artificial environments at different stages of development (growth, maintenance, and reproduction), to evaluate their preference from the offer of six different food types (sunflower seed, oats, millet, rice, ration, and a cornmeal based feed or farinhada), and an analysis of their preferences for locations in the cage. No significant differences were observed about the final weight of the birds during the stages of development. Consumption of millet seeds was significantly higher in the growth stage, but at this stage, the birds showed a preference for oats. On the other hand, at the reproduction and maintenance stages, they showed a preference for sunflower seeds. The birds in the reproduction stage were the ones that visited the nest, and the nest grid, the most. Among all the cage locations, all birds showed a preference for the perches.(AU)

Na natureza a calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus) tem a sua alimentação composta por uma enorme variedade de sementes, frutos, flores, folhas e insetos. Em cativeiro a sua alimentação geralmente é deficiente, pois muitos criadores oferecem apenas misturas de sementes como alimento, causando deficiência de nutrientes e até mesmo obesidade. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre o comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento (crescimento, mantença e reprodução) e uma análise de uso do espaço pelas aves dentro da gaiola, com o objetivo de avaliar a preferência das aves a partir da oferta de seis diferentes tipos de alimentos (sementes de girassol, aveia, painço, arroz, ração e farinhada) e a preferência das mesmas pelos locais na gaiola. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as fases de desenvolvimento ao que se diz respeito ao peso final dos animais. O consumo de sementes de painço foi significativamente maior na fase de crescimento, mas o alimento preferido nessa fase foi a aveia. Já nas fases de reprodução e mantença a preferência foi pela semente de girassol. As aves na fase de reprodução foram as que mais visitaram o ninho e a grade do ninho. O local das gaiolas preferido por todas as aves foram os poleiros.(AU)

Feeding behavior of cockatiels in captivity / Comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial

In nature, cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) feed consists of a huge variety of seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, and insects. In captivity, their feed is generally poor, as many breeders offer only a mixture of seeds as food, leading to nutrient deficiency and even obesity. This paper presents a study on cockatiel feeding behavior in artificial environments at different stages of development (growth, maintenance, and reproduction), to evaluate their preference from the offer of six different food types (sunflower seed, oats, millet, rice, ration, and a cornmeal based feed or farinhada), and an analysis of their preferences for locations in the cage. No significant differences were observed about the final weight of the birds during the stages of development. Consumption of millet seeds was significantly higher in the growth stage, but at this stage, the birds showed a preference for oats. On the other hand, at the reproduction and maintenance stages, they showed a preference for sunflower seeds. The birds in the reproduction stage were the ones that visited the nest, and the nest grid, the most. Among all the cage locations, all birds showed a preference for the perches.

Na natureza a calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus) tem a sua alimentação composta por uma enorme variedade de sementes, frutos, flores, folhas e insetos. Em cativeiro a sua alimentação geralmente é deficiente, pois muitos criadores oferecem apenas misturas de sementes como alimento, causando deficiência de nutrientes e até mesmo obesidade. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre o comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento (crescimento, mantença e reprodução) e uma análise de uso do espaço pelas aves dentro da gaiola, com o objetivo de avaliar a preferência das aves a partir da oferta de seis diferentes tipos de alimentos (sementes de girassol, aveia, painço, arroz, ração e farinhada) e a preferência das mesmas pelos locais na gaiola. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as fases de desenvolvimento ao que se diz respeito ao peso final dos animais. O consumo de sementes de painço foi significativamente maior na fase de crescimento, mas o alimento preferido nessa fase foi a aveia. Já nas fases de reprodução e mantença a preferência foi pela semente de girassol. As aves na fase de reprodução foram as que mais visitaram o ninho e a grade do ninho. O local das gaiolas preferido por todas as aves foram os poleiros.

Feeding behavior of cockatiels in captivity / Comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial

In nature, cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) feed consists of a huge variety of seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, and insects. In captivity, their feed is generally poor, as many breeders offer only a mixture of seeds as food, leading to nutrient deficiency and even obesity. This paper presents a study on cockatiel feeding behavior in artificial environments at different stages of development (growth, maintenance, and reproduction), to evaluate their preference from the offer of six different food types (sunflower seed, oats, millet, rice, ration, and a cornmeal based feed or farinhada), and an analysis of their preferences for locations in the cage. No significant differences were observed about the final weight of the birds during the stages of development. Consumption of millet seeds was significantly higher in the growth stage, but at this stage, the birds showed a preference for oats. On the other hand, at the reproduction and maintenance stages, they showed a preference for sunflower seeds. The birds in the reproduction stage were the ones that visited the nest, and the nest grid, the most. Among all the cage locations, all birds showed a preference for the perches.

Na natureza a calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus) tem a sua alimentação composta por uma enorme variedade de sementes, frutos, flores, folhas e insetos. Em cativeiro a sua alimentação geralmente é deficiente, pois muitos criadores oferecem apenas misturas de sementes como alimento, causando deficiência de nutrientes e até mesmo obesidade. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre o comportamento alimentar de calopsitas em ambiente artificial em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento (crescimento, mantença e reprodução) e uma análise de uso do espaço pelas aves dentro da gaiola, com o objetivo de avaliar a preferência das aves a partir da oferta de seis diferentes tipos de alimentos (sementes de girassol, aveia, painço, arroz, ração e farinhada) e a preferência das mesmas pelos locais na gaiola. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as fases de desenvolvimento ao que se diz respeito ao peso final dos animais. O consumo de sementes de painço foi significativamente maior na fase de crescimento, mas o alimento preferido nessa fase foi a aveia. Já nas fases de reprodução e mantença a preferência foi pela semente de girassol. As aves na fase de reprodução foram as que mais visitaram o ninho e a grade do ninho. O local das gaiolas preferido por todas as aves foram os poleiros.

Quality of semen in the reproductive cycle of Cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) raised in captivity

In this study, we evaluated the semen quality of Cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) raised in captivity during its reproductive period. For the evaluation of qualitative parameters, we analyzed: sperm morphology, sperm motility, and sperm vigor;while for the quantitative parameter, we analyzed sperm concentration. In general, the main significant difference was found in March, with a motility rate of 40% and a duration of 39 seconds. The highest mean concentration (1.2x10⁸) was observed in February, as well as the highest percentage of defects in the intermediate part of the spermatozoa (59%). The morphological analysis of spermatozoa showed an average of 24.2% abnormalities in the head and 22.7% in the intermediate part of spermatozoa of P. fasciatumfor the four months studied. We did not find any evident relationship between the climate changes evaluated and the qualitative and quantitative parameters. The greatest difference between the percentage of normal spermatozoa and the sharp increase of defects in the intermediate piece, observed in February, can be explained by the sudden climate change, with a significant decrease in temperature and relative humidity, and increase in precipitation. These findings demonstrate the importance of maintaining an optimum climate interval during the breeding season for P.fasciatum.

Importância das cores no crescimento, bem-estar e reprodução de peixes / Importance of colors on growth, welfare and reproduction of fish / Importancia de los colores en el crecimiento, bienestar y reproducción de peces

O Brasil possui alto potencial para piscicultura devido às suas condições ambientais favoráveis à elevada diversidade de espécies nativas com potencial para corte e para ornamentação e à vasta disponibilidade de recursos hídricos. Os estímulos ambientais são cruciais na modulação do ciclo de vida dos animais e, dessa forma, as modificações inerentes a cor do ambiente pode afetar o comportamento e o desenvolvimento dos peixes. Poucos estudos têm sido dedicados ao entendimento dos efeitos do fundo ou cor de luz sobre a biologia dos peixes. Objetivou-se fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos das cores no bem-estar, na reprodução e no crescimento dos peixes. A luminosidade, por exemplo, é uma condição ambiental essencial para a sobrevivência dos peixes. A luz também é o principal fator responsável pelo controle do ritmo biológico dos animais. A resposta ao estresse corresponde a uma série de alterações fisiológicas. Os efeitos são divididos em primários, secundários e terciários. A manipulação deste sincronizador ambiente pode auxiliar na produção e na qualidade do pescado dentro da área de piscicultura. O efeito das cores sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de peixes dependerá dentre outros fatores, da espécie a ser estudada, do sexo e do estágio de desenvolvimento dessa espécie, e é de suma importância para melhor o bem-estar dos animais e obter maiores rendimentos no setor de piscicultura.(AU)

Brazil has a high potential for fish farming due to its favorable environmental conditions to a high diversity of native species with potential for food consumption and for decoration, as well as its vast availability of water resources. Environmental stimuli are crucial in modulating the life cycle of animals, and therefore the inherent color changes of the environment can affect the behavior and development of fish. Few studies have been devoted to understanding the effects of background or light color on fish biology. The purpose of this paper was to make a literature review on the theme of color effects on fish welfare, reproduction and growth. Brightness, for instance, is an essential environmental condition for fish survival. Light is also one of the main factors responsible for controlling the biological rhythm of those animals. Stress response corresponds to a series of physiological changes, with their effects being divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. The manipulation of this environmental synchronizer can aid in the production and quality of fish within the fish farming area. The effect of colors on the productive and reproductive performance of fish species under study depends, among other factors, on the sex and development stage of this species, and is of paramount importance for better animal welfare and higher yields in the fish farming sector.(AU)

Brasil tiene un gran potencial para la piscicultura debido a sus favorables condiciones ambientales, la alta diversidad de especies nativas con potencial para corte y adorno, y la gran disponibilidad de recursos hídricos. Los estímulos ambientales son cruciales en la modulación del ciclo de vida de los animales y, de esa forma, las modificaciones inherentes al color del ambiente puede afectar el comportamiento y el desarrollo de los peces. Pocos estudios se han dedicado a la comprensión de los efectos de fondo o color de luz sobre la biología de los peces. Se ha buscado una revisión bibliográfica sobre los efectos de los colores en el bienestar, en la reproducción y en el crecimiento de los peces. La luminosidad, por ejemplo, es una condición ambiental esencial para la supervivencia de los peces. La luz también es el principal factor responsable por el control del ritmo biológico de los animales. La respuesta al estrés corresponde a una serie de cambios fisiológicos. Los efectos se dividen en primarios, secundarios y terciarios. El manejo de este entorno sincronizador puede ayudar en la producción y la calidad del pez dentro del área de la acuicultura. El efecto de los colores sobre el desempeño productivo y reproductivo de peces dependerá entre otros factores, de la especie a ser estudiada, del sexo y de la etapa de desarrollo de esa especie, y es de suma importancia para mejorar el bienestar de los animales y obtener mayor rendimiento en el sector de la acuicultura.(AU)

Importância das cores no crescimento, bem-estar e reprodução de peixes / Importance of colors on growth, welfare and reproduction of fish / Importancia de los colores en el crecimiento, bienestar y reproducción de peces

O Brasil possui alto potencial para piscicultura devido às suas condições ambientais favoráveis à elevada diversidade de espécies nativas com potencial para corte e para ornamentação e à vasta disponibilidade de recursos hídricos. Os estímulos ambientais são cruciais na modulação do ciclo de vida dos animais e, dessa forma, as modificações inerentes a cor do ambiente pode afetar o comportamento e o desenvolvimento dos peixes. Poucos estudos têm sido dedicados ao entendimento dos efeitos do fundo ou cor de luz sobre a biologia dos peixes. Objetivou-se fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos das cores no bem-estar, na reprodução e no crescimento dos peixes. A luminosidade, por exemplo, é uma condição ambiental essencial para a sobrevivência dos peixes. A luz também é o principal fator responsável pelo controle do ritmo biológico dos animais. A resposta ao estresse corresponde a uma série de alterações fisiológicas. Os efeitos são divididos em primários, secundários e terciários. A manipulação deste sincronizador ambiente pode auxiliar na produção e na qualidade do pescado dentro da área de piscicultura. O efeito das cores sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de peixes dependerá dentre outros fatores, da espécie a ser estudada, do sexo e do estágio de desenvolvimento dessa espécie, e é de suma importância para melhor o bem-estar dos animais e obter maiores rendimentos no setor de piscicultura.(AU)

Brazil has a high potential for fish farming due to its favorable environmental conditions to a high diversity of native species with potential for food consumption and for decoration, as well as its vast availability of water resources. Environmental stimuli are crucial in modulating the life cycle of animals, and therefore the inherent color changes of the environment can affect the behavior and development of fish. Few studies have been devoted to understanding the effects of background or light color on fish biology. The purpose of this paper was to make a literature review on the theme of color effects on fish welfare, reproduction and growth. Brightness, for instance, is an essential environmental condition for fish survival. Light is also one of the main factors responsible for controlling the biological rhythm of those animals. Stress response corresponds to a series of physiological changes, with their effects being divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. The manipulation of this environmental synchronizer can aid in the production and quality of fish within the fish farming area. The effect of colors on the productive and reproductive performance of fish species under study depends, among other factors, on the sex and development stage of this species, and is of paramount importance for better animal welfare and higher yields in the fish farming sector.(AU)

Brasil tiene un gran potencial para la piscicultura debido a sus favorables condiciones ambientales, la alta diversidad de especies nativas con potencial para corte y adorno, y la gran disponibilidad de recursos hídricos. Los estímulos ambientales son cruciales en la modulación del ciclo de vida de los animales y, de esa forma, las modificaciones inherentes al color del ambiente puede afectar el comportamiento y el desarrollo de los peces. Pocos estudios se han dedicado a la comprensión de los efectos de fondo o color de luz sobre la biología de los peces. Se ha buscado una revisión bibliográfica sobre los efectos de los colores en el bienestar, en la reproducción y en el crecimiento de los peces. La luminosidad, por ejemplo, es una condición ambiental esencial para la supervivencia de los peces. La luz también es el principal factor responsable por el control del ritmo biológico de los animales. La respuesta al estrés corresponde a una serie de cambios fisiológicos. Los efectos se dividen en primarios, secundarios y terciarios. El manejo de este entorno sincronizador puede ayudar en la producción y la calidad del pez dentro del área de la acuicultura. El efecto de los colores sobre el desempeño productivo y reproductivo de peces dependerá entre otros factores, de la especie a ser estudiada, del sexo y de la etapa de desarrollo de esa especie, y es de suma importancia para mejorar el bienestar de los animales y obtener mayor rendimiento en el sector de la acuicultura.(AU)

Efeito do fotoperíodo no crescimento, consumo alimentar e qualidade da carcaça de tilápias invertidas / Photoperiod effect on growth, feed intake and carcass quality reversed tilapia / Efecto de fotoperiodo en el crecimiento, consumo alimentar y calidad de caparazón de tilapias invertidas

A incidência luminosa pode induzir diversos efeitos sobre o crescimento, alimentação, desenvolvimento e reprodução de peixes. O fotoperíodo é sinal principal para maior influência sobre o ritmo circadiano dos peixes e pode afetar o ganho de peso, a ingestão de alimento e a utilização de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes regimes de fotoperíodo no crescimento, consumo alimentar e qualidade da carcaça de tilápias invertidas, em um sistema fechado. Foram utilizados 150 alevinos de tilápias invertidas, provenientes da estação de piscicultura. Os peixes foram acondicionados e distribuídos em 15 aquários com a capacidade de 65 litros cada um, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos diferenciarão nas simulações dos fotoperíodos emerais (horas de luz) que durarão T1= 24 horas de escuro, T2= 12 horas de escuro e 12 horas de Luz, T3= 24 horas de luz. Cada peixe foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Não houve diferença significativa para desempenho, mas houve diferença para Índice gonadossomático (IGS). Conclui-se que o fotoperíodo (12L:12E) promove melhor índice gonadossomático em tilápia. Para melhor qualidade de carcaça e desempenho produtivo sugere o fotoperíodo (24L:0E).(AU)

The light incidence can induce different effects on growth, feeding and development and reproduction of fish. The photoperiod is the main signal for greater influence on the circadian rhythm of the fish and can affect weight gain, feed intake and energy use. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of different photoperiodic regimes on growth, feed intake and carcass tilapia quality reversed in a closed system. 150 were used fry reversed tilapia, from fish farming station. The fish were packed and distributed in 15 tanks with a capacity of 65 liters each, in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five repetitions. Treatments differentiate in the simulations of emerais photoperiod (light hours) that will last T1 = 24 hours dark, T2 = 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours light, T3 = 24 hours of light. Each fish was considered an experimental unit. There was no significant difference in performance, but there were differences for IGS. I conclude that the photoperiod (12L: 12D) promotes better GSI in tilapia. To better carcass quality and growth performance suggests the photoperiod (24L: 0D).(AU)

La incidencia de luz puede inducir diversos efectos sobre el crecimiento, alimentación, desarrollo y reproducción de peces. El fotoperiodo es la señal principal de una mayor influencia en el ritmo circadiano de los peces y puede afectar la ganancia de peso, la ingestión de alimento y el consumo de energía. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido demostrar los efectos de diferentes regímenes de fotoperiodo sobre el crecimiento, consumo alimentar y calidad de caparazón de tilapias invertidas, en un sistema cerrado. Se utilizaron 150 alevines de tilapias invertidas, provenientes de la estación de piscicultura. Los peces fueron acondicionados y distribuidos en 15 tanques con una capacidad de 65 litros cada uno, en un diseño completamente al azar, con tres tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos se diferencian en las simulaciones de fotoperiodos emerales (horas de luz) que durarán T1 = 24 horas de oscuridad, T2 = 12 horas de oscuridad y 12 horas de luz, T3 = 24 horas de luz. Cada pez fue considerado una unidad experimental. No hubo diferencia significativa en el rendimiento, pero hubo diferencia para el Índice Gonadosomático (IGS). Se concluye que el fotoperiodo (12L: 12D) promueve mejor GSI en tilapia. Para mejor calidad de caparazón y rendimiento de la producción se sugiere fotoperiodo (24L: 0E).(AU)

Efeito do fotoperíodo no crescimento, consumo alimentar e qualidade da carcaça de tilápias invertidas / Photoperiod effect on growth, feed intake and carcass quality reversed tilapia / Efecto de fotoperiodo en el crecimiento, consumo alimentar y calidad de caparazón de tilapias invertidas

A incidência luminosa pode induzir diversos efeitos sobre o crescimento, alimentação, desenvolvimento e reprodução de peixes. O fotoperíodo é sinal principal para maior influência sobre o ritmo circadiano dos peixes e pode afetar o ganho de peso, a ingestão de alimento e a utilização de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes regimes de fotoperíodo no crescimento, consumo alimentar e qualidade da carcaça de tilápias invertidas, em um sistema fechado. Foram utilizados 150 alevinos de tilápias invertidas, provenientes da estação de piscicultura. Os peixes foram acondicionados e distribuídos em 15 aquários com a capacidade de 65 litros cada um, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos diferenciarão nas simulações dos fotoperíodos emerais (horas de luz) que durarão T1= 24 horas de escuro, T2= 12 horas de escuro e 12 horas de Luz, T3= 24 horas de luz. Cada peixe foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Não houve diferença significativa para desempenho, mas houve diferença para Índice gonadossomático (IGS). Conclui-se que o fotoperíodo (12L:12E) promove melhor índice gonadossomático em tilápia. Para melhor qualidade de carcaça e desempenho produtivo sugere o fotoperíodo (24L:0E).

The light incidence can induce different effects on growth, feeding and development and reproduction of fish. The photoperiod is the main signal for greater influence on the circadian rhythm of the fish and can affect weight gain, feed intake and energy use. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of different photoperiodic regimes on growth, feed intake and carcass tilapia quality reversed in a closed system. 150 were used fry reversed tilapia, from fish farming station. The fish were packed and distributed in 15 tanks with a capacity of 65 liters each, in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five repetitions. Treatments differentiate in the simulations of emerais photoperiod (light hours) that will last T1 = 24 hours dark, T2 = 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours light, T3 = 24 hours of light. Each fish was considered an experimental unit. There was no significant difference in performance, but there were differences for IGS. I conclude that the photoperiod (12L: 12D) promotes better GSI in tilapia. To better carcass quality and growth performance suggests the photoperiod (24L: 0D).

La incidencia de luz puede inducir diversos efectos sobre el crecimiento, alimentación, desarrollo y reproducción de peces. El fotoperiodo es la señal principal de una mayor influencia en el ritmo circadiano de los peces y puede afectar la ganancia de peso, la ingestión de alimento y el consumo de energía. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido demostrar los efectos de diferentes regímenes de fotoperiodo sobre el crecimiento, consumo alimentar y calidad de caparazón de tilapias invertidas, en un sistema cerrado. Se utilizaron 150 alevines de tilapias invertidas, provenientes de la estación de piscicultura. Los peces fueron acondicionados y distribuidos en 15 tanques con una capacidad de 65 litros cada uno, en un diseño completamente al azar, con tres tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos se diferencian en las simulaciones de fotoperiodos emerales (horas de luz) que durarán T1 = 24 horas de oscuridad, T2 = 12 horas de oscuridad y 12 horas de luz, T3 = 24 horas de luz. Cada pez fue considerado una unidad experimental. No hubo diferencia significativa en el rendimiento, pero hubo diferencia para el Índice Gonadosomático (IGS). Se concluye que el fotoperiodo (12L: 12D) promueve mejor GSI en tilapia. Para mejor calidad de caparazón y rendimiento de la producción se sugiere fotoperiodo (24L: 0E).

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos. (AU)

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms. (AU)

Uso de polissacarídeos não amiláceos na aquicultura / Polysaccharides of use non-starch in aquaculture

Os polissacarídeos não amiláceos (PNA) são os principais componentes das paredes celulares de alimentos de origem vegetal. Entre eles incluem-se a celulose, a hemicelulose, a inulina, pectinas e gomas. Esses polissacarídeos não podem ser digeridos pelas enzimas endógenas dos organismos aquáticos, portanto, quando em excesso na dieta diminuem a sua digestibilidade, afetando o desempenho animal. Contudo, como esses polissacadídeos podem ser digeridos pelos microorganismos presentes no trato digestivo, de forma seletiva, alterando a microbiota, podem agir como prebióticos. Diversos PNA vêm sendo avaliados como prebióticos, objetivando a melhoria do equilibrio intestinal e do sistema imunológico de organismos aquáticos.

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are the main components of cell walls of plant foods. These include cellulose, hemicellulose, inulin, pectins and gums. These polysaccharides are not digested by the endogenous enzymes of aquatic organisms, then, when in excess in diet they decrease nutrient digestibility affecting animal performance. However, these polysaccharides can be digested by microorganisms in the animal digestive tract, selectively, altering microbiota, being called prebiotics. Several PNA have been assessed as prebiotics, aiming to improve the intestinal balance and the immune system of aquatic organisms.