Impact of in vitro fertilization by refrigerated versus frozen buffalo semen on developmental competence of buffalo embryos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertility of buffalo semen for in vitro embryo production (IVEP) by comparing the effectiveness of refrigerated versus frozen semen. Three OPU sessions were held at 30-day intervals. For oocyte fertilization three buffalo bulls were used, one per session. At each OPU-IVEP session, one ejaculate was collected and divided into two equal aliquots. Each aliquot was either refrigerated at 5ºC/24 hours or frozen. A TRIS extender containing 10% low density lipoproteins, 0.5% lecithin and 10 mM acetylcysteine was used adding 7% glycerol for freezing. Sperm motility/kinetic was evaluated by CASA and sperm membrane integrity by the hypoosmotic swelling test. The evaluations were performed at 0 h (post final dilution at 37ºC), at 4 and 24 hs post-incubation at 5ºC and post-thaw. At 24 hs incubation and immediately post thaw sperm cells were used for in vitro fertilization of buffalo oocytes equally distributed between both groups. Cleavage rates and embryo development were followed. The embryo/matured and embryo/cultured rates were 25.4 x 14.0% and 29.4 x 18.5% (P 0.05), for chilled and frozen semen, respectively. It is concluded that cooled semen can be used for in vitro embryo production in buffalo and that a better efficiency may be expected for cooled compared to frozen semen.

Impact of in vitro fertilization by refrigerated versus frozen buffalo semen on developmental competence of buffalo embryos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fertility of buffalo semen for in vitro embryo production (IVEP) by comparing the effectiveness of refrigerated versus frozen semen. Three OPU sessions were held at 30-day intervals. For oocyte fertilization three buffalo bulls were used, one per session. At each OPU-IVEP session, one ejaculate was collected and divided into two equal aliquots. Each aliquot was either refrigerated at 5ºC/24 hours or frozen. A TRIS extender containing 10% low density lipoproteins, 0.5% lecithin and 10 mM acetylcysteine was used adding 7% glycerol for freezing. Sperm motility/kinetic was evaluated by CASA and sperm membrane integrity by the hypoosmotic swelling test. The evaluations were performed at 0 h (post final dilution at 37ºC), at 4 and 24 hs post-incubation at 5ºC and post-thaw. At 24 hs incubation and immediately post thaw sperm cells were used for in vitro fertilization of buffalo oocytes equally distributed between both groups. Cleavage rates and embryo development were followed. The embryo/matured and embryo/cultured rates were 25.4 x 14.0% and 29.4 x 18.5% (P 0.05), for chilled and frozen semen, respectively. It is concluded that cooled semen can be used for in vitro embryo production in buffalo and that a better efficiency may be expected for cooled compared to frozen semen.(AU)

Low density lipoproteins at 2% concentration can replace whole egg yolk in tes-tris-milk extender for freezing buffalo sperm cells

Background: Over the years, the most commonly used extenders for semen cryopreservation contain egg yolk as cryoprotectant. However, more recent studies have used the low density lipoproteins, extract of hen egg yolk which is responsible for the cryoprotective effect. Nevertheless, little was known about its required minimum concentration as well as its interaction with other extra cellular cryoprotectants, like skimmed milk. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of replacing whole egg yolk by adding low density lipoproteins at low concentrations, in TES-Tris-skim milk based extender, on the post-thaw quality of buffalo bull sperm.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen ejaculates were collected from six buffalo bulls and diluted with TES-Tris-skim milk based extender containing LDL, extracted from hen egg yolks, at the concentrations of 2%, 4%, 8% and 14%, against a control extender containing 20% fresh egg yolk. After semen collection, analyses of subjective motility, vigor, force tourbillon, sperm concentration (Neubauer chamber) and sperm morphology (phase contrast microscopy) were performed. The diluted semen was packaged in 0.25 mL straws, and cooling was performed on computerized machine (TK 4000®), using a cooling rate of -0.25°C/min to 5°C. Semen was kept in balance at 5°C for 4 h. The straws were frozen in an ice chest, kept at 5 cm from the surface of liquid nitrogen for 20 min and then immersed in liquid nitrogen. The samples were kept in cryogenic container until thawing. Post-thaw kinetic parameters during incubation at 37°C (CASA), sperm membrane integrity (SYBR-14/PI), membrane functionality (hypo-osmotic swelling test) and DNA fragmentation (%DFI - SCSA) were evaluated after thawing. Immediately post-thaw, total motility was higher in the control (56.53 ± 9.73) than in the tested extenders; however, after 30 min the difference was no longer detected.[…]

Low density lipoproteins at 2% concentration can replace whole egg yolk in tes-tris-milk extender for freezing buffalo sperm cells

Background: Over the years, the most commonly used extenders for semen cryopreservation contain egg yolk as cryoprotectant. However, more recent studies have used the low density lipoproteins, extract of hen egg yolk which is responsible for the cryoprotective effect. Nevertheless, little was known about its required minimum concentration as well as its interaction with other extra cellular cryoprotectants, like skimmed milk. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of replacing whole egg yolk by adding low density lipoproteins at low concentrations, in TES-Tris-skim milk based extender, on the post-thaw quality of buffalo bull sperm.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen ejaculates were collected from six buffalo bulls and diluted with TES-Tris-skim milk based extender containing LDL, extracted from hen egg yolks, at the concentrations of 2%, 4%, 8% and 14%, against a control extender containing 20% fresh egg yolk. After semen collection, analyses of subjective motility, vigor, force tourbillon, sperm concentration (Neubauer chamber) and sperm morphology (phase contrast microscopy) were performed. The diluted semen was packaged in 0.25 mL straws, and cooling was performed on computerized machine (TK 4000®), using a cooling rate of -0.25°C/min to 5°C. Semen was kept in balance at 5°C for 4 h. The straws were frozen in an ice chest, kept at 5 cm from the surface of liquid nitrogen for 20 min and then immersed in liquid nitrogen. The samples were kept in cryogenic container until thawing. Post-thaw kinetic parameters during incubation at 37°C (CASA), sperm membrane integrity (SYBR-14/PI), membrane functionality (hypo-osmotic swelling test) and DNA fragmentation (%DFI - SCSA) were evaluated after thawing. Immediately post-thaw, total motility was higher in the control (56.53 ± 9.73) than in the tested extenders; however, after 30 min the difference was no longer detected.[…](AU)

Peculiarities of the buffalo species for andrological evaluation – results of four years of study and weekly semen collection schedule

The aim of the present review is to provide complementary information about reproductive characteristics of male buffaloes having as perspective a four – year-study based on a weekly seminal collection schedule and collection of data in partner properties of several regions of Brazil. Aspects of testicular growth, reproductive behavior and characteristics of 1477 ejaculates of 13 donors are discussed in conjunction with data available in the literature.

Exame andrológico de bubalinos / Andrological examination of buffalos

A revisão tem como objetivo reavivar as particularidades da espécie bubalina visando a avaliaçãoandrológica. São abordadas as particularidades e anormalidades de desenvolvimento do sistema genital domacho, aspectos da puberdade e maturidade sexual, particularidades do comportamento reprodutivo,características do espermatozoide, liquido seminal e do ejaculado de búfalos.(AU)

The literature review focuses particularities of the buffalo specie and is directed to veterinarians aimingthe breeding soundness evaluation of bulls. Anatomical and abnormal developmental aspects of the genital tractare approached; puberty and sexual maturity, particularities of the reproductive behavior, characteristics of thesperm cells, seminal fluid and ejaculate are discussed.(AU)

Peculiarities of the buffalo species for andrological evaluation results of four years of study and weekly semen collection schedule

The aim of the present review is to provide complementary information about reproductive characteristics of male buffaloes having as perspective a four year-study based on a weekly seminal collection schedule and collection of data in partner properties of several regions of Brazil. Aspects of testicular growth, reproductive behavior and characteristics of 1477 ejaculates of 13 donors are discussed in conjunction with data available in the literature.(AU)

Exame andrológico de bubalinos / Andrological examination of buffalos

A revisão tem como objetivo reavivar as particularidades da espécie bubalina visando a avaliaçãoandrológica. São abordadas as particularidades e anormalidades de desenvolvimento do sistema genital domacho, aspectos da puberdade e maturidade sexual, particularidades do comportamento reprodutivo,características do espermatozoide, liquido seminal e do ejaculado de búfalos.

The literature review focuses particularities of the buffalo specie and is directed to veterinarians aimingthe breeding soundness evaluation of bulls. Anatomical and abnormal developmental aspects of the genital tractare approached; puberty and sexual maturity, particularities of the reproductive behavior, characteristics of thesperm cells, seminal fluid and ejaculate are discussed.

Low density lipoproteins added to an extender frozen or lyophilized are evenly efficient in cryoprotecting ovine sperm cells than when 16% whole egg yolk was added / Lipoproteínas de baixa densidade em meio diluidor congelado ou liofilizado exerce o mesmo efeito crioprotetor aos espermatozoides ovinos que meio contendo 16% de gema de ovo

The aim of this study was to test different concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in replacement of whole egg yolk in extenders preserved in the aqueous or lyophilized form, for ram sperm cryopreservation using two cooling curves (-40C/min from 5 to 140C and nitrogen vapor). One ejaculate from six Santa Inês rams was collected. Each ejaculate was divided into nine different diluents as follows: Tris-16% yolk (control), and Tris with 2, 4, 6 and 8% fresh LDL, and criopreserved in the aqueous or lyophilized form. The samples were diluted to a final concentration of 100 x 106 sperm/mL and filled into 0.25 ml straws. After thaw, sperm cells were evaluated for motility and sperm kinetics (CASA), and submitted to the hypoosmotic swelling test and the evaluation of the structural integrity of sperm membranes using fluorescent dyes (CFDA: PI), as well as sperm morphology and longevity. The experimental design was randomized blocks, and results were submitted to ANOVA and the averages were compared using the Scott-Knott test. There were no differences in progressive motility and functional and structural integrity of the membrane evaluated when different concentrations of aqueous or lyophilized low density lipoproteins or egg yolk were added to the extender (P>0.05). As for the velocity of sperm movement, the control medium had some kinetic scores similar to the extender containing LDL, both aqueous and lyophilized (P> 0.05). Results were similar between cooling curves. Therefore, we conclude that the media containing all concentrations of LDL, aqueous or lyophilized, were able to protect the ram sperm cells during the cryopreservation process, as whole egg yolk did.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar para criopreservação de sêmen ovino diferentes concentrações de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LBD) em substituição à gema de ovo em meios diluidores, armazenados na forma aquosa e liofilizada, utilizando-se duas curvas de congelação (-40C/min de 5 à 140C ou vapor de nitrogênio). Os ejaculados de seis carneiros da raça Santa Inês foram fracionados e distribuídos em nove tratamentos, sendo o primeiro o meio controle (Tris-gema 16%) e os demais meios Tris contendo lipoproteínas de baixa densidade nas concentrações de 2, 4, 6 e 8% (v/v), criopreservados tanto na forma aquosa quanto liofilizada. As amostras foram diluídas para a concentração final de 100 x 106 espermatozoides/mL e envasadas em palhetas de 0,25 mL. Após a descongelação foram avaliadas a motilidade e cinética espermática (CASA), morfologia e longevidade espermáticas, além da integridade funcional (HOST) e estrutural (CFDA/IP) das membranas. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso e os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Quanto aos parâmetros de motilidade progressiva e integridade funcional e estrutural da membrana, todos os tratamentos testados foram similares (P>0,05). Quanto às velocidades do movimento espermático, o meio controle obteve alguns valores similares aos meios contendo LBD, tanto na forma aquosa quanto liofilizada (P>0,05). Não houve diferenças entre curvas de congelação. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que os meios contendo todas as concentrações de LBD, aquosa ou liofilizada, foram igualmente capazes de proteger as células espermáticas de ovinos, durante o processo de criopreservação, tanto quanto o meio contendo gema de ovo total.(AU)

Low density lipoproteins added to an extender frozen or lyophilized are evenly efficient in cryoprotecting ovine sperm cells than when 16% whole egg yolk was added / Lipoproteínas de baixa densidade em meio diluidor congelado ou liofilizado exerce o mesmo efeito crioprotetor aos espermatozoides ovinos que meio contendo 16% de gema de ovo

The aim of this study was to test different concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in replacement of whole egg yolk in extenders preserved in the aqueous or lyophilized form, for ram sperm cryopreservation using two cooling curves (-40C/min from 5 to 140C and nitrogen vapor). One ejaculate from six Santa Inês rams was collected. Each ejaculate was divided into nine different diluents as follows: Tris-16% yolk (control), and Tris with 2, 4, 6 and 8% fresh LDL, and criopreserved in the aqueous or lyophilized form. The samples were diluted to a final concentration of 100 x 106 sperm/mL and filled into 0.25 ml straws. After thaw, sperm cells were evaluated for motility and sperm kinetics (CASA), and submitted to the hypoosmotic swelling test and the evaluation of the structural integrity of sperm membranes using fluorescent dyes (CFDA: PI), as well as sperm morphology and longevity. The experimental design was randomized blocks, and results were submitted to ANOVA and the averages were compared using the Scott-Knott test. There were no differences in progressive motility and functional and structural integrity of the membrane evaluated when different concentrations of aqueous or lyophilized low density lipoproteins or egg yolk were added to the extender (P>0.05). As for the velocity of sperm movement, the control medium had some kinetic scores similar to the extender containing LDL, both aqueous and lyophilized (P> 0.05). Results were similar between cooling curves. Therefore, we conclude that the media containing all concentrations of LDL, aqueous or lyophilized, were able to protect the ram sperm cells during the cryopreservation process, as whole egg yolk did.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar para criopreservação de sêmen ovino diferentes concentrações de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LBD) em substituição à gema de ovo em meios diluidores, armazenados na forma aquosa e liofilizada, utilizando-se duas curvas de congelação (-40C/min de 5 à 140C ou vapor de nitrogênio). Os ejaculados de seis carneiros da raça Santa Inês foram fracionados e distribuídos em nove tratamentos, sendo o primeiro o meio controle (Tris-gema 16%) e os demais meios Tris contendo lipoproteínas de baixa densidade nas concentrações de 2, 4, 6 e 8% (v/v), criopreservados tanto na forma aquosa quanto liofilizada. As amostras foram diluídas para a concentração final de 100 x 106 espermatozoides/mL e envasadas em palhetas de 0,25 mL. Após a descongelação foram avaliadas a motilidade e cinética espermática (CASA), morfologia e longevidade espermáticas, além da integridade funcional (HOST) e estrutural (CFDA/IP) das membranas. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso e os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Quanto aos parâmetros de motilidade progressiva e integridade funcional e estrutural da membrana, todos os tratamentos testados foram similares (P>0,05). Quanto às velocidades do movimento espermático, o meio controle obteve alguns valores similares aos meios contendo LBD, tanto na forma aquosa quanto liofilizada (P>0,05). Não houve diferenças entre curvas de congelação. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que os meios contendo todas as concentrações de LBD, aquosa ou liofilizada, foram igualmente capazes de proteger as células espermáticas de ovinos, durante o processo de criopreservação, tanto quanto o meio contendo gema de ovo total.